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6 - Zia Ul Haq

General Mohammad Zia ul Haq declared Martial law in Pakistan on July 5, 1977, dissolved assemblies, and accused Bhutto of corruption, leading to Bhutto's execution. Zia implemented a series of Islamization policies, including the establishment of the Federal Shariat Court and the introduction of various ordinances, while also navigating foreign relations during the Afghan war. His regime faced political opposition, leading to the formation of the Movement for Restoration of Democracy, and ultimately ended with his death in a plane crash in 1988.

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6 views6 pages

6 - Zia Ul Haq

General Mohammad Zia ul Haq declared Martial law in Pakistan on July 5, 1977, dissolved assemblies, and accused Bhutto of corruption, leading to Bhutto's execution. Zia implemented a series of Islamization policies, including the establishment of the Federal Shariat Court and the introduction of various ordinances, while also navigating foreign relations during the Afghan war. His regime faced political opposition, leading to the formation of the Movement for Restoration of Democracy, and ultimately ended with his death in a plane crash in 1988.

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GENERAL MOHAMMAD ZIA ul HAQ (1977-88)

- On 5th July 1977 General Zia declared Martial law. Dissolved all the
assemblies and established himself to be the President of Pakistan
as well The Martial Law Administrator.
- He promised to conduct elections within 90 days.
- He alleged Bhutto for corruption.
- Under his rule, Bhutto was hanged in Pindi.

Initial Steps (Domestic)

- Rebellion took place in Balochistan. But with the help of Iran that
rebellion was settled.
- FSF (Federal Security Force) was put to end in Nov 1977.
- His government opened investigation against Bhutto’s corrupt
practices.
- He showed that the Civil Services were full of Bhutto’s supporters.
- He De-nationalized all the industries that were nationalized under
Bhutto.
- Several projects were started in Balochistan.

ISLAMIZATION by ZIA

- Zia wanted to introduce Islamic ideology to show to the world


that he was not in favour of Bhutto’s socialist ideology.
- Mujahideens were prepared in Pakistan to combat Russia in
Afghanistan. That came to be known as Afghan Miracle as well as
Afghan war.
- Many Afghan migrated to Pakistan and got settled in Balochistan
and NWFP (now KPK).
- In 1979 Federal Shariat Court was setup. It comprised 5 judges, 3
Ulemas, and 1 chairman.
- Its function was to decide whether existing laws were according
to Islam or not.
- Hudood Ordinance were setup in 1977. They prescribed Islamic
punishments for different crimes such as gambling, adultery, theft
etc.
- New offence of disrespect of Holy Prophet p.b.u.h was
introduced.
- Council of Islamic Ideology was formed.
- In June 1980, Zakat Ordinance was passed. Imposing 2.5% wealth
tax on certain savings over a certain amount. Shias heavily
protested against this imposition.
- Ushr Ordinance was also promulgated. 5% tax on agricultural
income was to be imposed.
- In Education- Islmaiyat & Pakistan Studies were made
compulsory.
- Hafiz I Quran quota was introduced in education institutions and
extra marks were given to Hafizeen in the Provincial Civil Services.
- Arabic language was promoted.
- Minorities & women had to face some restrictions.
- Educational books favoured males. Women were discouraged to
go outside.
- Qanun I Shahadat Ordinance (The Law of Evidence Order)
affected women very much. In it, evidence of a woman was
considered half of a man.
- Only 5.6% women were found in working sector in 1981 census.
- Ahmadis were restricted.
- Martial Law Ordinance XX was passed that restricted activities of
Non-Muslims.
- Ahmedis were not allow to express their faith publicly, or build
mosques, giving Azan etc.
- Zia had to face criticism on his policy towards women. Also, he
was alleged to have implemented Sunni Deobandi Islam, whereas,
other schools of thoughts also existed.

THE FOREIGN POLICY OF ZIA

- Afghan Miracle brought many benefits to Pakistan.


- Russia entered in Afghanistan. The USA offered unconditional
economic support to Pakistan to assist Mujahideen in
Afghanistan.
- Before the war the USA was not ready to develop relations with
Zia’s regime.
- Zia increased defence budget and Pakistan became 2nd largest
supplier of military manpower in the world.
- Funds sent by West was greater than the amount sent by
overseas Pakistanis.
- USA, UK, Saudi Arab all helped Pakistan in Afghan crisis.
- In late 80s India deployed its armed forces in Rajhastan that
angered Pakistan.
- Pakistan warned India and asked them to withdraw its forces from
Rajhastan.
- India Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi invited Zia to Jaipur.
- Cricket Matches were taking place in Jaipur between Pakistan and
Indian Cricket teams.
- Zia visited Jaipur to watch Cricket match along with Rajiv. Peaceful
negotiations took place and India agreed to withdraw its forces
from Pakistan.
- This event came to be known as The Cricket Diplomacy.
- Nuclear deals were also signed with China.

POLITICAL SITUATION

- The Constitution Act (Amendment) 1979 was passed that


restricted courts power. Military courts could try offenders under
martial law.
- In 1980, Provisional Constitution Order (PCO) took away the
rights of the courts to change any political executive decision.
- 19 judges were removed on protesting against PCO.
- Military quota was introduced in Civil services.
- Zia formed Majlis i Shura (Islamic Parliament) but was ineffective.
- So, The Movement for Restoration of Democracy (MRD) was
formed. It was the political alliance against Zia just like PNA was
against Bhutto.
- Zia announced to conduct Referendum to prove his popularity but
due to MRD effective very small number of people voted in
referendum.
- Seeing this, Zia formed his own political party- The Conventional
Muslim League.
- Zia announced elections in 1985. This time Zia won by 52% vote.
- He appointed Muhammad Khan Junejo as PM. He was formerly
the member of PPP.
- Nawaz Sharif was made the Chief Minister of Punjab.
- On 30th Dec 1985 martial law was lifted. And 1973 constitution
was restored but with an amendment.
- It was 8th Amendment that made all previous acts of Zia’s regime
legal, the appointment of PM by the President and dismissal as
well etc.

Downfall of Zia ul Haq

- The Afghan Miracle brought drug addictions and guns, supplied by


West, became common in the streets of Pakistan.
- On 10th April 1988 an incident at Ojhri Camp near Rawalpindi took
place.
- Arms and ammunitions supplied by the West were stored at Ojhri
Camp. On 10th April 1988 it blew up believed to be by a short
circuit.
- Hundreds of lives were lost in that horrible accident.
- PM Junejo demanded immediate investigation. But differences
occurred with Zia and Junejo’s government was dismissed.
- Zia promised fresh elections in 1988.
- In Oct 1988 Zia ul Haq was on the trip to Bahawalpur.
- While returning to Islamabad his plane crashed badly and he died.
- Now, the country was without the government once again.
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS

Q. What was the Federal Shariat Court? 4

Q. What were the Hudood ordinance? 4

Q. What was the Afghan Miracle? 4

Q. What was the Provisional Constitution Order? 4

Q. What was the Eight Amendment? 4

Q. What happened in the Cricket Diplomacy? 4

Q. What happened at Ojhri camp? 4

Q. What was the Martial law Ordinance XX? 4

Q. What was the law of evidence order? 4

Q. What was the MRD? 4

Q. ‘How successful was General Zia in Islamizing Pakistan’. Explain


your answer. 10/14

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