D7030E Advanced Wireless Networks

Home Assignment 1 – PHY Layer

Daniel González Arango

1. (2 points)

What is the channel capacity for a channel with BW=300 Hz and SNR= 3dB?

To calculate the capacity C we can use the Shannon theorem:

𝐶 = 𝐵𝑊 ∗ log 2 (1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅)
First, we need to convert the SNR value from dB to a ratio:
𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑑𝐵 3
𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 10 10 = 1010 = 2
Then substituting into Shannon’s formula:
𝐶 = 300 ∗ log 2(1 + 2)
𝐶 = 475.5 𝑏𝑝𝑠
So, the channel capacity is approximately 475.5 bps.

2. (10 points)

Assume a wireless communication system which operates at 9600 bps. Find

the minimum required bandwidth of the wireless channel if a signal’s
element encodes a 4-bit word.

The Nyquist theorem can be used to calculate the minimum required bandwidth:

𝐶 = 2 ∗ 𝐵𝑊 ∗ log 2 𝑀
Where:

- C is the capacity of the channel (in bps)

- BW is the bandwidth

- M is the number of discrete signal elements used to represent data.

Since 4 bits are used to encode signals -> M = 24 = 16.

Then substituting in Nyquist theorem:

9600 = 2 ∗ 𝐵𝑊 ∗ log 2 16
9600
𝐵𝑊 = = 1200 𝐻𝑧
2∗4
The minimum required bandwidth is 1200 Hz.

3. (5 points)

Given a channel with an intended capacity of 20 Mbps, the bandwidth of the channel
is 3MHz. What signal-to-noise ratio is required to achieve this capacity?

Applying Shannon’s theorem:

𝐶 = 𝐵𝑊 ∗ log 2 (1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅)
𝐶 20∗106
𝑆𝑁𝑅 = 2𝐵𝑊 − 1 = 2 3∗106 − 1 = 100.6
4. (5 points)

Assume that the required bit error rate is 10−6. What SNR ratio is required to achieve a
bandwidth efficiency of 1.0 for ASK, FSK, PSK?!

The following formula extracted from the lecture can be used:

𝐸𝑏 𝑆 𝐵𝑊
= ∗
𝑁0 𝑁 𝑅
𝑆 𝐸𝑏 𝑅
= ∗
𝑁 𝑁0 𝐵𝑊
Since the bandwidth efficiency is 1.0:
𝑅
=1
𝐵𝑊
Finally:
𝑆 𝐸𝑏
=
𝑁 𝑁0
Now, the graph of BER vs Eb/N0 has to be consulted to take the values for each modulation
scheme:

For ASK:
𝑆 𝐸𝑏
= ≈ 13.5 𝑑𝐵
𝑁 𝑁0
For FSK:
𝑆 𝐸𝑏
= ≈ 13.5 𝑑𝐵
𝑁 𝑁0
For PSK:
𝑆 𝐸𝑏
= ≈ 10.5 𝑑𝐵
𝑁 𝑁0
5. (10 points)

A sine wave is to be used for two different modulation schemes: a.) PSK and b.) QPSK.
The duration of a signal element is10−5s. The receiver receives a signal in form
s(t)=0.005 sin (2\pi 10^6t+\theta)} volts. The resistance of the receiving circuit is 1 Ohm
(use Root Mean Square voltage for calculating power of signal’s element). The
measured noise power is 2.5×10−8watts. Determine the Eb/No (in dB) for each case.

• The signal is s(t) = 0.005 sin (2π*106t + θ) volts. From there, the amplitude (A) of
the signal is 0.005.
• Duration of a signal element: T = 10-5 s.
• Resistance: R = 1 Ω

The RMS voltage for a sinusoidal signal A sin (2πft + θ) is given by:
𝐴 0.005
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = = 0.003535 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
√2 √2
Now, to compute the power of the signal, the following equation is used:
2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 0.0035352
𝑃= = = 1.25 ∗ 10−5 𝑊
𝑅 1
So, the power of the signal’s element is 1.25*10-5 W.

To determine Eb/N0 for each modulation scheme:

• The given noise power is N0 = 2.5*10-8 W.

For PSK:

• Each symbol represents 1 bit, so Tb = Ts = 10-5 seconds.

𝐸𝑏 𝑆 𝑇𝑏
= ∗
𝑁0 𝑁 𝑇𝑠

𝐸𝑏 𝑆 1.25 ∗ 10−5
= = = 500
𝑁0 𝑁 2.5 ∗ 10−8
In dB:
𝐸𝑏
(𝑑𝐵) = 10 log10 500 = 26.99 𝑑𝐵
𝑁0
For QPSK:

• Each symbol represents 2 bits, so Tb = Ts/2 = 10-5 / 2 = 5*10-6 seconds.

 𝐸𝑏 𝑆 𝑇𝑏
= ∗
𝑁0 𝑁 𝑇𝑠
𝐸𝑏 𝑆 1 500
= ∗ = = 250
𝑁0 𝑁 2 2
In dB:
𝐸𝑏
(𝑑𝐵) = 10 log10 250 = 23.98 𝑑𝐵
𝑁0
So, the following results were obtained:

For PSK: Eb/N0 = 26.99 dB

For QPSK: Eb/N0 = 23.98 dB

6. (10 points)

Derive the Line Of Sight formula. Use the information that k is the service range
correction coefficient due to the refractive effects of the atmospheric layer, which
under normal weather conditions is chosen to be 4/3.

The following figure taken from the lecture illustrates the geometry of the visible line-of-
sight distance:

Where:

• re is the radius of the earth = 6370 km

• hkm is the antenna height in km
• dkm is the visible line-of-sight distance in km

Since the triangle in the figure is a right triangle, Pythagorean’s theorem (c2 = a2 + b2) can be
used, where:

a = re

b = dkm

c = re + hkm
Then the theorem yields:
2
(𝑟𝑒 + ℎ𝑘𝑚 )2 = 𝑟𝑒2 + 𝑑𝑘𝑚
2
Re-arranging to solve for 𝑑𝑘𝑚 :
2
𝑑𝑘𝑚 = (𝑟𝑒 + ℎ𝑘𝑚 )2 − 𝑟𝑒2

2
𝑑𝑘𝑚 = √2𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑘𝑚 + ℎ𝑘𝑚

Consider typical antenna heights. In general, the antenna height is much less than the
radius of the earth: hkm << re. Then, multiplying both sides by the antenna height gives us:
2
ℎ𝑘𝑚 ≪ 𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑘𝑚
And therefore, it is also true that:
2
ℎ𝑘𝑚 ≪ 2𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑘𝑚
2
Hence, we can ignore the term ℎ𝑘𝑚 in the equation, yielding:

2
𝑑𝑘𝑚 = √2𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑘𝑚 + ℎ𝑘𝑚 ≈ √2𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑘𝑚

Substituting radius of the earth, we get:

𝑑𝑘𝑚 ≈ √2 ∗ 6370 ∗ ℎ𝑘𝑚

Substituting radius of the earth = hkm = hmeters /1000, gives us:

ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑑𝑘𝑚 ≈ √2 ∗ 6370 ∗ ( )
1000

This computes to:

𝑑𝑘𝑚 ≈ √12.74 ∗ ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠

𝑑𝑘𝑚 ≈ 3.57√ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠

And for two antennas:

𝑑𝑘𝑚 ≈ 3.57(√ℎ(1)𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 + √ℎ(2)𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 )

Because of the refractive effects of atmospheric layers, the propagation paths are
somewhat curved. Usually, a factor k is used in the equation:

𝑑𝑘𝑚 ≈ 3.57(√𝑘 ∗ ℎ(1)𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 + √𝑘 ∗ ℎ(2)𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 )

Under normal weather conditions, k = 4/3, so the resulting equation is:

4 4
𝑑𝑘𝑚 ≈ 3.57(√ ∗ ℎ(1)𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 + √ ∗ ℎ(2)𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 )
3 3
7. (10 points)

A sending node A transmits with a power of 20dBm via its antenna, which has an
amplifying gain of 5 dBi. The antenna has the same sending and receiving gain. The
cable between amplifier and antenna at this sender is however fairly long and
decreases the signal with 1 dB. The receiver is a device of the same type, construction
and antenna. The environment is a furnitured corridor at LTU, which creates a
somewhat troublesome situation regarding multipath fading. Especially because
students move furnitures regularly, more or less continuously changing the
environment for multipath fading. Pick a proper fade margin based on the
understanding of that this is a difficult environment. The frequency used is 2.4GHz and
the receiver needs at least -80 dBm to detect the transmission with low enough error
probability. What is the maximum distance for this system (expressed in tens of
meters)?

NOTE: make sure showing all steps of your calculations including assumptions with
motivation.

Considering the values given in the exercise, the following link budget formula will be
used:

𝑃𝑅𝑋 = 𝑃𝑇𝑋 + 𝐺𝑇𝑋 − 𝐿 𝑇𝑋 − 𝐿𝐹𝑆 − 𝐿𝑀 + 𝐺𝑅𝑋 − 𝐿𝑅𝑋

Where:

• PRX = -80 dBm

• PTX = 20 dBm
• GTX = 5 dBi
• LTX = 1 dB
• LFS = ? (what needs to be calculated)
• LM = 10 dB (fade margin assumed for the environment described in the exercise.
Source for analysis: https://dot11ap.wordpress.com/cwna/radio-frequency-rf-
technologies/system-operating-margin-som-fade-margin-and-link-
budget/#:~:text=The%2010%20dB%20to%2025,than%20that%20should%20be%
20higher)
• GRX = 5 dBi
• LRX = 1 dB

To calculate LFS:

𝐿𝐹𝑆 = 𝑃𝑇𝑋 + 𝐺𝑇𝑋 − 𝐿 𝑇𝑋 − 𝐿𝑀 + 𝐺𝑅𝑋 − 𝐿𝑅𝑋 − 𝑃𝑅𝑋

𝐿𝐹𝑆 = 20 + 5 − 1 − 10 + 5 − 1 − (−80)
𝐿𝐹𝑆 = 98 𝑑𝐵
Then, the following formula can be used to compute the distance having LFS and the
frequency (f = 2.4 GHz = 2400 MHz):

𝐿𝐹𝑆 ≈ −27.55 𝑑𝐵 + 20 log10 𝑓[𝑀𝐻𝑧] + 20 log10 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒[𝑚]

Then, re-arranging to find the distance:

20 log10 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒[𝑚] = 𝐿𝐹𝑆 + 27.55 𝑑𝐵 − 20 log10 𝑓[𝑀𝐻𝑧]

 20 log10 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒[𝑚] = 98 𝑑𝐵 + 27.55 𝑑𝐵 − 67.6 𝑑𝐵
20 log10 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒[𝑚] = 57.95 𝑑𝐵
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒[𝑚] = 789.8 𝑚
The maximum distance for this system is approximately 790 m.

8. (8 points)

• What is the relationship between a signal’s spectrum and its bandwidth?

The spectrum of a signal refers to the range of frequencies that the signal contains,
while the bandwidth is the width of that range, specifically the difference between the
highest and lowest frequencies within the spectrum.

• Define channel capacity.

Channel capacity is the maximum rate at which data can be transmitted over a
communication channel without error and it is typically measured in bits per second
(bps).

• What is the measurement unit of a channel bandwidth?

Bits per second (bps).

• What is SNR?

The Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is a metric used in communication systems to compare

the strength of the desired signal to the strength of background noise. It represents the
signal strength in relation to the noise.

• According to Shannon’s capacity formula, which channel is affected more

by noise – a channel with a narrower bandwidth or a channel with a
wider bandwidth? Why?

Shannon’s capacity formula:

𝐶 = 𝐵𝑊 ∗ log 2 (1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅)
Re-arranged for SNR:
𝐶
𝑆𝑁𝑅 = 2𝐵𝑊 − 1
As can be deducted from the previous formula, a channel with a wider bandwidth will
yield a smaller SNR value and therefore that means it is more affected by noise than a
channel with a narrower bandwidth.

• What key factors affect channel capacity?

Based on Shannon’s formula, the key factors that affect channel capacity are:

- Bandwidth (BW)
- Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
- Signal Power (S)
- Noise Power (N)
• What are the major advantages of microwave transmission?

Advantages of Microwave Transmission:

- High bandwidth: Allows for high data transmission rates, making it suitable for large
volumes of data.
- Long distance communication: Can transmit over long distances, especially with
repeaters or satellites.
- Point-to-Point communication: Directional and focused, reducing interference and
enabling efficient transmission.
- Reliability and scalability: Offers robust performance with minimal maintenance,
accommodating growing traffic demands.
- Lower infrastructure costs: Requires fewer cables, reducing installation costs,
especially in remote areas.
- Quick deployment: Easier and faster to set up compared to wired systems.
- Versatility: Used in various applications, including mobile networks, satellite
communication, and broadcasting.
- Wide coverage: Satellite communication enables global connectivity.

• What are the major disadvantages of microwave transmission?

Disadvantages of Microwave Transmission:

1. Line-of-Sight requirement: Microwaves require a clear line of sight between

transmitter and receiver, making them susceptible to obstacles like buildings or
terrain.
2. Weather sensitivity: Adverse weather conditions can attenuate microwave signals,
reducing reliability and performance.
3. Limited range: Although they can transmit long distances, the effective range is
often limited by the need for repeaters, especially for terrestrial microwave links.
4. Interference: Microwave frequencies can be affected by other electronic devices
and signals, leading to potential interference and degraded performance.
5. Cost of equipment: While infrastructure costs may be lower, the equipment (such
as antennas and transmitters) can be expensive, especially for high-capacity
systems.
6. Security concerns: Microwave signals can be intercepted more easily than wired
connections, raising security issues if not properly encrypted.
7. Multipath fading: In environments with many reflective surfaces, microwaves can
experience multipath fading, causing signal degradation and variations.