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Unit 2 - Transverse-waves

The document explains the principles of waves, including transverse waves, standing waves, and oscillations, detailing their properties such as amplitude, frequency, and speed. It also discusses the behavior of pendulums and the energy transformations involved in their motion. Additionally, it provides a practical experiment for measuring the frequency, period, and amplitude of a pendulum.

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sathekgenthato23
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15 views2 pages

Unit 2 - Transverse-waves

The document explains the principles of waves, including transverse waves, standing waves, and oscillations, detailing their properties such as amplitude, frequency, and speed. It also discusses the behavior of pendulums and the energy transformations involved in their motion. Additionally, it provides a practical experiment for measuring the frequency, period, and amplitude of a pendulum.

Uploaded by

sathekgenthato23
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2024/02/13

Waves transfer energy and do work by exerting a force


on something and thereby making it move.
Crests
Transverse waves are merely continuous, successive Amplitude
pulses – produced one after the other. Mean position

The particles in the medium vibrate at right angles to


the direction of motion.
A B C
Troughs
Creating a
transverse wave A & B are in phase &
are 1 wavelength apart (1 λ)
1 2

N.B.:
A, B & C are points that are in phase & are 1 wavelength
apart. Motion

AB & BC = 1 wavelength (symbol λ)


Frequency (f) is the number of wavelengths that pass by
Crests, troughs & movement of particles
in 1 s & measured in Hz.
Amplitude is the max. displacement from the mean (or Notice how each particle in the wave is merely
rest) position moving up or down as the wave moves through
to the next position.
Speed or the wave is the distance the wave moves in 1 s
The particle does not move forward with the
Period (T) is the time taken for one wave to pass. T=1/f wave
3 4

Speed of wave = frequency x wavelength A ripple tank is a shallow tank in which we can
produce and study water waves.
v=fxλ

The triangle helps us This is how a


v remember that: point source
f = v/λ and produces circular
f λ waves in a ripple
λ = v/f tank.
Wave equation
Waves in a ripple tank
5 6

1
2024/02/13

A guitar string continues to vibrate long after


it was plucked.
A standing wave does not move through the
medium – the energy remains trapped in the
vibrating medium.
The points that do not move are called Nodes
nodes, while those that oscillate with Nodes & antinodes
maximum displacement, are called antinodes.
Standing waves Standing waves
7 8
Antinodes

A 1 kg sphere swings A pendulum swings


from a 2 m string back and forth along
attached to the ceiling. the same path & we
A C say it is vibrating or A C
At A & C –
oscillating. B is the
max. Ep & min Ek. h h
rest or ‘mean’ position
At B – B – where the velocity is B
max. Ek & min. Ep greatest. Simple pendulum
Determine the
Ep at A & C = Ek at B 1 oscillation (or cycle) is from A to B to C and back
velocity at B if
to A again.
i.e. mgh = ½ mv2 h = 1,5 m.
9
Frequency is the number of cycles per second. 10
Energy & pendulum

Frequency has the symbol f and is measured in Using a heavy object and a piece of string,
hertz (Hz). make your own pendulum. Hang it from the
crossbar in the open doorway. Changing the
The period of an oscillation is the time taken for length of the string, find the following:
1 complete oscillation. Symbol T (unit seconds)
1. The frequency
Pendulums of different lengths
1 Amplitude is the max. distance from
2. The period
T the mean position i.e. B to A or B to C
f in previous sketch. 3. The amplitude for different lengths.
The following can be used to find the period of a
The length and weight at the bottom
of the pendulum can be adjusted – to
pendulum:
T  2π
 Where = 3,14
ensure the clock keeps good time. 11 9,8 and l = length of12
pendulum

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