AP Statistics Test Booklet

4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions Name

1. A large store has a customer service department where customers can go to ask for help with store-related
issues. According to store records, approximately ¼ of all customers who go to the service department ask
for help finding an item. Assume the reason each customer goes to the service department is independent
from customer to customer. Based on the approximation, what is the probability that at least 1 of the next 4
customers who go to the service department will ask for help finding an item?

2. A blind taste test will be conducted with 9 volunteers to determine whether people can taste a difference
between bottled water and tap water. Each participant will taste the water from two different glasses and
then identify which glass he or she thinks contains the tap water. Assuming that people cannot taste a
difference between bottled water and tap water, what is the probability that at least 8 of the 9 participants
will correctly identify the tap water?

A 0.0020

B 0.0195

C 0.8889

D 0.9805

E 0.9980

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4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

3. The probability of winning a certain game is 0.5. If at least 70 percent of the games in a series of n games
are won, the player wins a prize. If the possible choices for n are
n=10, n=20, and n=100,
which value of n should the player choose in order to maximize the probability of winning a prize?

A n=10 only

B n=20 only

C n= 100 only

D n=10 or n=20 only; the probabilities are the same.

E n=10 or n=20 or n=100 ; the probabilities are the same.

4. Events D and E are independent, with P( D ) = 0.6 and P( D and E ) = 0.18. Which of the following is true?

A P( E ) = 0.12

B P( E ) = 0.4

C P( D or E ) = 0.28

D P( D or E ) = 0.72

E P( D or E ) = 0.9

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4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

5. A city department of transportation studied traffic congestion on a certain highway. To encourage

carpooling, the department will recommend a carpool lane if the average number of people in passenger cars
on the highway is less than . The probability distribution of the number of people in passenger cars on the
highway is shown in the table.
Number of people

Probability
Based on the probability distribution, what is the mean number of people in passenger cars on the highway?

6. The number of tickets purchased by a customer for a musical performance at a certain concert hall can be
considered a random variable. The table below shows the relative frequency distribution for the number of
tickets purchased by a customer.

Suppose each ticket for a certain musical performance cost $12. Based on the distribution shown, what is the
mean cost per customer for the performance?

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4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

A $2.45

B $2.75

C $24.50

D $29.40

E $36.00

7. Ten percent of all Dynamite Mints candies are orange and 45 percent of all Holiday Mints candies are
orange. Two independent random samples, each of size 25, are selected - one from Dynamite Mints candies
and the other from Holiday Mints candies. The total number of orange candies in the two samples is
observed. What are the expected total number of orange candies and the standard deviation for the total
number of orange candies, respectively, in the two samples?

A 7 and 2.905

B 7 and 3.987

C 13.75 and 2.233

D 13.75 and 2.905

E 13.75 and 3.987

The following question(s) refer to the following information.

Every Thursday, Matt and Dave's Video Venture has "roll-the-dice" day. A customer may choose to roll two fair
dice and rent a second movie for an amount (in cents) equal to the numbers uppermost on the dice, with the larger
number first. For example, if the customer rolls a two and a four, a second movie may be rented for $0.42. If a two

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4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

and two are rolled, a second movie may be rented for $0.22. Let X represent the amount paid for a second movie on
roll-the-dice day. The expected value of X is $0.47 and the standard deviation of X is $0.15.

8. If a customer rolls the dice and rents a second movie every Thursday for 30 consecutive weeks, what is the
approximate probability that the total amount paid for these second movies will exceed $15.00?

A 0

B 0.09

C 0.14

D 0.86

E 0.91

9. If the customer rolls the dice and rents a second movie every Thursday for 20 consecutive weeks, what is
the total amount that the customer would expect to pay for these second movies?

A $0.45

B $0.47

C $0.67

D $3.00

E $9.40

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4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

10. Each of the faces of a fair six-sided number cube is numbered with one of the numbers 1 through 6, with a
different number appearing on each face. Two such number cubes will be tossed, and the sum of the
numbers appearing on the faces that land up will be recorded. What is the probability that the sum will be 4,
given that the sum is less than or equal to 6 ? 穷举法

A 2/36

B 3/36

C 3/15

D 2/9

E 4/6

11. A popular computer card game keeps track of the number of games played and the number of games won on
that computer. The cards are shuffled before each game, so the outcome of the game is independent from
one game to the next and is based on the skill of the player. Let X represent the number of games that have
been won out of 100 games. Under which of the following situations would X be a binomial random
variable?

A All games were played by the same player, whose skill improved over the course of the 100 games

B A group of 5 players of different skill levels were each allowed to play 20 games in a row.

A group of players of different skill levels were each allowed to play until they had lost 3 games and this
C
resulted in 100 games played.

Two players of equal skill level each played one game a day for 50 days and their skill level did not change
D
from day to day.

Two players of different skill levels competed by allowing one player to continue until a game was lost, then
E
the other player to continue until a game was lost, and so on, until 100 games were played.

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4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

The following question(s) refer to the following scenario and set of data.

In the 1830s, land surveyors began to survey the land acquired in the Louisiana Purchase. Part of their task was to
note the sizes of trees they encountered in their surveying. The table of data below is for bur oak trees measured
during the survey.

12. Which of the following differences in cumulative relative frequencies gives the proportion of trees that are
12 inches to 16 inches, inclusive, in diameter?

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4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

A 0.615 - 0.325

B 0.615 - 0.473

C 0.726 - 0.325

D 0.726 - 0.473

E 0.731 - 0.325

13. For flights from a particular airport in January, there is a 30 percent chance of a flight being delayed because
of icy weather. If a flight is delayed because of icy weather, there is a 10 percent chance the flight will also
be delayed because of a mechanical problem. If a flight is not delayed because of icy weather, there is a 5
percent chance that it will be delayed because of a mechanical problem. If one flight is selected at random
from the airport in January, what is the probability that the flight selected will have at least one of the two
types of delays?

A 0.065

B 0.335

C 0.350

D 0.450

E 0.665

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4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

High school students from track teams in the state participated in a training program to improve running
14.
times. Before the training, the mean running time for the students to run a mile was seconds with
standard deviation seconds. After completing the program, the mean running time for the students to run
a mile was seconds with standard deviation seconds. Let represent the running time of a randomly
selected student before training, and let represent the running time of the same student after training.
Which of the following is true about the distribution of ?

The variables and are independent; therefore, the mean is seconds and the standard deviation is
A
seconds.

The variables and are independent; therefore, the mean is seconds and the standard deviation is
B
seconds.

The variables and are not independent; therefore, the standard deviation is seconds and the mean
C
cannot be determined with the information given.

The variables and are not independent; therefore, the mean is seconds and the standard deviation
D
cannot be determined with the information given.

The variables and are not independent; therefore, neither the mean nor the standard deviation can be
E
determined with the information given.

15. Based on his past record, Luke, an archer for a college archery team, has a probability of 0.90 of hitting the
inner ring of the target with a shot of the arrow. Assume that in one practice Luke will attempt 5 shots of the
arrow and that each shot is independent from the others. Let the random variable X represent the number of
times he hits the inner ring of the target in 5 attempts. The probability distribution of X is given in the table.

What is the probability that the number of times Luke will hit the inner ring of the target out of the 5
attempts is less than the mean of X ?

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 AP Statistics Test Booklet

4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

A 0.40951

B 0.50000

C 0.59049

D 0.91854

E 0.99144

16. For a roll of a fair die, each of the outcomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 is equally likely. A red die and a green die are
rolled simultaneously, and the difference of the outcomes (red – green) is computed. This is repeated for a
total of 500 rolls of the pair of dice. Which of the following graphs best represents the most reasonable
distribution of the differences?

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4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

17. Ali surveyed 200 students at a school and recorded the eye color and the gender of each student. Of the 80
male students who were surveyed, 60 had brown eyes. If eye color and gender are independent, how many
female students surveyed would be expected to have brown eyes?

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4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

A 5

B 20

C 30

D 90

E 100

18. A magazine has 1,620,000 subscribers, of whom 640,000 are women and 980,000 are men. Thirty percent
of the women read the advertisements in the magazine and 50 percent of the men read the advertisements in
the magazine. A random sample of 100 subscribers is selected. What is the expected number of subscribers
in the sample who read the advertisements?

A 30

B 40

C 42

D 50

E 80

19. A manufacturer makes lightbulbs and claims that their reliability is 98 percent. Reliability is defined to be
the proportion of nondefective items that are produced over the long term. If the company's claim is correct,
what is the expected number of nondefective lightbulbs in a random sample of 1,000 bulbs?

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4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

A 20

B 200

C 960

D 980

E 1,000

20. Two college roommates have each committed to donating to charity each week for the next year. The
roommates’ weekly incomes are independent of each other. Suppose the amount donated in a week by one
roommate is approximately normal with mean $30 and standard deviation $10, and the amount donated in a
week by the other roommate is approximately normal with mean $60 and standard deviation $20. Which of
the following is closest to the expected number of weeks in a 52-week year that their combined donation
will exceed $120 ?

A 0; the combined donation never exceeds $120 in a week

B 1 week

C 3 weeks

D 5 weeks

E 8 weeks

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4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

21. The XYZ Office Supplies Company sells calculators in bulk at wholesale prices, as well as individually at
retail prices. Next year's sales depend on market conditions, but executives use probability to find estimates
of sales for the coming year. The following tables are estimates for next year's sales.

What profit does XYZ Office Supplies Company expect to make for the next year if the profit from each
calculator sold is $20 at wholesale and $30 at retail.

A $10,590

B $220,700

C $264,750

D $833,100

E $1,002,500

22. A mathematics competition uses the following scoring procedure to discourage students from guessing
(choosing an answer randomly) on the multiple-choice questions. For each correct response, the score is 7.
For each question left unanswered, the score is 2. For each incorrect response, the score is 0. If there are 5
choices for each question, what is the minimum number of choices that the student must eliminate before it
is advantageous to guess among the rest?

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4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

A 0

B 1

C 2

D 3

E 4

23. In a certain game, a fair die is rolled and a player gains 20 points if the die shows a "6." If the die does not
show a "6," the player loses 3 points. If the die were to be rolled 100 times, what would be the expected total
gain or loss for the player?

A A gain of about 1,700 points

B A gain of about 583 points

C A gain of about 83 points

D A loss of about 250 points

E A loss of about 300 points

24. A box contains 10 tags, numbered 1 through 10, with a different number on each tag. A second box contains
8 tags, numbered 20 through 27, with a different number on each tag. One tag is drawn at random from each
box. What is the expected value of the sum of the numbers on the two selected tags?

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4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

A 13.5

B 14.5

C 15.0

D 27.0

E 29.0

A die used in a certain board game has eight faces, of which are red, are yellow, and are blue. Each
25.
face is equally likely to land faceup when the die is tossed. In the game, a player tosses the die until blue
lands faceup, and the number of tosses before blue lands faceup is counted. For example, a player who
tosses the sequence shown in the following table has tossed the die times before blue lands faceup.
Toss number

Face color yellow yellow red blue

What is the probability that a player will toss the die at least times before blue lands faceup?

26. Which of the following graphs represents a binomial distribution with n = 20 and p = 0.25?

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4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

27. The number of points, X, scored in a game has the probability distribution below

The number of points obtained in one game is independent of the number of points obtained in a second
game. When the game is played twice, the sum of the number of points for both times could be 0, 1, 2, 3, or
4. If Y represents the sampling distribution of the sum of the scores when the game is played twice, for
which value of Y will the probability be greatest?

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4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

A 0

B 1

C 2

D 3

E 4

28. The SC Electric Company has bid on two electrical wiring jobs. The owner of the company believes that
• the probability of being awarded the first job (event A) is 0.75;
• the probability of being awarded the second job (event B) is 0.5; and
• the probability of being awarded both jobs (event (A and B)) is 0.375.
If the owner’s beliefs are correct, which of the following statements must be true concerning event A and
event B ?

A Event A and event B are mutually exclusive and are independent.

B Event A and event B are mutually exclusive and are not independent.

C Event A and event B are not mutually exclusive and are independent.

D Event A and event B are not mutually exclusive and are not independent.

Event A and event B are not mutually exclusive, and independence cannot be determined with the
E
information given.

29. A nonprofit organization plans to hold a raffle to raise funds for its operations. A total of 1,000 raffle tickets
will be sold for $1.00 each. After all the tickets are sold, one ticket will be selected at random and its owner
will receive $50.00. The expected value for the net gain for each ticket is -$0.95. What is the meaning of the
expected value in this context?

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4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

A The ticket owners lose an average of $0.05 per raffle ticket.

B The ticket owners lose an average of $0.95 per raffle ticket.

C Each ticket owner will lose $0.95 per raffle ticket.

A ticket owner would have to purchase 19 more tickets for the expected value of his or her net gain to
D
increase to $0.00.

E A ticket owner has a 95 percent chance of having a ticket that is not selected.

30. Circuit boards are assembled by selecting 4 computer chips at random from a large batch of chips. In this
batch of chips, 90 percent of the chips are acceptable. Let X denote the number of acceptable chips out of a
sample of 4 chips from this batch. What is the least probable value of X?

A 0

B 1

C 2

D 3

E 4

31. A carnival game allows the player a choice of simultaneously rolling two, four, six, eight, or ten fair dice.
Each die has six faces numbered 1 through 6, respectively. After the player rolls the dice, the numbers that
appear on the faces that land up are recorded. The player wins if the greatest number recorded is 1 or 2. How
many dice should the player choose to roll to maximize the chance of winning?

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4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

A Two

B Four

C Six

D Eight

E Ten

32. If a probability distribution is symmetric, which of the following statements must be true?

A The distribution is normal.

B The distribution is uniform.

C The distribution is bimodal.

D The mean of the distribution is equal to the median of the distribution.

E The interquartile range of the distribution is equal to the standard deviation of the distribution.

The distribution of number of hours worked by volunteers last year at a large hospital is approximately
33.
normal with mean and standard deviation . Volunteers in the top percent of hours worked will
receive a certificate of merit. If a volunteer from last year is selected at random, which of the following is
closest to the probability that the volunteer selected will receive a certificate of merit given that the number
of hours the volunteer worked is less than ?

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4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

34. Two friends, Andy and Bob, participate in a game of bowling every week. From past experiences, it is
known that both friends’ scores are approximately normally distributed, where Andy has a mean score of
150 with a standard deviation of 30, and Bob has a mean score of 165 with a standard deviation of 15.
Assuming that their scores are independent, which of the following values is closest to the probability that
Andy will have a greater score than Bob in a single game?

Andy 平均值 150 ；标准差 30

A 0.16 Bob 平均值 165；标准差 15
问：在任意⼀次游戏中，Andy 得分⽐ Bob ⾼的概率是多少？
由此，对于 Andy ⽽⾔，X > 165 ，P（X>165）?

B 0.28

C 0.31

D 0.33

E 0.37

35. The random variable X is normally distributed with mean 5 and standard deviation 25. The random variable
Y is defined by Y = 2 + 4X. What are the mean and the standard deviation of Y ?

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4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

A The mean is 20 and the standard deviation is 102.

B The mean is 20 and the standard deviation is 50.

C The mean is 22 and the standard deviation is 102.

D The mean is 22 and the standard deviation is 100.

E The mean is 22 and the standard deviation is 50.

36. Ninety percent of the people who have a particular disease will have a positive result on a given diagnostic
test. Ninety percent of the people who do not have the disease will have a negative result on this test. If 5
percent of a certain population has the disease, what percent of that population would test positive for the
disease?

A 4.5%

B 5%

C 10%

D 14%

E 90%

37. Mating eagle pairs typically have two baby eagles (called eaglets). When there are two eaglets, the parents
always feed the older eaglet until it has had its fill, and then they feed the younger eaglet. This results in an
unequal chance of survival for the two eaglets. Suppose that the older eaglet has a 50 percent chance of
survival. If the older eaglet survives, the younger eaglet has a 10 percent chance of survival. If the older
eaglet does not survive, the younger eaglet has a 30 percent chance of survival. Let X be the number of
eaglets that survive. Which of the following tables shows the probability distribution of X ?

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38. According to a report for veterinarians in the United States, percent of households in the United States
own dogs and percent of households in the United States own cats. If one household in the United
States is selected at random, what is the probability that the selected household will own a dog or a cat?

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4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

E Not enough information is given to determine the probability.

39. The probability of obtaining a head when a certain coin is flipped is about 0.65. Which of the following is
closest to the probability that heads would be obtained 15 or fewer times when this coin is flipped 25 times?

A 0.14

B 0.37

C 0.39

D 0.60

E 0.65

40. A summer resort rents rowboats to customers but does not allow more than four people to a boat. Each boat
is designed to hold no more than 800 pounds. Suppose the distribution of adult males who rent boats,
including their clothes and gear, is normal with a mean of 190 pounds and standard deviation of 10 pounds.
If the weights of individual passengers are independent, what is the probability that a group of four adult
male passengers will exceed the acceptable weight limit of 800 pounds?

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4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

A 0.023

B 0.046

C 0.159

D 0.317

E 0.977

41. A police officer is using a radar device to check motorists’ speeds. Prior to beginning the speed check, the
officer estimates that 40 percent of motorists will be driving more than 5 miles per hour over the speed limit.
Assuming that the police officer’s estimate is correct, what is the probability that among 4 randomly
selected motorists, the officer will find at least 1 motorist driving more than 5 miles per hour over the speed
limit?

A 0.0256

B 0.1296

C 0.3456

D 0.8704

E 0.9744

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42. Carly commutes to work, and her commute time is dependent on the weather. When the weather is good, the
distribution of her commute times is approximately normal with mean 20 minutes and standard deviation 2
minutes. When the weather is not good, the distribution of her commute times is approximately normal with
mean 30 minutes and standard deviation 4 minutes. Suppose the probability that the weather will be good
tomorrow is 0.9. Which of the following is closest to the probability that Carly’s commute time tomorrow
will be greater than 25 minutes?

A 0.0056

B 0.0894

C 0.0950

D 0.8055

E 0.9006

Sean and Evan are college roommates who have part-time jobs as servers in restaurants. The distribution of
43.
Sean’s weekly income is approximately normal with mean and standard deviation . The
distribution of Evan’s weekly income is approximately normal with mean and standard deviation .
Assuming their weekly incomes are independent of each other, which of the following is closest to the
probability that Sean will have a greater income than Evan in a randomly selected week?

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44. A complex electronic device contains three components, A, B, and C. The probabilities of failure for each
component in any one year are 0.01, 0.03, and 0.04, respectively. If any one component fails, the device will
fail. If the components fail independently of one another, what is the probability that the device will
not fail in one year?

A Less than 0.01

B 0.078

C 0.080

D 0.922

E Greater than 0.99

45. A contestant’s final winnings on a game show are determined by a random selection of a base amount and a
possible multiplier. For the base amount, the contestant randomly selects one of four cards, where two cards
are marked $1,000, one card is marked $2,000, and one card is marked $5,000. After choosing the card, the
contestant randomly selects one of five chips, where three chips are red and two chips are white. If the
selected chip is red, the contestant’s final winnings are twice the value of the base amount. If the selected
chip is white, the contestant’s final winnings are the value of the base amount. What is the probability that a
contestant’s final winnings are exactly $2,000?

A 0.100

B 0.200

C 0.250

D 0.325

E 0.400

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46. All bags entering a research facility are screened. Ninety-seven percent of the bags that contain forbidden
material trigger an alarm. Fifteen percent of the bags that do not contain forbidden material also trigger the
alarm. If 1 out of every 1,000 bags entering the building contains forbidden material, what is the probability
that a bag that triggers the alarm will actually contain forbidden material?

A 0.00097

B 0.00640

C 0.03000

D 0.14550

E 0.97000

47. Ms. Tucker travels through two intersections with traffic lights as she drives to the market. The traffic lights
operate independently. The probability that both lights will be red when she reaches them is 0.22. The
probability that the first light will be red and the second light will not be red is 0.33. What is the probability
that the second light will be red when she reaches it?

A 0.40

B 0.45

C 0.50

D 0.55

E 0.60

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48. Joe and Matthew plan to visit a bookstore. Based on their previous visits to this bookstore, the probability
distributions of the number of books they will buy are given below.

Assuming that Joe and Matthew make their decisions independently, what is the probability that they will
purchase no books on this visit to the bookstore?

A 0.0625

B 0.1250

C 0.1875

D 0.2500

E 0.7500

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The table shows the responses from people when asked if they support a proposal to expand the public
49.
library.
Under the Age or
Total
Age of Older

Yes

No

Total
One person from those who responded will be selected at random. Which of the following is closest to the
probability that the person selected will be someone who responded no, given that the person selected is age
or older?

50. A tropical storm is classified as major if it has sustained winds greater than 110 miles per hour. Based on
data from the past two decades, a meteorologist estimated the following percentages about future storms.
• 20% of all tropical storms will originate in the Atlantic Ocean, of which 20% will be classified as major.
• 30% of all tropical storms will originate in the eastern Pacific Ocean, of which 15% will be classified as
major.
• 50% of all tropical storms will originate in the western Pacific Ocean, of which 25% will be classified as
major.
Based on the meteorologist’s estimates, approximately what is the probability that a future tropical storm
will originate in the Pacific Ocean and be classified as major?

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A 0.045

B 0.125

C 0.170

D 0.400

E 0.960

51. The distribution of colors of candies in a bag is as follows.

If two candies are randomly drawn from the bag with replacement, what is the probability that they are the
same color?

A 0.09

B 0.22

C 0.25

D 0.75

E 0.78

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52. Traffic data revealed that 35 percent of automobiles traveling along a portion of an interstate highway were
exceeding the legal speed limit. Using highway cameras and license plate registrations, it was also
determined that 52 percent of sports cars were also speeding along the same portion of the highway. What is
the probability that a randomly selected car along the same portion of the highway was a speeding sports
car?

A 0.870

B 0.673

C 0.182

D 0.170

E It cannot be determined from the information given.

53. In a certain school, 17 percent of the students are enrolled in a psychology course, 28 percent are enrolled in
a foreign language course, and 32 percent are enrolled in either a psychology course or a foreign language
course or both. What is the probability that a student chosen at random from this school will be enrolled in
both a foreign language course and a psychology course?

A 0.45

B 0.32

C 0.20

D 0.13

E 0.05

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54. The probability that a new microwave oven will stop working in less than 2 years is 0.05. The probability
that a new microwave oven is damaged during delivery and stops working in less than 2 years is 0.04. The
probability that a new microwave oven is damaged during delivery is 0.10. Given that a new microwave
oven is damaged during delivery, what is the probability that it stops working in less than 2 years?

A 0.05

B 0.06

C 0.10

D 0.40

E 0.50

55. In a certain computer card game, the player is awarded 5 points for each card that is moved to a correct
position. The player is penalized 10 points for each minute the game is played. Let the random variable X
represent the number of cards moved to a correct position, and let the random variable Y represent the
number of minutes the game is played. The means and standard deviations of the random variables for a
particular player are shown in the table below.

Assume that X and Y are independent. What are the expected value and the standard deviation of the points
per game for the player?

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4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

A The expected value is –6.5, and the standard deviation is 63.5.

B The expected value is –6.5, and the standard deviation is 65.4.

C The expected value is 4.1, and the standard deviation is 63.5.

D The expected value is 4.1, and the standard deviation is 65.4.

E The expected value is 101.5, and the standard deviation is 63.5.

56. Consider a data set of positive values, at least two of which are not equal. Which of the following sample
statistics will be changed when each value in this data set is multiplied by a constant whose absolute value is
greater than 1?
1. The mean
2. The median
3. The standard deviation

A I only

B II only

C III only

D I and II only

E I, II and III

57. A fair coin is flipped 10 times and the number of heads is counted. This procedure of 10 coin flips is
repeated 100 times and the results are placed in a frequency table. Which of the frequency tables below is
most likely to contain the results from these 100 trials?

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4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

58. For a school fund-raiser, 600 raffle tickets were sold by students at the school, of which 88 were sold by one
student, Audrey. Of the 600 tickets sold, 30 were randomly selected to receive prizes, and 7 of the 30 tickets
selected were tickets sold by Audrey. To investigate how likely it was by chance alone that at least 7 of the
30 selected tickets could have been sold by Audrey, students in a statistics class ran a simulation. One trial
of the simulation is described by the following steps.
Step 1: From 600 chips, assign 88 red and the rest blue.
Step 2: Select 30 chips at random without replacement.
Step 3: Record the number of red chips in the selection of 30.
The results of 1,000 trials of the simulation are shown in the histogram.

Based on the results of the simulation, is there convincing statistical evidence at the significance level of
0.05 that the event of Audrey selling at least 7 of the 30 selected tickets is unlikely to have occurred by
chance alone?

A Yes, because the distribution of the trials in the simulation is skewed to the right.

B Yes, because the number in the histogram with the greatest frequency is 4, not 7.

Yes, because 7 appears in the right tail of the distribution, indicating that it is more than 2 standard
C
deviations away from the mean.

No, because the simulation suggests that it is likely that Audrey could sell anywhere from 0 to 11 of the
D
selected tickets.

No, because the simulation suggests that Audrey selling at least 7 of 30 selected tickets would occur about
E
13.8% of the time.

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4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

59. Let X be a random variable whose values are the number of dots that appear on the uppermost face when a
fair die is rolled. The possible values of X are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The mean of X is 7/2 and the variance of X
is 35/12. Let Y be the random variable whose value is the difference (first minus second) between the
number of dots that appear on the uppermost face for the first and second rolls of a fair die that is rolled
twice. What is the standard deviation of Y ?

60. A random variable X has a mean of 120 and a standard deviation of 15. A random variable Y has a mean of
100 and a standard deviation of 9. If X and Y are independent, approximately what is the standard deviation
of X - Y ?

A 24.0

B 17.5

C 12.0

D 6.0

E 4.9

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61. A company sells concrete in batches of 5 cubic yards. The probability distribution of X, the number of cubic
yards sold in a single order for concrete from this company, is shown in the table below.

The expected value of the probability distribution of X is 19.25 and the standard deviation is 5.76. There is a
fixed cost to deliver the concrete. The profit Y, in dollars, for a particular order can be described by Y = 75X
- 100. What is the standard deviation of Y?

A $332.00

B $432.00

C $532.00

D $1,343.75

E $1,400.00

62. Let X represent the number on the face that lands up when a fair six-sided number cube is tossed. The
expected value of X is 3.5, and the standard deviation of X is approximately 1.708. Two fair six-sided
number cubes will be tossed, and the numbers appearing on the faces that land up will be added. Which of
the following values is closest to the standard deviation of the resulting sum?

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4 Probability, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions

A 1.708

B 1.848

C 2.415

D 3.416

E 5.835

63. A company that makes fleece clothing uses fleece produced from two farms, Northern Farm and Western
Farm. Let the random variable X represent the weight of fleece produced by a sheep from Northern Farm.
The distribution of X has mean pounds and standard deviation pounds. Let the random variable Y
represent the weight of fleece produced by a sheep from Western Farm. The distribution of Y has mean
pounds and standard deviation pound. Assume X and Y are independent. Let W equal the total weight of
fleece from 10 randomly selected sheep from Northern Farm and 15 randomly selected sheep from Western
Farm. Which of the following is the standard deviation, in pounds, of W ?

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64. A company ships gift baskets that contain apples and pears. The distributions of weight for the apples, the
pears, and the baskets are each approximately normal. The mean and standard deviation for each distribution
is shown in the table below. The weights of the items are assumed to be independent.

Let the random variable W represent the total weight of 4 apples, 6 pears, and 1 basket. Which of the
following is closest to the standard deviation of W ?

A 1.90 ounces

B 1.97 ounces

C 2.26 ounces

D 3.76 ounces

E 3.83 ounces

65. The Attila Barbell Company makes bars for weight lifting. The weights of the bars are independent and are
normally distributed with a mean of 720 ounces (45 pounds) and a standard deviation of 4 ounces. The bars
are shipped 10 in a box to the retailers.The weights of the empty boxes are normally distributed with a mean
of 320 ounces and a standard deviation of 8 ounces. The weights of the boxes filled with 10 bars are
expected to be normally distributed with a mean of 7,520 ounces and a standard deviation of

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A ounces

B ounces

C ounces

D 48 ounces

E ounces

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