1.1 Explain the basic theories of classical and positivist theories.

1.1.1 Classical School of Criminology

1.1.2 Neo-Classical School
1.1.3 Positivist School of Criminology
1.2 Discuss the fundamental concepts of criminology and delinquency.
1.2.1 Definition of Criminology
1.2.2 Characteristics of Criminal Law
1.3 Classify typologies of crimes and criminal offenders.
1.4 Articulate the Philippine Criminology Profession and career paths versus criminologists in other countries.

Discuss the fundamental concepts of criminology and

delinquency.

Definition and Scope of Criminology

Criminology-is a group of knowledge seeing crime as a phenomenon in society. It might

likewise allude to the investigation of offense or felony and the endeavor of breaking down
deductively their causes and control and the treatment of crooks

Criminology is the study of offense or felony as a phenomenon in the society, or of criminals – the

discipline, habits and metal traits. It is likewise the investigation of wrongdoings and its treatment.

Criminology focusses every topic important in preventing and understanding crime, the treatment of

criminals and their punishment.

This focusses on types of criminal conduct, the reasons for wrongdoing, the meaning of
guiltiness, and the cultural response to crime; related regions of request may incorporate
adolescent misconduct and victimology. (Hagan and Daigle, 2018, pp. 1–3)

The word Criminology was authored in 1885 by the Italian law teacher Raffaele Garafalo
as "criminologia". At around a similar time, the French expression "criminologie".

According to White et al. (2017, pp. 2), Writers, researchers, and scholars in areas such
as psychology, philosophy, biological science, law, sociology, forensic medicine, education,
history, political economy, and cultural studies which contribute to the multidisciplinary areas of
criminology. This means that there are many areas involved in the collection of knowledge about
criminal activity, including psychology, biology, neurology, sociology, anthropology, political
science, and economics. But over the years, psychiatry, sociology, and psychology have
dominated the study of felony or offense. It is for this reason that criminology can be subdivided
into:

1. Sociological Criminology. This is the study of crime focused on the group of people
 and society as a whole. It’s all about the connection of group variables of crime to
demography. Examples of variables are socioeconomic status, interpersonal
relationships, age, race, race, gender, and cultural groups of people which have the
relationship of environmental factors that are most conducive to the commission of a
crime.
2. Psychological Criminology. The knowledge of behavior and mental processes of the
criminal. Criminal behavior is the center of the study-how it is modified, maintained,
evoked, and acquired. The personality and environmental influences are considered
if it mediates the behavior along with the mental processes.

3. Psychiatric Criminology. It deals with the study of crimes and criminals by using
forensic psychiatry. The motives and drives of criminal behavior will also be
considered. In Freudian theory, the criminals have biological urges and
uncontrollable animalistic and unconscious behavior.

Today, because of the broadness and varieties of topics covered in the field of
criminology, criminologists in modern days are also too diverse in their focus of study which led
to the development of other subfields or perspectives in criminology (according to the subject
matter and methods) including but not limited to the following:

1. Critical Criminology – is a perspective in criminology that deals with the genesis of

crime and the nature of social injustice and inequalities. The study focuses on law and
punishment where crime is viewed as interconnected and part of a system of social
inequalities.
2. Applied Criminology – uses a variety of disciplines to examine criminality and the criminal justice system. The study focuses more on
the processes seen in the justice system and in the enforcement of laws directed towards influencing social policies.

3. Experimental Criminology – is a perspective in criminology that heavily relies on

experimental methods of research. It focuses on a random selection of social issues
directed to evidenced-based crime and justice policy.
4. Comparative Criminology – is a perspective in criminology that deals with the study of
the crime problem by understanding the differences and similarities of social cultures in
order to understand crime patterns and trends.
5. Convict Criminology. It is a contemporary view in criminology that focuses on the study
of ex-convicts and convicts in order to provide answers to many problems in criminal
justice where correction is a pillar in the system.
6. Green Criminology. It is a recent field of criminology that study with the analysis of
felony or offense involving a variety of environmental concerns with relation to criminal
activities. In other words, the application of criminological theories to environmental
issues.

Divisions in the Study of Criminology

The study of criminology was always been concerned about crime and criminals. Its
scope is categorized into the following studies:

The Making of Laws

This pertains to the examination of the nature and structure of laws in the society
which could be analyzed scientifically, systematically, and exhaustively to learn crime
 causation and eventually help fight them.

The Breaking of Laws

This refers to the examination of the reasons for the causes of crime which
primarily resolve the issues why despite the presence of laws people still commit crimes.

Reaction Towards the Breaking of Laws

This refers to the study of how criminals, the people, and the government reacts
towards the laws breaking because the reactions necessarily bring light to the
development of modern measures to treat criminal offenders at the same time the
reaction may be contributory to criminality.

Areas of Study in Philippine Criminology

In the Philippines, under existing laws, criminology covers six principal areas identified in
relation to the licensure examination for criminologist, which are:

1. Criminology Etiology – which includes the scientific analysis of the causes of crime and
the study of criminal behavior. This is more accurately known under the area called
Criminal Sociology.

2. Sociology of Law – which pertains to the study of law and its application. It was belonging
in the area of Criminal Jurisprudence and Procedures

3. Law Enforcement – which refers to the manner in which authorities enforce the local and
national laws of the land. It is more related to matters involving police management an
administration or policing in general. It is under the area called Law Enforcement
Administration.

4. Criminal Investigation – which pertains to the processes of crime detection and the
identification of criminal offenders. This is in the area of Crime Detection and
Investigation

5. Forensic Science - or the study regarding “instrumentation” involving the tools in crime
detection and criminal identification. This is in the area of Criminalistics.

6. Penology – refers to the study that deals with the punishment and the treatment of
criminal offenders. It is described under the area known as Correctional Administration.

Nature of Criminology

Understanding crime is complex as the other areas of interest. As earlier stated,

criminology is a multidisciplinary field of science. It requires, therefore, balanced and systematic
knowledge in the examination of why they exist. In such a case, criminology is considered:
 An Applied Science – Psychology, anthropology, sociology, and other natural
sciences may be applied in the investigation of the causes of crime while physics,
chemistry, medicine, mathematics, etc. may be used in crime detection.

Social Science – In as much as a felony or offense is a societal development and

that it exists in the society, its study must be considered a part of sociology.

A Dynamic Discipline – If the social condition or aspect will change, the field of
criminology will also change. As we have noticed, the reasons for the development of
criminology are the advancement of other fields of sciences.

Nationalistic in Nature – The study of a felony or offense must always be in

relation to the existing criminal law within the territory of every state or nation.

Historical Development

The concept of crime was recognized in the earliest surviving legal codes. One of the
first was developed in about 2000 B.C. by King Dungi of Summer. Its content is known today
because it was later adopted by Hammurabi (1750-1799 B.C.), the sixth King of Babylon, in his
famous set of written laws that is today known as the code of Hammurabi.

Code of Hammurabi

The punishment was based on physical retaliation or lex talionis or an eye for an aye.
Punishment as to severity will be depending on class standing, just like for an assault-slaves will
be put to death and limb will be lost by those freemen. The loss was strictly enforced by judges
who were themselves controlled by their advisers to the King. Mosaic Code
According to the bible and foretold, God created a covenant with the tribes of Israel
(1200 B.C.) in which the Israelites agreed to obey his laws as presented to them by Moses, in
exchange for their special care and protection. This is the foundation of Judeo-Christian biblical
teachings and in the U.S. Legal system, i.e., prohibitions against theft, murder, perjury, and
adultery preceded by several thousand years.
Twelve Tables
The Roman law on 451 B.C. This was formulated by a special commission of ten men in
response to pressure from the lower classes– the plebeians. The plebeians believed that an
unwritten code gave arbitrary and unlimited power to the wealthy classes– the patricians who
serve as magistrates. The original code was written in bronze plaques, which were lost but a
record of the section was memorized by every Roman male at that time. The family relations,
debt, property, and other matters which are face daily were dealt with by the remaining laws.

Dark Ages

The formal legal codes in the early times were lost during these dark ages and this
lasted for many years after the fall of Rome. During that period, fear and superstition of magic
and satanic black arts dominated the way they think. Those people who violated religious
practices or social norms were believed to be witches or possessed by demons. The method for
dealing with the person who was possessed was burning at the stake. This practiced survived in
the seventeenth century.
Acts such as theft, assault, treason, and blasphemy constituted crimes were often arbitrary
discretionary and cruel. Punishment included public flogging, branding, beheading, and
burning.

Eighteenth-Century

In Europe, class and family position at birth determined the entire course of a person’s
life. Those who inherited lands and title flaunted their wealth through excessive behavior, such
as gorging themselves in food and drink, gastrointestinal ailments were common complaints of
the affluent. The overpopulated and underfed cities became breeding grounds for crime. Since
the penalty for theft was hanging, it made little difference if the thief also killed the victim.
In England, law reform acts of 1722 and 1758 added more than 350 crimes for which the
punishment was death. The excesses of the rich were supported by increasing and unfair taxes
on those least able to afford the burden. The poor often turned to theft for survival. The
punishment was severe in order to convince the poor that disobedience to the established order
was futile. The execution of criminals drew crowds in the tens of thousands.
By the mid-eighteenth century, the enlightenment time began. Criminologists were
primarily focusing on the ending brutality and inequality against perpetrators by enforcing
limitations on government authority. They believed that the behavior of criminals was the
product of the offender’s rational choice and that felony or offense could be prevented through
the certain and speedy application of penalty that attached painful and unattractive
consequences to such behavior.

Nineteenth Century
The positivist tradition was developed in the mid-nineteenth century where the scientific
method began to take hold in the state of Europe. This movement inspired the new discoveries
in astronomy, biology, and chemistry.

Positivist Tradition Elements

1. Human behavior can be influenced by external forces that cannot be

controlled.
2. The scientific method was used in solving problems.
Development of Biological Criminology
Criminologists have traced back to the belief of Aristotle that personality is determined by
the shape of the skull. The connection between the behavior of the criminal and body type has
been traced back to 1500, and the study of facial features and their connection to the crime. In
the later part of the 1700s, phrenology emerged as a discipline.
Franz Joseph Gall-1758-1828. He investigated the bumps and other irregularities of the
skulls of the prisoners of penal institutions and asylums for the insane. He also studied the head
and head casts of persons who were not imprisoned and compared those findings to the data of
criminal offenders.
Phrenology has based on the proposition that the exterior of the skull corresponds to the interior of

the brain’s conformation. The brain can be divided into functions; those functions or faculties are

related to the shape of the skull. By measuring the shape of the skull, therefore, we can measure
 behavior.

Development of Psychological Criminology

Some early psychologists attempted to explain criminal behavior by means of the
inherited traits we now call intelligence. The influence of the positivists can also be seen in
these early attempts to link criminal and other forms of anti-social behavior with mental
retardation.
William Healy– credited with shifting the positivists’ emphasis on studying anatomical
characteristics to one of the psychological and social elements. He and his colleagues believed
that the only way to find the roots or causes of delinquent behavior was to delve deeply into the
individual’s background, especially emotional development.
Development of Sociological Criminology
Auguste Comte– in his application of positivism to the study of society, he argued that
societies contained both forces for cooperation and stability, which he called social statistics;
and forces for change and conflict, which he called social life set the stage for more scientific
analysis of society.
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)- he used the Darwinian analysis to show that the most
powerful nations were chosen by natural selection to lead the world. Natural selection could also
be applied to people. The poor must not be sustained or assisted with making up for their
deficiencies; while the destiny of the poor is dictated by their own insufficiency, riches and
influence are held for the top.
Max Weber (1864-1920)- described how cultural and religious forces controlled the
social climate. In an important study, he traced the relationship between the Protestant
Reformation and the growth of capitalism.
LIVING JUSTICE BEHIND THE MYSTERY OF CRIME
Development of Marxist Criminology
Marxist Criminology says during the battle for assets in free enterprise, wrongdoing rises
as those on the base fight for social, political, and financial uniformity. Marx contends that
capitalism as a mode of production is the only system that separates the product (wealth and
resources) from the natural distribution of that product. In all other societies, the product is
generated to migrate to the needy and not be hoarded by those on top. In a capitalist society,
those on the top pay as little as possible to their workers thus choking the flow of products to the
needy. It's this unmet need, created by capitalists, that drives those at the bottom to resort to
crime.
His studies were applied to legal studies by a few social thinkers including Willem
Bonger, Ralph Dahrendorf, George Vold.
Criminology in the Philippines
Criminology was traced back to the development of the Philippine criminal code and the
legal system. For instance, pre-Spanish codes such as the Maragtas code and Code of
Kalantiao have little influence on the present legal system in the Philippines that set rules in
controlling punishment of criminals and crimes prior to the colonization period. In terms of
criminology education, as early as June 11, 1956, the Philippine College of Criminology, school
had already a 4-year course leading to the degree of BS Criminology. The school was
considered as the pioneering criminology school in the Philippines. With the passage of
Republic Act 6506 (now amended by RA 11131), an Act creating the Board of Examiners for
criminologists in the Philippines, many Colleges and universities opted to offer BS Criminology,
initially under the field of Arts and sciences. Today, the CHED is in control of the programs for
the Criminal Justice Education in the Philippines.

Characteristics of Criminal Law

Most Common Definitional Approaches

1. Legalistic– In legitimate definition, crime may be defined as a behavior, acts, or
omission that violates criminal law of a particular country.
2. Conduct Norms– As to the norms and standards of society, the crime may be defined
as a form of conduct norm violations. This violation may be committed against the
custom, tradition, ethics, religion, family, and other social institutions.
3. Social Harm– In the view of this approach according to Sutherland as one of the
pioneers in criminology, the crime includes deprivation of food, shelter, clothing and
medical care, untimely death, illness or disease, racism, sexism, and tobacco, etc.
4. Human Rights Violation– Anything that causes injury and violates the right in human
existence is considered as a crime (Mehozay, 2018).
5. Deviance and Social Control– Deviation of norms particularly from religion, criminal
law, fashion, etiquette, and political belief is considered as a crime when there will be
isolation, stigmatization, treatment, punishment, segregation, rejection or rehabilitation
will occur.
6. Social Problem– The crime creating a social problem is one of the interesting studies
in media polls or public opinion. The definition of crime tends to dependent as to social
meanings unto it.
7. Sin or Evil– There is a similarity of criminology and theology like criminal intent and
evil mind which the futility of evil may cause the evil fallacy.
8. Chaos– any actions that produce chaos may be defined as a crime
Ingredients of Crime
1. Actus Reus– This is a Latin term which means “ guilty act”. If this combined to mens
rea, this will produce criminal liability. The act can qualify the following :
A. Free Will– the person can be accountable if they choose to do things in
accordance with his/ her freedom and consciousness. If this will be overpowered
in the influences of forces beyond control, it will become irrational and beyond to
be reached as prescribed by law.
 B. Act versus Status– any criminal law does not punish people in reason of
status or condition.
C. Failure to Act– The act must interact with the body and the mind. Inaction
may be an action when the law clearly spells out what an individual may have to
do and the individual decided not to do it The law requires action only if one has
a legal duty to act.
2. Legality Requirement– The majority had been molded by factors beyond control,
and the choices are to some extent conditioned by external factors that the law will
consider the behavior irrational.
3. Harm requirement– all crimes should be prohibited to prevent harm or bad
consequence to the people. People want people not to be slain or be deprived of their
properties.
4. Causation Requirement– The offender should achieve the result of his or her effort.
It holds that a crime will not be completed unless the conduct was done without
interference by somebody else (proximate cause of the act)
5. Mens Rea Requirement- This is a Latin term which means “ guilty mind”. The crime
should have mens rea but this is excluding the strict liability. Most of this strict liability
includes the conduct subject to regulation, conduct that threatens the public welfare as a
whole.
6. Concurrence Requirement– it states that a criminal act must be accompanied by a
criminal mind.
7. Punishment Requirement– An illegal act with an evil mind does not constitute a
crime unless there is a punishment prescribed by law.
Requisite of Voluntariness of Crime
1. As one of the bases of criminal law or penal code is the Classical Theory. Wherein, it
clarifies that human free will is the basis of criminal liability.
2. The acts must fall under Article 12 of the Revised Penal Code which shows that the
act or omission is voluntary since man is a rational being.
3. Felonies by dolo, the act should have deliberate intent and it should be voluntary. In
culpa, the imprudence should have voluntariness but without malice.
Requisite of Dolo or Malice
1. The perpetrator must have freedom while doing an act or omission.
2. The perpetrator must have intelligence while doing the act or omitting the act
3. The perpetrator must have intent while doing the act or omitting the to the act.
Defense Excuses
1. Insanity Defense– it can be reduced to the following consideration:
 a. As a result of illness– the accused either did not know the nature and quality of his
act (voluntary act requirement was not fulfilled.
b. Did not know the act was wrong—mens rea requirement was not fulfilled.
2. Guilty but Mentally Ill - This is appropriate when the defendant suffers from mental
illness which is not severe enough to warrant the acquittal by reason of insanity.
3. Intoxication Defense– The intoxication may be classified as alcohol or drugs.
Voluntary Intoxication was recognized by most countries as a defense. It may exonerate
a defendant if it negates mens rea, but most often it reduces the degree of crime
charged as if the case is murder, it will fall to homicide.
4. The mistake of Fact- if there is no mens rea, there is no crime. The mistake of fact is
a misapprehension of fact on the part of the person who caused injury o another. The
perpetrator is not, however, criminally liable, because he did not act with criminal
intent.
5. Ignorance of the Law- People could not claim that they don’t have the knowledge
what they have done, is really a forbidden principle. Most of the courts perpetuate
everybody to know the law.
Defense Justifications
1. Duress –This is when the perpetrator has done something the law prohibits. The law
recognized the protection of lives and limbs, the safety of relatives. There is a general
requirement that the evil which threatens the person, and the evil created by the person
be commensurate, that is, not out of proportion.
2. Necessity– This is a defense to a criminal charge when one has infringed the law in
the reasonable belief that the act was essential to avoid imminent and greater harm.
The paramount threat must emanate from a force other than a human aggressor.
3. Public Duty– The law enforcement officers may use as much force as necessary, for
example, to effect the arrest. While the use of deadly force is subject to severe
restrictions.
4. Self-Defense, Others and Property- the right to use reasonable force, and if
necessary deadly force may extend for the defense of relatives and strangers.
Stages of Crime
Consummated Felonies– It is consummated when all elements necessary for the
execution of the crime and its accomplishment are present.
Frustrated Felonies– When the offender performs all the acts of execution of crime
which produce the felony but which, do not produce it because of causes independent of
the will of the perpetrator.
Attempted Felonies - The perpetrator executed the commission of the crime directly by
only overt acts, where it does not commence all the acts of execution that should
produce the felony because of some cause, reason, or even accident other than
spontaneous desistance of the offender.
Participation of Crime
1. Principals– The principals are the following;
a. Who has direct participation in the execution of the crime
b. Those who force or induce other persons to commit the crime
c. In the commission of a crime, he or she cooperates by another act and without which
the crime would not have been accomplished.
2. Accomplices– those persons who are not principals but they cooperate in the
execution of the felony by previous or simultaneous acts.
3. Accessories– they have the knowledge of the commission of the felony, and without
having participated therein and not considered as principal and accomplice, take part
after its commission with the following ways:
a. By assisting the offender to profit from the effects of the crime or by directly
profiting from them;
b. By destroying or concealing the body of the crime or the effects of the
instrument thereof, to prevent its discovery;
c. By concealing, assisting or harboring in the escape of the principal of the crime,
providing the necessary acts with having an abuse of his public authority or roles,
or whenever the author of the crime is guilty of parricide, treason, murder, or
attempt to kill the President, or habitually guilty of some other crime.
Early Crime Control Mechanisms
1. Family- This is seen as a dynamic in which the effects can affect or alter the
criminality. It will help to explain the differential criminal involvement at different ages and
stages of development.
2. School– the criminality might be affected by the authority of the school. If every
person views this school as an instrument for their career or success, they will invest
more time in school activities.
3. Peer Groups– During adolescence stage, the parental bond may recede, and the
child likely to form closer bonds to peers which influence their behavior. This will apply
also to the work environment.
4. Ethnic Origin– Prejudice in the general population makes it harder for theses groups
to secure good employment. The feelings of anomie, rejection, low status, loss of self-
esteem, poverty, insecurity, and lack of autonomy may lead in this case.
Crime Control Agents
The main institutions for social control is a composite of the Criminal Justice System. In
the Philippines, we have 5 pillars, they are; Law Enforcement/Police, Prosecution, Court,
Correction, and Community.
1. Police– Their function is to control that threat to society and to other people. In the
 criminal justice system, they are the initiator of the law and justice. Police can also help
in the strategies of deigning to decrease criminal opportunity– they are more on crime
prevention.
2. Punishment– It is in classical criminology that emphasizes the fear to prevent crime
and that through harsh punishment. This punishment views to be fairly harsh to dissuade
the potential offender or to ensure that law-abiding citizen has not lost out to the criminal.
Importantly, the punishment removes the individuals in profiting the crime.
3. Diversion– It occurs at all levels of the Criminal Justice System. There are two forms
before court appearances– one is law enforcement agency can unofficially divert
persons away from the full rigors of the Criminal Justice System by cautioning them or,
in the case of children and young people the use of reprimands and warning might be
necessary, and secondly, the prosecution might decide not to prosecute the offender or
agree the offender will agree to prosecute for a lesser crime of which the individual is
willing to plead guilty.

1. Public vs. Private Law:

 Criminal law is a branch of public law, as it deals with offenses
committed against the state or society as a whole. In contrast, civil law
focuses on disputes between individuals or entities.
2. Prosecution by the State:
 Criminal cases are initiated and prosecuted by the government,
typically represented by a prosecutor, on behalf of the state. The
accused is considered the defendant.
3. Violation of Legal Norms:
 Criminal law defines and punishes actions that violate established legal
norms, such as statutes, regulations, and common law principles.
4. Intent and Guilt:
 Criminal law often requires proof of a guilty mind (mens rea) in
addition to the guilty act (actus reus). This means that a person must
have a guilty state of mind, such as intent or recklessness, to be
convicted of a crime.
5. Presumption of Innocence:
 In criminal law, the accused is presumed innocent until proven guilty in
a court of law. The burden of proof lies with the prosecution to
establish the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
6. Criminal Offenses:
 Crimes are categorized into various types, including felonies (serious
crimes) and misdemeanors (less serious crimes). The punishment for a
crime may include imprisonment, fines, probation, or other penalties.
7. Punishment and Deterrence:
 One of the primary purposes of criminal law is to deter individuals from
engaging in criminal behavior. Punishments aim to both rehabilitate
offenders and protect society.
8. Due Process:
 The criminal justice system operates under the principle of due
process, which guarantees the accused certain rights, such as the right
to legal representation, the right to a fair trial, and protection against
self-incrimination.
9. Legal Procedures:
 Criminal cases typically involve a sequence of legal procedures,
including arrest, arraignment, bail hearings, pretrial motions, trial, and
potentially appeals.
10. Jury Trials:
 In many criminal cases, a jury of peers is responsible for determining
the defendant's guilt or innocence. The composition and size of the
jury can vary by jurisdiction.
11. Statute of Limitations:
 Criminal law often has a statute of limitations, which limits the time
within which charges can be filed against a defendant after the alleged
crime was committed.
12. Separation of Powers:
 Criminal law is shaped by the legislative branch, enforced by the
executive branch (police and prosecutors), and adjudicated by the
judicial branch (courts).

Classify typologies of crimes and criminal offenders.

NATURE AND EXTENT OF CRIMES
The four most common objects of interest in criminology are crimes (criminal acts),
criminals (perpetrators of crime), criminal behavior, and the victims of crimes (victimology).
Crime may be defined as:
• a demonstration or exclusion infringing upon a criminal law in its legitimate point.
• one that includes acts that are against the law as well as acts of social banditry and
political rebellion. (levy & srebnick, 2016, pp. 1–3)
• An act against society, an act that is injurious, detrimental, or harmful to the norms of
society, they are the unacceptable acts in its social definition.
• Psychologically, it is an act that is referred to as undesirable due to maladjustment of
the behavior of the offender, acts that are caused by maladaptive or abnormal
behaviors.
• Crime is additionally a conventional name that alludes to the offense, felony, and
delinquency or misdemeanor.
Offense – is an omission or act that is penalized by special laws (a special law is a
statute enacted by the Congress, penal in character, which is not an amendment to the
 Revised Penal Code) such as Executive Orders, Memorandum Circulars, Republic Acts,
Presidential Decrees, Ordinances and Rules and Regulations (Reyes, 1960).
Felony – is an omission or act that is punishable by the Revised Penal Code, the
criminal law in the Philippine.
Delinquency/Misdemeanor – acts that are infringing upon basic regulations and
guidelines, for the most part, alluding to acts committed by minor guilty parties.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIME
Extinctive and Acquisitive Crimes – Acquisitive crime is one which when committed,
the guilty party procures something as a result of his criminal acts. Crime will become
extinctive when the result of a criminal act is decimation or destruction.
Situational Crimes and Seasonal crimes – Seasonal crimes are those that are done
only at certain periods of the year while situational crimes are those that are committed
only when given a situation conducive to its commission.
Episodic and Instant Crimes - Instant crimes are done the shortest conceivable time.
Episodic crimes are serial felony or offense, they are committed by a series of criminal
activities within a lengthy space of time.
Continuing Crimes and Static crimes – Continuing crime are those offenses or felony
that are done in lots of places. Static crimes are done only in one place.
Irrational crimes and Rational crimes– irrational crimes are committed without intent,
offenders do not know the nature of his act while rational crimes are those committed
with intent, the offender is in full possession of his mental faculties/capabilities.
Blue Collar Crimes and White Collar – Blue Collar Crimes are those committed by
ordinary professionals to maintain their livelihood. White Collar Crimes are those
committed by a person of responsibility and of upper socioeconomic class in the course
of their occupational activities. According to Rub and Necunoscuta ( 2017), The purpose
of any white-collar crime is to obtain illegal profits – money does matter and only about
two percent of white-collar crimes are exposed. Thus, White-collar crime is not
victimless.
Underworld Crimes and Upper World crimes – Under World Crime are committed by
individuals from the lower or under benefit class of society.Upper World Crimes are
those committed by people having a place with the high class or rank of society.
Crimes of Passion and Crimes by Imitation – Crimes by Passion are violations
dedicated on account of the attack of extraordinary feelings. Crimes by Imitation are
crimes committed by merely duplicating what was done by others.
Service Crimes – refers to crimes committed through the rendition of a service to satisfy
the desire of another.
CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES ACCORDING TO THE POLICE
INDEX CRIMES – THESE CRIMES ARE SERIOUS IN NATURE AND IT OCCURS
WITH SUFFICIENT REGULARITY AND FREQUENCY SUCH THAT THEY CAN SERVE
AS AN INDEX TO THE CRIME SITUATION. THEY ARE FURTHER CLASSIFIED INTO:
 Crimes Against Person – rape, physical injury, homicide, murder,
Crimes Against Property – robbery and theft
Non-Index Crimes - are mostly violations of special laws and others crimes such as
crimes against morals and order (prostitution vagrancy alarm and scandal assault
resistance to authority. Corruption of public officials, gambling, slander and libel, threat
and coercion, and trespassing), crimes against chastity (abduction, seduction, lascivious
acts), other crimes against property (swindling and falsification, malicious mischief,
damage to property). These crimes are generated from the result of positive police
initiated operations.

LEGAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME:

Under criminal law, crimes are classified as:
Crimes in violation of National security and the law of nations. Example; treason,
espionage, piracy.
Crimes in violation of the Fundamental law of the state. Example arbitrary
detention, violation of domicile
Crimes in violation of public order. Example: rebellion, sedition, coup d’tat
Crimes in violation of public interest. Example-forgery, falsification, fraud
Crimes in violation of public morals. Example-gambling and betting, offenses
against decency and good customs like scandals, obscenity, vagrancy, and prostitution
Felony or Offense committed by public officers. Example-malfeasance and
misfeasance
Crimes in violation of the person. Example-murder, rape, physical injuries
Crimes in violation of properties. Example- robbery, theft
Crimes in violation of personal liberty and security. Example-illegal detention,
kidnapping, trespass to dwelling, threat, and coercion
Crimes in violation of chastity. Example- concubinage, adultery, seduction, abduction,
acts of lasciviousness
Crimes in violation of the civil status of persons. Example bigamy and other illegal
marriages
Crimes in violation of honor. Example- libel, oral defamation
Criminal negligence or Quasi offenses. Example-imprudence and negligence
THE CRIMINAL/OFFENDER
The criminal is the actor in the commission of a criminal act. Based on the meaning of
crime, a criminal might be characterized in three different ways:
 • A person who committed a crime and has been convicted by a court of the violation of
criminal law. (legal definition)
• An individual who violated a normal practice or one who did an against of social activity.
• A person who infringes a social norm or one who did an anti-social act. (social definition)
• A person who infringes rules of conduct due to maladjustment in behavior. (psycho-
behavioral definition)
Classes of Criminal
While crimes (acts) are classified into different classifications, criminals (actors) are also
given the appropriate classification for purposes of further elaboration and understanding about
them.
Based on Biology
Acute Criminal is one who infringes on criminal law because of the fit or impulse
of passion. They commit passionate crimes.
A chronic Criminal is one who infringes crime acted with deliberate thinking. He
plans the crime ahead of time. They are targeted offenders.
Based on Behavioral System
Ordinary Criminal is known as the lowest form of criminals in a criminal
profession. He doesn’t stick to crime as a profession but rather pushed to
commit crimes due to a great opportunity.
Organized Criminal is one who associates with other offenders to earn a high
degree of organization to enable them to commit violations easily without being
detected by authorities. They commit organized crimes.
Professional Criminal is an offender who is engaged in criminal activities with a
high degree of performance or skill. He is generally one who engage in
wrongdoing as a calling to keep up a living.
Based on Activities
Accidental Criminal is those who engage in crimes when the situation or
circumstances is conducive to its commission.
Habitual Criminals are criminals who continue to commit felonies or offenses
because of deficiency of intelligence and lack of self-control.
Based on Mental Attitudes
Active Criminal is those who engage in crimes due to aggressiveness.
Passive Inadequate criminals are those who engage in crimes because they
are pushed to it by promise or reward.
Socialized Delinquent is a criminal who is normal in behavior but defective in
their socialization process or development.
LIVING Based
JUSTICEon
BEHIND
LegalTHE MYSTERY
Point OF CRIME
of View
Habitual Delinquents is an individual who, inclusive for a period of ten years
from the day of release or last conviction of the felony of robbery, estafa, less
serious or even serious physical injuries, or falsification is found guilty of any of
the said violations or a third-time offender.
Recidivist is the person who, at the time of his trial for the first crime, shall have
been recently sentenced by final judgment of another crime which is in the same
title of Revised Penal Code.
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
Another common object of interest in criminology is understanding the behavior of
criminal offenders. Crime in its definition may constitute an intentional act in violation of the
criminal law and penalized by the state a felony, offense, or misdemeanor. Criminal behavior,
therefore, along these lines, is purposeful conduct that abuses a criminal code
Another social scientist is attracted to studying human behavior – a focus on the
psychological makeup and mental processes of the criminal, the way the offender behaves, or
acts including his activities and causes or influences of his criminal behavior.
THE VICTIM (Offended Party)
The study of victims of crimes falls under a division of criminology known as victimology.
Victimology is simply the study of victims of crimes and their contributory role, if any, in crime
causation. It is the logical procedure of increasing significant measures of information on
wrongdoer qualities by examining the idea of casualties.
THE NATURE OF CRIMES
Some criminologists may make assessments on the basis of arrest records, others may
rely on the conviction rates to describe crimes, and still, others may use the number of convicts
serving prison sentences. However, none of the criminologists may be in a position to assess
the full nature and extent of crimes, and each is limited by the kinds of data used in the conduct
of their respective studies.
Three (3) major reasons for measuring crimes were;
1. All researchers need to collect and analyze information in order to test theories
about why people commit crimes.
2. Enhance the knowledge of the characteristics of various types of offenses.
3. Criminal Justice System agencies depend on certain kinds of information to
facilitate daily operations and to anticipate future needs.

Depending on what questions or investigation to be asked, criminologists can and do

gather data in a variety of ways, i.e., through experiments, survey research, observation, and
case studies. One of the most widely used ways is survey research, which is a cost-effective
method of having measurement in the characteristics of groups.
Experimental studies are difficult and costly to conduct. For this reason, it is used infrequently but it
 is, had been, and still is, an important means of collecting data of crimes. The facts and observations
that the researcher gathers for the purpose of a particular study are called primary data. Those
defined in government sources, or data that were previously collected for a different investigation,
are called secondary data. A criminologist in their studies were interested in the areas of
characteristics of crimes, trends of crimes, location and time of crimes, the severity of crimes, the
pattern of crimes, information of crimes, age and crimes, gender and crimes, social class and crimes,
ethnic origins and crimes, and other more.
Soriano (2008) specifies the methods of collecting data on crimes and criminals. They are the
following:
1. Survey– this was used by criminologists to obtain quantitative data. A survey is the
systematic collection of respondents' answers to questionnaires or interviews either
through face-to-face or telephone.
2. Experiments. – The experiment is a technique used in the physical and biological
science and in the social sciences as well. An investigator introduces change into a
process and makes measurements or observations in order to evaluate the effects of the
change.
3. Observation– is the most direct means of studying behavior. Investigators may play a
variety of roles in observing social situations.
4. Case Study– it is an analysis of all pertinent aspects of one unit of studies, such as
an individual, an institution, a group, or a community. The source of information are
documents like life histories, biographies, diaries, journals, letters, and other records.
Calculating a Crime Rate
A crime rate can be measured by the number of crimes reported to law enforcement
agencies per 100,000 total population. A crime rate will be calculated by dividing the number of
reported crimes by the total population; then the result will be multiplied by 100,000 (Talabong,
2018).
For instance, in 2019 there were 58,100 crimes of robberies in the Philippines and the
populace was 38,826,898.
This equals a crime rate of robbery of 149.6 per 100,000 in the general population.
58,100/38,826,898 = 0.0014964 x 100,000 = 149.6

Explain the basic theories of classical and

positivist theories.
CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY
Due process in the modern age did not exist at this time. Many criminal codes or laws
were unwritten, and those that had been drafted, by and large, did not identify the kind of
amount of the punishment associated with various crimes. Often cruel sentences and arbitrary
were imposed by powerful judges who had unbounded discretion to decide questions of guilt or
innocence and to meet the punishment. Public punishment was a popular event. Torture to elicit
confessions was common.
The classical criminology was based on the assumption that criminals choose to commit
crimes after weighing the consequences of their actions. According to the advocates, individuals
can choose either legal or illegal means to get what they want. The test of punishment can deter
people from committing crime and society can control the behavior by making the pain in
punishment greater than the pleasure of the criminal gains. This school of thought was
concerned with ending the inequality and brutality against perpetrators by enforcing limitations
on government power.
They accepted that criminal conduct was the result of the guilty party's normal decision, and that
wrongdoing could be forestalled through the rapid and certain utilization of punishments that
attached painful and unattractive consequences to such conduct.
Major Principles of the Classical School of Thought
• Human beings are rational, and most behavior of humans is the result of free will with
their rational choice.
• The pleasure and pain are the identifications of the behavior of humans.
• Punishment, a necessary evil, is sometimes required to deter criminals and to serve as
an example to other people who would also violate the law.

The majority of the people still believed that the harshest possible punishment is meted
out to criminals because they presented a threat to the order and rule. While others argued for a
more rational approach to penalties.
This theory stated that the connection between crimes and their penalty should be fair
and balanced. This advocate was based on the famous philosophy of the time which is
utilitarianism, that things must be useful, purposeful, and reasonable. Rather than cruel public
executions designed to frighten the people into obedience or punish those the law failed to
deter, reformers called for a more moderate and just approach to penal sanctions.
Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham were considered as founders of criminology in
that time because of their writings described both motives for committing crime and methods for
its control. Their ideas were referred to as Classical Criminology.
Advocates of Classical Criminology
Cesare Bonesana di Beccaria, was
1. Cesare Beccaria
an Italian jurist, philosopher, criminologist,
and politician, who is considered as the most
capable legal scholar and probably the best
mastermind of the Age of Enlightenment.
Beccaria is well known for his
treatise entitled "On Crimes and
Punishments" (1764), which condemned the
death penalty and torture and was a
founding work in the field of the Classical
School of criminology and penology. And
eventually, he is considered as the father of
criminal justice and father of modern criminal
Born 15 March 1738
Milan, Duchy of Milan
Died 28 November
1794 (aged 56)
Milan, Duchy of Milan
Nationality Italian
Occupation Jurist, philosopher,
politician, and lawyer
Spouse(s) Teresa Blasco, Anna Barbò

Children Giulia,Maria
Giovanni Annibale
Margherita
Giulio (by Anna Barbò)
Figure 1: Cesare Becaria Biography
Source link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria

small scraps of paper. These notes were published in 1764 under the title “Dei Delitti e Delle
Pene” which means “ On Crimes and Punishment”. With his book, he became at that time the
“father of modern criminology”.
In his book, he emphasized that the crime problem could be identified as not by bad
individuals but in bad laws. The capricious and arbitrary system that had been in place for ages
needed to be torn down and should be replaced by a modern justice system that would
guarantee all persons’ equal treatment in the law. His theory was focused on the assumption
that persons freely choose what they do and that they are liable and responsible for the
consequences of their behavior.
He died in 1794 but he was known today as a father of the classical school of thought,
and as a literal proponent of the cause of humanity. No other book recorded in the history of
criminology had a great impact on Beccaria's views. It was even served as the guide of making
the French Penal Code which was adopted in 1791. His treatise entitled “On Crimes and

Figure 1: Cesare Becaria Biography

Source link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria
Punishments” had a lasting and large impact on the American Constitution, the Bill of Rights
which subsequently influenced our own criminal justice system.
Beccaria’s Theory
Freewill – He, like other classical personalities, advocated that all individuals
have free will and can make choices on that free will.
Rationality – which means that all individuals rationally look out for their own
personal satisfaction. This is key to the relationship between laws and crime.
While individuals will rationally look for their best interest, and this might entail
deviant acts and the law, whose goal is to preserve the social contract, will try to
stop deviant’s acts.
Manipulability – which means that universally shared human motive of rational
self-interest makes human action predictable, generally and controllable.
2. Jeremy Bentham Jeremy Bentham (15 February 1748 -6
June 1832) is an English jurist, philosopher,
and social reformer regarded as the founder
of modern utilitarianism.”. He was born on
February 15, 1748, in London, and lived at
Queen’s Square Place in Westminster.
Bentham characterized as the
"fundamental axiom(proposition)" of his way of
thinking the rule that "it is the best satisfaction
of the best number that is the proportion of
good and bad. He turned into the main
scholar in Anglo-American philosophy of law,
and a political radical whose thoughts
impacted the advancement of "welfarism".
Born 15 February,1748, He advocated economic and individual
London, England, freedoms, the separation of state and church,
Died 6 June 1832 (aged 84) equal rights for women, freedom of
London, England, expression, the right to divorce, and (in an
Educatio The Queen's College, unpublished essay) the decriminalizing of
n Oxford (BA 1763; MA 1766) homosexual acts. He called for capital
School Utilitarianism, Legal positivism punishment, the abolition of slavery, and
Liberalism, Epicureanism physical punishment, including that of
children. He was likewise gotten known as an
early proponent of animal
rights. Despite the fact that emphatically for the augmentation of people's lawful rights, he
contradicted the thought of natural rights and natural law (both of which are considered "God-
given" or "divine" in the source), calling them "nonsense upon stilts”. He was additionally a
sharp critic of legal fiction.
He was given the fame as “Father of Utilitarianism”. The theory of utilitarianism is a
philosophy which states that a moral act is one which produces the greatest happiness for the
best number of individuals. He sketched out this hypothesis in his 1789 work, Introduction to the
Principles of Morals and Legislation. Utilitarianism assumes that all our actions are calculated by
their likelihood of bringing happiness—pleasure or unhappiness– pain.
 Individuals gauge the probabilities of present and future delight against those of present
and future agony. The name of the process is felicitous calculus, a precise pseudo-mathematical
formula.
According to his ideas, individuals are human calculators who put all the factors into an
equation in order to decide whether or not a particular crime is worth committing. He suggested
that the law exists in order to create the happiness that can be justified only if it prevents greater
evil than it produces.
His views had a great impact on the reforms of the latter part of the 19th century in the
administrative system of the British government, on criminal laws or codes, and on the
procedure in criminal and civil law. Prison design was one of his projects and legacy. He
planned and drafted the “panopticon” prison, a design that permits a watchman to observe
(opticon) all (pan) prisoners of an institution without them being aware to tell whether or not they
are being watched.
Classical Theory and Arguments
The traditional rule that discipline must be fitting to the wrongdoing was all around
acknowledged during the nineteenth and mid-twentieth hundreds of years. Yet the classical
approaches had weaknesses. The purpose of the criminal justice system was simply to
implement the law with certainty and swiftness and to treat all people in like fashion, whether the
accused offenders were nobles or paupers. In other words, the penalty was to fit the crime, not
the criminals.
There was no need to ask queries about why individuals behave as they do, questions
about their motives, or about the specific occurrence surrounding criminal acts. They argued
that individuals did no choose of their own free will to commit a felony or offense, rather, factors
or causes beyond their control were responsible for criminal behavior. Many scientific
developments led up to this major shift in views about the causes of crime.
NEO-CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY
Both the neo-classical criminology and classical criminology have the same views in free
will. But, neo-classical criminologists began arguing about the need for an individualized
response to offenders because the classical criminology approach was really unjust and too
harsh. The neo-classical principle continues the classical views but within the scope of right
realism. The point of view was based on social utility and morality and it was not until recently
that there has been relevant research to determine whether the penalty is an effective deterrent.
The most shocking aspect of these harsh penal codes was that they did not provide
separate treatment of children. Among the changes of neo-classical criminology were;
1. Children under seven years of age were exempted from the law on the basis that they
could not understand the difference between right and wrong.
2. Mental disease became a reason to exempt a would-be criminal from conviction
because it was seen as a sufficient cause of impaired responsibility.
Thus, any situation or circumstance that made not possible to exercise free will was
seen as justification to exempt an individual from criminal responsibility or liability. By making
exceptions to the law, varied factors were implied, and the principle of free will could no longer
stand alone as an explanation for the behavior of criminals.
Where in, many modern cades were based on the neo-classical views of free will
mitigated and reduced by certain exceptions. Before a study of criminal data could emerge or
concluded, it was necessary to gather and analyze those data on criminals. The use of data to
explain criminal behavior is the characteristic of positivism. The neo-classical criminology also
contributed to the philosophy of defenses for age, mental illness, and other mitigating
characteristics.

The determinant feature of the neoclassical theory is the plea bargain, which allows the
defense and prosecution an opportunity to make a deal in which the offender will plead guilty in
return for considerations such as reduction of sentence or charge on a lesser felony or offense.
In comparison, the classical criminologists maintained that humans are totally responsible for
their actions.
The neoclassicist said, “no always”. They argue that free will can be mitigated by
pathology, incompetence, mental disorder. The Neoclassical school doesn't speak to any break
with the old style perspective on human instinct. It challenges only the classical principle of
absolute free will.
Because of this, it initiated the proposition that while the classical philosophy is correct,
there's a need to be modified in certain points such as lunatics and children should not be
labeled as criminals or violators and free from penalties. It must have considered certain
mitigating circumstances or justifications.
Neoclassical principle maintains the following ideas:
1. Innocence must be presumed by the offender until proven guilty.
2. People have a right to reasonable bail and trial by jury.
3. It has less of a punitive tone and seeks to rehabilitate people than to punish
them.
POSITIVIST CRIMINOLOGY
Several Italian criminologists composed the positivist criminology agreeing that the study
of crime should be on scientific treatment of the criminal, not on the penalties to be imposed
after the conviction. The positivists suggested focusing the legal aspect of crime, unlike the
classical theory which focuses on its constitutional. They further emphasized that the philosophy
of individualized, scientific treatment of criminals should be based on the findings of the physical
and social sciences.
Charles Darwin challenged the doctrine of creation with his theory of evolution of species
did the next generation of criminologists have the tools with which to challenge criticism.
However, Darwin publicly took the logical next step and traced human origins to an animal of the
anthropoid group– the ape.
By the middle of the nineteenth-century scholars began to take a positivist approach to
the causes of crime; they began to rely on the scientific methods of empirical research. The
positivist school of criminology assumes that human behavior is determined by forces beyond
the control of individuals and that it is possible to measure those forces. Positivist criminologist
views criminal behavior as stemming from biological, psychological, and social factors.
The earliest positivist principles of crime causation are centered on biological aspects.
Such studies dominated the field of criminology during the last part of the nineteenth century. In
the twentieth century, biological studies were ignored. They did not rise again until the 1970s
when there were scientific advances in psychology shifted the views form defects of their brains.
Throughout the twentieth century, psychologists and psychiatrists have played a major role in
the study of crime causation.
If the scientific way could be used to explain human behavior, then it was to be expected
that by the middle of the nineteenth century, scientific methods were applied in understanding
criminality. The earliest bio-criminologists were concerned with the shape of the body and head.
The physiognomist concentrated the facial features of offenders to identify whether the
shape of the nose, ears, and eyes, and the distance between them was associated with anti-
social behavior.
The phrenologist focusses on the shape of the bumps and skull of the head to identify
whether these physical characteristics were linked to the behavior of the criminal.
The phrenologist believed that external cranial characteristics dictate which areas of the
brain control physical activity. Though their early techniques and quasi-scientific ways have
been thoroughly discredited, these efforts were an early attempt to use a scientific method to
study felony or offense.
Positivism is the premise of most characteristic sciences, and positivist criminology is the
utilization of positivist strategies to the investigation of individuals. Sometimes it is called the
Italian School of Thought because of its composition which is mostly Italian who agreed that in
the study of crime the emphasis should be on the logical treatment of the criminal, not on the
punishments to be forced after conviction.
The positivist school of thought maintains the following:
 That crime as any other act is a natural phenomenon and is comparable
to disasters or calamity.
 That wrongdoing as a moral and social phenomenon which can't be dealt
with and checked by the burden of punishment yet rather rehabilitation or
implementation of individual measures.
 That the most genuine violations were committed by people who were
"crude" or "atavistic (primitive/barbarian)" that is, who neglected to advance to
a completely human and enlightened state.

Other than the above ideas, some of the defining features of the positivist school
include:
 The interest for realities, determinism (for scientific proof )
 There are body and psyche contrasts between individuals (of these, the
mens rea or criminal intent/ guilty mind, or explanations behind perpetrating
wrongdoing are significant)
 Punishment should fit the individual criminal, not the crime (indeterminate
 Cesare Lombroso (1836 - 1909) – an
sentencing, disparate sentencing, parole)
Italian university professor and criminologist,
 Criminals can be treated, rehabilitated,
born on Nov. or corrected
6, 1835,(if innot,Verona,
then they
whoare
incurable and should be put to became
death popular for his studies and theories
in the field of Characterology, or the relation
Advocates of Positivist Criminology
between mental and physical characteristics.
1. Cesare Lombroso He and his students, Enrico Ferri and
Rafaele Garofalo were the primary
personalities in the positivist school of
thought and they are considerd as the
“Positivis Trio”
He is the founder of the positivist
theory and commonly known today as the
“Father of Modern Criminology”. His major
contribution is the development of scientific
methods to the study of the behavior of
criminals and to reform the criminal law.
His essay “CRIME: Its Causes and
Remedies” contains his key ideas. His work
influenced criminological thinking principally
redirecting emphasis from a legalistic
Born 6 November 1835 concern for crimes to a scientific study of the
Verona, Lombardy–Venetia criminals.
Died 19 October 1909 (aged 73)
Turin, Kingdom of Italy His theory of the “Born Criminal” stated also
that criminals are from a lower form of life,
Nationalit Italian
y nearer to the apelike ancestors than non-
Known for Italian school of positivist criminals in traits and dispositions.
criminology
Fields  Medicine
 Criminology
Classifications of Criminals by Lombroso

The Born Criminal – those that had pathological symptoms common with imbecile and
the epileptic. He argued that if a criminal could be distinguished by associated physical
characteristics such as:

• Large jaws, forward projection of the jaw

• Low sloping forehead
• High cheekbones
• Flattened or upturned nose
• Handle-shaped ears
• hawk-like noses or fleshy lips
• Hard shifty eyes
• Scanty beard or baldness
• Insensitivity to pain
• Long arms relative to lower limbs
 The Insane Criminal – those who commit crime due to abnormalities or psychological
disorders. This criminal type includes the alcoholic, kleptomaniac, nymphomaniac, child
molester, and the hysterical (uncontrolled extreme emotion).
The Criminoloids – one who commits a crime due to less physical stamina/self-control.
A criminal type qualitatively from him-- who had become a criminal more from
precipitating external factors than from predisposing internal ones.
The Occasional Criminal – one who commits a crime due to insignificant reasons that
pushed them to do on a given occasion.
The Pseudo-Criminal - one who kills in self-defense.
The Criminal by Passion – individuals who are easily influenced by great emotions like
a fit of anger.

2. Enrico Ferri
He was best recognized as Lombroso’s
associate. Although he was convinced with
Lombroso on the biological bases of the
behavior of criminals, his interest in socialism
brought him to recognize the importance of
economic, social, and political determinants of
crime.
He was an Italian socialist and
criminologist. He worked on the economic and
social factors of crimes. He authored the
Born 25 February 1856 Criminal Sociology published in 1884 which
San Benedetto impact Argentina’s penal laws of 1921. He was
Po, Lombardy–Venetia one among the founder of the positivist theory
Died 12 April 1929 (aged 73) but more focused on social and psychological
Rome, Kingdom of Italy positivism as opposed to the biological
Academic Cesare Lombroso positivism of Lombroso. Ferri stress out that
advisors society needed protection against criminal acts
and that purpose of criminal law and penal
is to provide that protection. He advocated conventional punishments and even the death
policy
penalty for individuals he assumed would never fit to live in society.
He was more interested in controlling crime through preventive measures—state control
of the manufacture of weapons, inexpensive housing, better street lighting, and so forth. He
claimed that strict obedience to preventive measures based on scientific ways would eventually
reduce crime and permits individuals to live together in society with less dependence on the
penal codes.
Ferri’s Classification of Criminals:
The born or instinctive criminals – who carry from birth, through unfortunate heredity
from his progenitors, reduced resistance to criminal stimuli and also an evident and
precocious propensity.
The insane criminal- affected by a medically identified mental disorder or by necropsy
or psychopathic condition that inhibits the mentally diseased.

The passional criminal- who, in two classes, the criminal through passion (a chronic
 and prolonged mental state), or through emotion (unexpected and explosive mental
state), represents a type at the contrary post from the criminal because of inborn
inclinations.
The occasional criminal- who constitutes the majority of lawbreakers and is the
product of family and social milieu more than that of abnormal personal physio-mental
conditions.
The habitual criminal- or the criminal by acquired habit, who is mostly a product of the
social environment in which, due to abandonment of his family, lack of education,
poverty, and bad companions, and already in his childhood begins as an occasional
offender.
4. Raffaele Garofalo
He was a magistrate and
professor of law and was Lombroso’s
student. Like Lombroso and Ferri, he
rejected the doctrine of freewill and
supported the position that the only way
to understand crime was to study it by
scientific methods.

Influenced by Lombroso’s theory

of atavistic stigmata (man’s inferior/
animalistic behavior), he traced the roots
of criminal behavior not to physical
Born: 18 November 1851, Naples, Italy features but to their psychological
Died: 18 April 1934, Naples, Italy equivalents, which he called “moral
Topics: Peacemaking criminology, Open anomalies”.
prison, Positive psychology, Recidivism,
Rehabilitation (penology), Restorative justice, He strived to detail a sociological
Right realism, Social integration context of crime that would assign those
These are so-called “Natural Crime” – the conduct
acts or behavior
which can that
be curbed bywould offend to the
penalty.
community’s basic considerate sentiments common to all individuals, namely, probity (revulsion
against the voluntary enforcement of suffering on others) and pity (respect for property or
material rights of others). Crime or felony is immoral conduct that is injurious to society as a
whole.

Types of Criminals by Garofalo

Murderers – those who are satisfied with vengeance/revenge.
Violent Criminals – those who commit very serious crimes.
Deficient Criminals – the individuals who carry out wrongdoing against the property.
Lascivious Criminals – those who commit crime against chastity.
Articulate the Philippine Criminology Profession and
career paths versus criminologists in other countries.
CRIMINOLOGIST; CRIMINALIST;
CRIMINAL JUSTICE PRACTITIONER DISTINGUISHED

Criminologist

Those persons who study criminology are called criminologists. They are
more concerned with the scientific aspects of crimes in relation to criminal justice. They
analyze crime and criminal behaviors and attempts to provide explanations as to who
commits a crime and why they do it. In the Philippines, the law that defines
“criminologists” and the “Practice of Profession as a Criminologist” is the Republic Act
No. 6505.

Criminalist

Criminalists studies’ criminalistics or forensic science. They are a physical

scientist who uses scientific methods and techniques to find and interpret physical
evidence. Their interest is concerned with criminalistics tools which include DNA, blood,
fingerprints, ballistics, etc.

Criminal Justice Practitioner

A criminal justice practitioner is a person who deals in the broad areas of

law enforcement, courts, and corrections. The job maybe police work; probation or
parole work; or counseling and correctional work in correctional institutions.

An Act Creating the Board of Examiners for

Criminologists in the Philippines and for Other
Purposes
Republic Act No. 6506
Congress of the Philippines
1 July 1972

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress

assembled:
 Section 1. Creation and Composition of the Board.— There shall be created a Board of
Examiners for Criminologists in the Philippines to be composed of a Chairman and two
members possessing the qualifications prescribed in Section three of this Act, who shall be
appointed by the President of the Philippines upon the recommendation of the Commissioner of
Civil Service from among the registered criminologists, if any, or from known criminologists of
recognized standing in the profession, with the consent of the Commission on
Appointments: Provided, That the first Board of Examiners for Criminologists to be created
pursuant to this Act shall be issued a certificate of registration as criminologists without prior
examination in accordance with the provisions of this Act.
Section 2. Powers Vested in the Board.— The Board of Examiners for Criminologists is
vested with authority conformably with the provisions of this Act, to administer the provisions
thereof, to issue, suspend or revoke certificate of registration for the practice of criminology and
to administer oaths.
Section 3. Qualifications of Board Members.— The members of the Board shall at the time
of their appointment be:
(1) Natural-born citizens of the Philippines;
(2) Holders of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology (B.S. Crim.) or Master
of Crimi nology (M. Crim.), conferred by a reputable and legally constituted College or
Institute of Crimi nology recognized by the Government;
(3) At least thirty years of age;
(4) Registered criminologists with at least ten years experience in the
profession: Provided, That the requirements of registration shall not apply to
appointments to the first Board;
(5) Non-members of the Faculty of any school, college or institute where a regular
course in Criminology is taught, nor have any pecuniary interest in such institution; and

(6) Not connected with any government agency which operate an academy, training
school or institute for the education or training of peace officers or law enforcement
agents.
Section 4. Term of Office.— The members of the Board shall hold office for a term of three
years after their appointments unless sooner removed for any of the causes enumerated in
Section six of this Act. In which case their successors shall be appointed immediately and duly
qualified, who shall serve the unexpired term only. Each member of the Board shall qualify by
taking the proper oath of office prior to entering upon the performance of his duties.
Section 5. Executive Officer and Secretary of the Board.— The Commissioner of Civil Service
shall be the executive officer of the Board and shall conduct the examination given by the
Board. The Secretary of all the Boards of Examiners appointed under Republic Act Numbered
Five hundred forty-six shall also be the Secretary of the Board of Examiners for Criminologist.
All records and minutes of the deliberations of the Board, including examination papers, shall be
kept by the Civil Service Commission under the direct custody of the Secretary.
Section 6. Removal of Board Members.— The President of the Philippines may remove any
member of the Board for neglect of duty or incompetency or for unprofessional or dishonorable
conduct, after having given the member concerned an opportunity to defend himself in the
proper administrative investigation.
Section 7. Compensation of Board Members.— The members of the Board shall each receive a
compensation of not exceeding ten pesos for each applicant examined. All fees shall be
received by the officer designated by competent authority as collecting officer for the Civil
Service Commission, and such officer shall pay all authorized expenses of the Board, including
the compensation provided for by this Act for the members of the Board.
Section 8. Annual Report.— The Board shall submit an annual report to the President of the
Philippines after the close of each fiscal year, giving detailed account of its proceedings, during
the year and making such recommendation as it may deem necessary and proper.
Section 9. Inhibition Against the Practice of Criminology.— No person shall practice or offer to
practice as a criminologist in the Philippines without having previously obtained a certificate of
registration from the Board.
Section 10. Exemption from Registration.— Registration shall not be required of the following
classes of persons:
(a) Criminologists from other countries called in for consultations or for a special project
related to Criminology not requiring more than five months’ residence in the Philippines in
any twelve months’ period: Provided, That such criminologists are legally qualified to
practice as such in their own State or country.
(b) Foreigners employed as technical officers, professors or consultants in such special
branches of Criminology or may, in the judgment of the President of the Philippines be
necessary and indispensable for the country: Provided, However, That they are
internationally recognized experts and that they do not engage in private practice during
their stay in the Philippines.
Section 11. Examination Required.— Except as otherwise specifically allowed under this Act, all
applicants for registration as criminologists shall be required to undergo an examination as
provided in this Act.
Section 12. Qualifications for Examination.— Any person applying for examination and for a
certificate, shall, prior to admission to examination, establish to the satisfaction of the Board
that:
(a) He is at least eighteen years of age and a citizen of the Philippines;
(b) He must be a person of good moral character, as certified to by at least three
persons of good standing in the community wherein he resides;
(c) He must not have been convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude; and
(d) He has graduated in Criminology from a school, college or institute recognized by the
Govern ment after completing a four-year resident collegiate course leading to the
degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology (B.S. Crim.): Provided, That holders of
Bachelor of Laws degree may, with in five years after the approval of this Act, take this
examination after completing at least ninety-four (94) units Criminology, Law Enforcement,
Police Science and Penology subjects.
 Section 13. Holding of Examination.— The Board is hereby authorized to conduct
examinations in the Cities of Manila, Baguio, Legaspi, Cebu and Davao whenever practicable at
least once a year and on such working days and place as the Board may fix with the approval of
the Commissioner of Civil Service. Written or printed notice of examination shall be published in
newspapers and copies nailed to each candidate who has filed his name and address with the
Secretary of the Board, at least thirty days prior to the date of examinations.
Section 14. Scope of Examination.— The examination shall be writing and shall cover the
following subjects with their respective relative weights:
Subject Relative Weight
Criminal Jurisprudence and Procedure 20%
Law Enforcement Administration 20%
Correctional Administration 15%
Criminalistics 20%
Criminal Sociology 15%
Ethics and Human Relations 10%
However, the Board may change or revise any of the above subjects in the event the
Department of Education shall correspondingly change the curriculum prescribed for the Degree
of Bachelor of Science in Criminology.
In the conduct of the examination, the Board, in its discretion, may give practical and field
examinations in each subjects, as it may deem fit.
Section 15. Ratings in the Examination.— In order to pass the examination, a candidate must
obtain a general average of at least seventy-five percent with no rating below fifty percent
in any of the subjects.
Section 16. Report of Ratings.— The Board shall within ninety days after the date of the
completion of the examination, report the ratings obtained by each candidate to the
Commissioner of Civil Service.
Section 17. Oath-taking.— All successful candidates shall be required to take a professional
oath before the Board ore before any person authorized to administer oaths prior to entering
upon the practice of criminology in the Philippines.
Section 18. Issuance of Certificate.— Upon payment of the registration fee as provided in this
Act, the Board shall issue a certificate of registration as criminologists to any applicant who, in
the opinion of the Board has satisfactorily met all the requirements specified in this Act.

All certificates of registration issued under this Act shall show the full name of the registrant;
shall have serial numbers, shall be signed by all the members of the Board, shall be attested by
the Secretary of the Board; and shall be authenticated by the official seal of the
Board: Provided, That upon application filed within six months after the approval of this Act, the
Board shall issue a certificate of registration without examination to persons who have been
graduated with the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology (B.S. Crim.) and who have
been in the practice of criminology for at least ten years prior to the enactment of this Act.
Section 19. Fee for Examination and Registration.— All applicants for examination shall pay an
application fee or fifty pesos and every applicant for registration shall pay a registration fee of
thirty pesos.
Section 20. Revocation of Certificate of Registration.— The Board may, after giving due
notice and hearing to the party concerned, revoke or suspend his certificate of registration if
found guilty of malpractice, incompetency, unprofessional conduct, serious ignorance or gross
negligence in the practice of criminology. He shall be required to surrender his certificate of
registration to the Board. The decision of the Board, however, may be appealed within thirty
days to the President of the Philippines whose decision shall be final.
Section 21. Reissue of Revoked Certificate and Replacement of Lost Certificate.— After the
expiration of one year from the date of revocation of a certificate of registration, and after
payment of the required fee, the Board may, for reasons it may deem sufficient, entertain an
application for new certificate of registration from a person whose certificate has been revoked.
A new certificate of registration to replace a certificate lost, destroyed or mutilated may be
issued, subject to the rules of the Board and upon payment of a fee of thirty pesos.
Section 22. Criminologist Defined.— A criminologist is any person who is a graduate of the
Degree of Criminology, who has passed the examination for criminologists and is registered as
such by the Board.
Section 23. Practice of Criminology Defined.— A person is deemed to be engaged in the
practice of Criminology if he holds himself out to the public in any of the following capacities:
1. As a professor, instructor or teacher in Criminology in any university, college or
school duly recognized by the government and teaches any of the following
subjects: (a) Law Enforcement Administration, (b) Criminalistics, (c) Correctional
Administration, (d) Criminal Sociology and al lied subjects, and (e) other
technical and specialized subjects in the Criminology curriculum pro vided by the
Department of Education.
2. As law enforcement administrator, executive, adviser, consultant or agent in any
government or private agency.
3. As technician in dactyloscopy, ballistics, questioned documents, police photography,
lie de tection, forensic chemistry and other scientific aspects of crime detection.
4. As correctional administrator, executive supervisor, worker or officer in any
correctional and penal institution.
5. As counselor, expert, adviser, researcher in any government or private agency on any
aspects of criminal research or project involving the causes of crime, juvenile
delinquency, treatment of of fenders, police operations, law enforcement administration,
scientific criminal investigation or pub lic welfare administration.
Section 24. Privileges of Certified Criminologists.— All certified criminologist shall be
exempt from taking any other entrance or qualifying government or civil service examinations
and shall be considered civil service eligibles to the following government positions: (1)
dactylographer, (2) ballistician, (3) questioned document examiner, (4) correctional officer, (5)
law enforcement photographer (6) lie detection examiner, (7) probation officer, (8) agents in any
law enforcement agency, (9) security officer, (10) criminal investigator, or (11) police laboratory
technician.
Certificated criminologists shall also be eligible for appointment as Patrolman in chartered
cities and municipalities, provided they possess the general qualifications for appointment
provided in Section nine, Republic Act Numbered Forty-eight hundred and sixty-four.
Section 25. Penal Provisions.— Any person who shall hold himself out as a criminologist
without being duly registered and certified in accordance with the provisions of this Act, or who
shall give any false or fraudulent evidence of any kind to the Board in connection with any
examination, or who shall violate any of the rules and regulations promulgated by the Board in
connection with the practice of Criminology in the Philippines, shall upon conviction be
sentenced to a fine of not less than two thousand pesos nor more than ten thousand pesos or to
suffer imprisonment for a period of not less than one year but not exceeding three years or both,
at the discretion of the court.
Section 26. Repealing Clause.— All laws, executive orders, administrative orders or
ordinance inconsistent with any provision of this Act are hereby repealed or modified
accordingly.
Section 27. Effectivity.— This Act shall take effect upon its approval.

Appendix B

REPUBLIC ACT No. 11131

AN ACT REGULATING THE PRACTICE OF CRIMINOLOGY PROFESSION IN THE
PHILIPPINES, AND APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR, REPEALING FOR THE
PURPOSE REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6506, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS "AN ACT CREATING THE
BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR CRIMINOLOGISTS IN THE PHILIPPINES"

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippine Congress

assembled:
ARTICLE I
TITLE, POLICY, OBJECTIVES, TERMS AND PRACTICE
Section 1. Title. - This Act shall be known as "The Philippine Criminology Profession Act of
2018".
Section 2. Statement of Policy. - The State recognizes the importance of criminology profession
in national security, public safety, peace and order, and in nation-building and development.
Hence, it shall develop and nurture competent, virtuous, productive and well-rounded
criminologists whose standards of professional practice and service shall be excellent,
qualitative, world-class and globally competitive through sacred, honest, effective and credible
licensure examinations, coupled with programs and activities that would promote professional
growth and development.
Section 3. Objectives. - This Act shall govern:
 (a) The examination, registration and licensure for criminologists;
(b) The supervision, control and regulation of the practice of criminology;
(c) The standardization and regulation of criminology education;
(d) The development of the professional competence of criminologists through
Continuing Professional Development (CPD); and
(e) The integration of all criminology professional groups, and membership of all
registered criminologists to the accredited professional organization.
Section 4. Definition of Terms. - As used in this Act, the following terms shall be defined as
follows:
(a) APO refers to the Accredited Professional Organization of criminologists, that the Professional
Regulatory Board of Criminology created hereunder and, hereinafter referred to as the Board, as the
one and only recognized and accredited integrated national organization of criminologists, subject to
the approval of the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) hereinafter referred to as the
Commission created under Republic Act No. 8981, otherwise known as the "PRC Modernization Act
of 2000";
(b) Board refers to the Professional Regulatory Board for Criminologists created
hereunder;
(c) CHED refers to the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) created under
Republic Act No. 7722, otherwise known as "Higher Education Act of 1994", in the
formulation of policy standards, and monitoring of the criminology education in the
country, which shall be assisted by the Criminology Technical Panel composed of the
president of the APO, Chairperson of the Board of Criminology, one (1) from the
academe, and two (2) from the law enforcement agencies;
(d) Commission refers to Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) hereinafter
referred to as the Commission created under Republic Act No. 8981, otherwise known
as the "PRC Modernization Act of 2000";
(e) Criminology refers to the scientific study of crimes, criminals, and victims, it also
deals with the prevention, and solution of crimes;
(f) Profession refers to the art and science in the practice of criminology discipline; and,
(g) Registered criminologist refers to a natural person who holds a valid certificate of
registration and an updated professional identification card as criminologist issued by the
Board and the Commission pursuant to this Act.
Section 5. Scope of Practice. - The practice of criminology shall include, but shall not be limited
to, acts or activities performed:
(a) In line with the practice of profession or occupation as a
law enforcement administrator, executive, adviser, consultant, officer, investigator, agent
or employee in any private or government agencies performing law enforcement and
quasi-police functions at the
Philippine National Police (PNP),
the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI),
the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA),
the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP),
the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP),
the Provincial Jail, the Bureau of Corrections (BUCOR),
 the Probation and Parole Administration (PPA),
the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR),
the Bureau of Customs (BoC),
the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP),
other government and private banks, the Philippine Postal Corporation (PPC),
the Sea and Air Marshalls,
the VIP Security,
Airport and Seaport Police,
the National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA),
the Intelligence Service of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (ISAFP),
and other intelligence service or agencies of the government exercising similar
functions;

(b) In line with the practice of teaching profession such as those performed by a
professor, instructor or teacher in any university, college or school duly recognized
by the government of any of the following professional and component subjects of the
criminology program:
(1) Criminal Jurisprudence and Procedure;
(2) Criminalistics;
(3) Law Enforcement Administration;
(4) Crime Detection and Investigation;
(5) Correctional Administration; and
(6) Criminal Sociology and Ethics, and other technical and specialized subjects in the
criminology curriculum provided by the CHED;

(c) As a technician, examiner/criminalist, or specialist in dactyloscopy, questioned

document, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), lie detection, firearms identification, forensic
photography, forensic chemistry and other scientific crime detection and investigation;

(d) As a correctional administrator, executive, supervisor, or officer in any rehabilitation,

correctional, and penal institution or facility, and in any community-based corrections,
and rehabilitation agencies and/or programs;

(e) As a counsellor, consultant, adviser or researcher in any government or private

agency on any aspect of criminological research or project involving the causes of crime,
children in conflict with the law, treatment of offenders, police operations, law
enforcement administration, scientific criminal investigation or public safety and national
security administration; and
(f) As a private investigator, administrator, consultant or agent, or detective in any private
security and investigation agency organized under the laws of the Philippines.

The Board, in consultation with the APO and the academe, subject to the approval of the
Commission, may revise, exclude from or add to the above enumerated acts or activities as the
need arises to conform with the latest trends in the practice of criminology in the country.
 ARTICLE II
PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY BOARD FOR CRIMINOLOGISTS
Section 6. Creation, and Composition of the Professional Regulatory Board for Criminologists. -
There is hereby created a Professional Regulatory Board for Criminologists, a collegial body
under the administrative supervision and control of the Commission, to be composed of a
Chairperson and four (4) members appointed by the President of the Philippines from a
list of three (3) recommendees for each position, chosen and ranked by the Commission
from a list of three (3) nominees for every position endorsed by the APO. The new Board
shall be organized not later than six (6) months from the effectivity of this Act.

Section 7. Qualifications of the Chairperson and Members of the Board. - The Chairperson
and each member shall, at the time of their appointment, possess all these qualifications:

(a) Must be a natural-born Filipino citizen and a resident of the Philippines;

(b) Must be of good moral character, good reputation and of sound mind and body;
(c) Not convicted by a court of competent jurisdiction of any offense involving moral
turpitude;
(d) Must be a graduate of Bachelor of Science in Criminology, and a holder of a Post-
Graduate Degree in Criminology or a lawyer in any reputable school recognized by the
CHED;
(e) Must be a registered criminologist with a valid certificate of registration and a valid
professional identification card, having at least ten (10) years of practice in the
profession prior to the appointment including no less than two (2) years teaching
experience of criminology or law subjects in full-time or part-time capacity in the college
of criminology or college of law recognized by the government through the CHED;
(f) Must be a member in good standing of the APO but not an officer or trustee thereof;
and
(g) Must not be a member of the faculty of any school, college or university where a
regular class or review course in criminology is offered, nor a member of the staff of
reviewers in a review school or center, and must not have any direct or indirect
pecuniary interest in any such institution.
Section 8. Term of Office. - The Chairperson and members of the Board shall hold office for a
term of three (3) years from the date of appointment or until their successors shall have been
qualified and appointed. They may be reappointed to the same office for another term of three
(3) years immediately after the expiry of their term: Provided, That the holding of such position
shall not be more than two (2) terms nor more than six (6) years, whichever is longer: Provided,
further,
That the first Board under this Act shall hold these terms of office: the Chairperson for three (3)
years, the first two (2) members for two (2) years, and the second two (2) members for one (1)
year: Provided, finally, That any appointee to a vacancy with an unexpired period shall only
serve such period. The Chairperson and the members shall duly take their oath of office.

Section 9. Compensation, Allowances and Other Benefits. - The Chairperson and members of
the Board shall receive compensation, allowances and other benefits comparable to that being
received by the Chairpersons and members of other Professional Regulatory Boards under the
Commission as provided for under Section 10 of Republic Act No. 8981 and other existing laws.
SEC. 10. Compensation of the Members of the Professional Regulatory Boards. -The members of the
Professional Regulatory Boards shall receive compensation equivalent to, at least, two salary grades lower than the
salary grade of the Commissioners: Provided, That the Chairperson of the Regulatory Board shall receive a monthly
compensation of two steps higher than the members of the Board, and: Provided, further, That they shall be entitled
to other allowances and benefits provided under existing laws.
Section 10. Powers, Functions, Duties and Responsibilities of the Board. - The Board shall
exercise executive, administrative, rule-making and quasi-judicial powers in carrying out the
provisions of this Act. It shall be vested with the following specific powers, functions, duties and
responsibilities:
(a) To administer, supervise, and monitor the conduct of the licensure examination,
registration, membership in the APO and the practice of criminology in accordance with
the provisions of this Act;
(b) To receive complaints and decide the matter as to the malpractices and unethical
conduct in the practice of the criminology profession;
(c) To promulgate and issue rules and regulations implementing the provisions of this
Act;
(d) To promulgate and adopt Code of Ethics and Code of Good Governance for the
practice of criminology;
(e) To adopt an official seal of the Board;
(f) To prescribe and promulgate guidelines on the conduct of a CPD program for
criminologists in consultation with the APO;
(g) To promulgate, adopt or amend the syllabi and tables of specifications of the subjects
for the licensure examination/s in consultation with the APO, the academe, and the
CHED Technical Panel for Criminology, prepare questions for the licensure examination
which shall strictly be within the scope of the syllabi of the subjects for examination, as
well as administer and correct, and release the results of the licensure examinations;
(h) To issue, suspend, revoke or reinstate the certificate of registration of the registered
criminologist or cancel temporary/special permit granted to foreign criminologist;
(i) To administer oaths in the performance of its functions such as, but not limited to, the
oath of a professional to successful examinees in licensure examination for criminologist
together with the APO in an appropriate mass oath-taking ceremony to be held for the
purpose;
(j) To monitor the conditions affecting the practice of criminology and whenever
necessary, adopt such measure as may be deemed proper for the enhancement of the
profession and the maintenance of high professional, ethical an^ technical standards; for
this purpose, the members of the Board, duly authorized by the Commission, may
conduct ocular inspection of establishments where criminology is practiced, and
recommend sanction as it may deem proper to the appropriate government agency
concerned;
(k) To monitor all colleges and universities offering criminology program and recommend
sanctions to the CHED or to other authorized government offices, for noncompliance
with the policies, standards, and requirements as to faculty qualifications, laboratory,
library, facilities and equipment, research outputs, curriculum and administration of the
 criminology education;
(l) To hear and investigate cases on violations of this Act, its implementing rules and
regulations (IRR), the Code of Ethics, the Code of Good Governance and other policies,
and for this purpose, to issue summons, subpoena ad testificandum and subpoena
duces tecum to alleged violators and/or witnesses to compel their attendance in such
hearings or investigations and the production of documents in connection therewith:
(m) To delegate to the Commission the hearing or investigation of cases against the
alleged violators: Provided, That the hearing or investigation of cases wherein the issue
or question involved strictly concerns the technical practice of criminology shall be
presided over by at least one (1) member of the Board assisted by a Legal or Hearing
Officer of the Commission;
(n) To recommend to the Commission the endorsement of cases involving criminal
violations of this Act, its IRR, and other laws to the Prosecution Office or appropriate
government agency, for investigation and appropriate action;
(o) To disqualify applicants for the licensure examination who has been previously
convicted of a crime with finality involving moral turpitude. Hear and decide
administrative cases against the examinees or registered criminologists if they have
been convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude: Provided, That if they are found
guilty, the Board shall cancel their examination papers and/or preclude them from taking
another licensure examination, or to revoke/suspend their certificates of registration and
cause the surrender of their professional identification card subject to the rules and
regulations of the PRC: Provided, further, That the decision of the Board shall, unless
appealed to the Commission, become final and executory after fifteen (15) days from
receipt of notice of judgment or decision;
(p) To conduct, through the Legal or Hearing Officers, summary proceedings against the
examinees who commit violations of this Act, its IRR, any of the Codes aforementioned,
including violation of the General Instructions to Examinees, and to render summary
judgment thereon which shall, unless appealed to the Commission, become final and
executory after fifteen (15) days from receipt of notice of judgment or decision;
(q) To prepare an annual report of accomplishments on programs, projects and activities
of the Board for submission to the Commission after the close of each calendar year and
make appropriate recommendations to the Commission on issues or problems affecting
the criminology profession; and
(r) To exercise such other powers as may be provided by law as well as those which
may be implied from, or which are incidental or necessary to the effective carrying out of
the express powers granted to the Board to achieve the objectives and purposes of this
Act. The resolutions, rules and regulations and other policies issued and promulgated by
the Board shall be subject for review and approval by the Commission.

However, the Board's decisions, resolutions or orders rendered in an administrative case shall
be subject to review only if on appeal.
Section 11. Grounds for Removal or Suspension of Board Chairperson/Member. - The
President of the Philippines, upon the recommendation of the Commission, after due process
and administrative investigation conducted by the Commission, may remove or suspend the
Chairperson or member of the Board on any of the following grounds:
(a) Gross neglect, incompetence or dishonesty in the discharge of one's duty;
(b) Commission of any of the causes/grounds and the prohibited acts provided in this Act
and the offenses in the Revised Penal Code, the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act,
and other laws;
(c) Manipulation or rigging of the results in the licensure examination for criminologists,
disclosure of secret and confidential information on the examination questions prior to
the conduct thereof, or tampering of grades; and
(d) Conviction with final judgment of any crime involving moral turpitude. The
Commission, in the conduct of the investigation, shall be guided by Section 7(s) of
Republic Act No. 8981, the rules on administrative investigation, and the applicable
provisions of the New Rules of Court.
Section 12. Administrative Supervision of the Board; Provision of Support Services. - The
Board shall be under the administrative supervision of the Commission. The Commission shall
keep all records of the Board including applications for examination, examination papers and
results, minutes of deliberation and administrative cases. The Commission shall designate the
Secretary of the Board and shall provide the other support services to the Board in order to
implement the provisions of this Act.
ARTICLE III
EXAMINATION, REGISTRATION, CERTIFICATION AND LICENSURE
Section 13. Passing of Licensure Examination Requirements. - Except as otherwise specifically
allowed under this Act, applicants for registration for the practice of criminology shall be required
to pass a licensure examination as provided for in this Act, in such places and dates as the
Commission may designate in the resolution thereof on the Master Schedules for all licensure
examinations in accordance with Section 7(d) of Republic Act No. 8981.
Section 14. Qualifications of an Applicant for the Licensure Examination. - An applicant for
the licensure examination for criminologist shall satisfactorily prove that one possesses the
following qualifications:
(a) Must be a citizen of the Philippines or a foreign citizen whose country/state has
reciprocity with the Philippines in the practice of criminology;
(b) Must be of good moral character, good reputation and of sound mind and body
certified by the school wrhere he/she graduated and the barangay where he/she lives,
unless the examinee is a foreign national a certification from any professional of good
standing will do;
(c) Must hold a bachelor's degree in criminology duly accredited by the CHET) and
conferred by a school/college/university duly authorized by the government or its
equivalent degree obtained by either a Filipino or foreign citizen from an institution of
learning in a foreign country/state: Provided, That it is duly recognized and/or accredited
by the CHED;
(d) Must not have been convicted of an offense involving moral turpitude by a court of
competent jurisdiction; and
 (e) Those who failed five (5) times whether consecutive or cumulative in the criminologist
licensure examination, must present a certification issued by a reputable institution duly
recognized by the CHED that such applicant has satisfactorily completed a refresher
course in criminology.

Subjects Relative Weights Subjects Relative Weights

(a) Criminal Jurisprudence and Procedure: 20%
Criminal Law (Book I); Criminal Law (Book II); Related Special Penal Laws;
Criminal Procedure;
Evidence;
Court Testimony
(b) Law Enforcement Administration: 20%
Police Organization and Administration, Police Planning;
Police Patrol Operations, Police Communication System;
Police Intelligence;
Police Personnel and Records Management; Comparative Police Systems;
Industrial Security Management
(c) Crime Detection and Investigation: 15%
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation;
Special Crime, Organized Crime Investigation; Fire Technology and Arson
Investigation;

Traffic Management and Accident Investigation;

Drug Education and Investigation;
Vice Control
(d) Criminalistics: 20%
Forensic Photography; Personal Identification; Forensic Medicine; Polygraphy;
Examination; Forensic Ballistics;

Questioned Documents
(e) Correctional Administration: 10%
Institutional Corrections; Non-Institutional Corrections
(f) Criminal Sociology: 15%
Introduction to Criminology and Psychology of Crimes;
 Philippine Criminal Justice System;
Ethics and Values;
Juvenile Delinquency and Crime Prevention;
Human Behavior and Crisis Management; Criminological Research and Statistics
Section 17. Rating in the Licensure Examination. - To pass the licensure examination for
criminologist, a candidate must obtain a weighted average rating of seventy-five percent (75%)
with no grade less than sixty percent (60%) in any given subject. \
In case the examinee obtains a weighted average rating of seventy-five percent (75%) but, has
a grade below sixty percent (60%) in any of the subjects, the result of the examinee shall be
deferred, and be required to retake that particular subject/s.
The deferred examinee shall only be allowed to retake once within two (2) years from the date
of the examination, and shall be required to obtain a grade not lower than eighty percent (80%)
on the subject, to be considered to have passed the licensure examination. If the examinee
failed to retake after the lapse of two (2) years or failed to get the passing mark of eighty percent
(80%), the examinee shall retake all the board subjects.
Any examinee who failed three (3) or more board subjects shall be deemed to have failed the
board examination.

Section 18. Report of Rating. - The Board shall submit to the Commission the ratings obtained
by the candidates not later than ten (10) days after the last day of the examination, unless the
period is extended for a valid cause.
Section 19. Oath. - All successful candidates of the licensure examination shall take their oath
of profession in person before the Board or any of its members, and with the APO in an oath-
taking ceremony held for such purpose. Any person authorized by law may administer oath to
any successful examinees only upon membership of the APO prior to entering the practice of
the profession.
Section 20. Issuance of Certificate of Registration and Professional Identification Card. - A
certificate of registration shall be issued to those who shall register, subject to payment of fees
prescribed by the Commission.
It shall bear the signatures of the Chairperson and the Commissioners of the Commission and
the Chairperson and members of the Board, stamped with the official seal of the Commission
and of the Board, certifying that the person named therein is entitled to practice the criminology
profession with all the privileges appurtenant thereto. It shall remain in full force and effect until
withdrawn, suspended or revoked in accordance with this Act.

A professional identification card bearing the registration number and date, its validity, and
expiry duly signed by the Chairperson of the Commission shall likewise be ^issued to every
registrant who has paid the prescribed fee. It shall be reissued after every three (3) years upon
payment of the prescribed fees, prescribed units earned in the CPD, and certified by the APO as
active member.
Section 21. Refusal to Issue Certificate of Registration and Professional Identification Card or
Temporary/Special Permit. - The Board shall not register any successful applicant for
registration who has been:
(a) Convicted with finality of a crime involving moral turpitude by a court of competent
jurisdiction;
(b) Found guilty of immoral or dishonorable conduct by the Board;
(c) Summarily adjudged guilty for violation of the General Instruction to Examinees by
the Board; and
(d) Declared of unsound mind by a court of competent jurisdiction. In refusing such
registration, the Board' shall give the applicant a written statement setting forth the
reasons thereof and shall file a copy in its records.
Section 22. Revocation or Suspension of the Certificate of Registration and Cancellation of
Temporary/Special Permit - The Board shall have the power, upon notice and hearing, to revoke
or suspend the certificate of registration of a registered criminologist or to cancel a
temporary/special permit granted to foreign criminologist for the commission of any of the
following acts:
(a) Violation of any provision of this Act, its IRR, the Code of Ethics, the Code of Good
Governance, or policy of the Board and/or the Commission;
(b) Conviction of a crime with finality involving moral turpitude;
(c) Perpetration or use of fraud in obtaining one's certificate of registration, professional
identification card or temporary/special permit;
(d) Gross incompetence, negligence or ignorance resulting to death or injury of a person,
or damage to property;
(e) Nonrenewal of the professional identification card for a period of six (6) years with the
PRC without justifiable cause;
(f) Aiding or abetting the illegal practice of a non-registered criminologist by allowing the
use of one's certificate of registration and/or professional identification card or
temporary/special permit;
(g) Illegally practicing the profession during the suspension from the practice thereof;
(h) Addiction to drugs or alcohol impairing one's ability to practice the profession or a
declaration by a court of competent jurisdiction that the registrant is of unsound mind;
and
(i) Noncompliance with the CPD and APO requirements, unless one is exempted
therefrom, for the renewal of the professional identification card. The Board shall
periodically evaluate the aforementioned grounds and revise or exclude or add new
ones as the need arises subject to approval by the Commission.
Any person, firm or association may file charge/s in accordance with the provision of this section
against any registrant, and the Board may investigate the commission of any of the
abovementioned causes. Affidavit-complaint shall be filed together with the affidavits of
witnesses and other documentary evidence with the Board through the Legal and Investigation
Office. The conduct of an investigation motu proprio shall be embodied in a formal charge to be
signed by at least majority of the members of the Board. The rules on administrative
investigation issued by the Commission shall govern the hearing or investigation, subject to
applicable provisions of this Act, Republic Act No. 8981 and the Rules of Court.
Section 23. Reissuance of Revoked Certificate of Registration, Replacement of Lost or
Damaged Certificate of Registration, Professional Identification Card or Temporary/Special
Permit - The Board may, upon a verified petition, reinstate or reissue a revoked certificate of
registration after two (2) years from the effectivity of the period for revocation, which is the date
of surrender of the certificate and/or the professional identification card if still valid to the Board
and/or the Commission. The petitioner shall prove to the Board that one has valid reason/s to
practice anew the profession. In the granting of the petition, the Board shall issue a Board
resolution, subject to approval by the Commissioiy
A certificate of registration, professional identification card or temporary/special permit that has
been declared lost may be reissued in accordance with the rules thereon and upon payment of
the prescribed fees.
Section 24. Nonpayment of the Annual Registration Fees. - The Board shall suspend a
registered criminologist from the practice of the profession whether in government service, or
have used the license as eligibility equivalent for promotion in government service, or in the
private sector, for nonpayment of the registration fees for two (2) consecutive registration
periods from the last or previous year of payment. Other surcharges shall be determined and
charged by the Commission.
Section 25. Renewal of Professional Identification Card. - The professional identification card
shall be renewed only upon the completion of the prescribed minimum units of the CPD
program by the registrant from the APO or any accredited provider authorized by the
Commission.
Section 26. Vested Rights; Automatic Registration. - All criminologists registered at the
effectivity of this Act shall automatically be registered hereunder, subject to the provisions herein
set forth as to future requirements. Certificates of registration and professional identification
cards or temporary/ special permits held by such persons in good standing at such effectivity
date shall have the same force and effect as though they were issued on or after the said
effectivity.
ARTICLE IV
PRACTICE OF CRIMINOLOGY
Section 27. Lawful Practitioners of Criminology. - The following persons shall be authorized to
practice the criminology profession:
(a) Natural persons:
(1) Duly registered criminologists and holders of valid certificates of registration
and valid professional identification cards issued by the Board and the
Commission pursuant to this Act; and
(2) Holders of valid temporary/special permits issued by the Board and the
Commission to foreign licensed criminologists pursuant to this Act.

(b) Juridical persons:

(1) Single proprietorship whose owner and technical staff are registered
criminologists;
(2) Partnership duly registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC) as professional partnership pursuant to the Civil Code and composed of
partners majority of whom are registered criminologists;
 (3) Corporation duly registered with the SEC as engaged in the practice of
criminology and with officers and Board of Directors who are all registered
criminologists; and
(4) Association and cooperative duly registered with the appropriate government
agency as a non-stock corporation where majority of the officers, Board of
Trustees and members are registered criminologists.
These juridical persons shall also be registered with the Board and the Commission in
accordance with the rules and regulations thereon.
Section 28. Seal, Issuance and Use of Seal. - There shall be a seal to be exclusively and
legitimately used by the practitioners of the criminology profession which shall be distributed by
the Board through the APO.
Section 29. Foreign Reciprocity. - No foreigner shall be allowed to take the licensure
examination for criminologists, register, receive ones certificate of registration and professional
identification card, and practice criminology in the Philippines unless the requirements for the
licensure examination and/or registration and practice of criminology imposed under the laws
and regulations in the foreign country/state are substantially the same as those required and
contemplated by the Philippine laws and regulations, and unless the foreign laws and
regulations allow Philippine citizens to practice criminology within the territory of the foreign
country/state on the same basis and grant the same privileges as those enjoyed by the citizens,
subjects or nationals thereof.
Section 30. Practice Through Temporary/Special Permit. - Temporary/Special permit may be
issued by the Board subject to the approval by the Commission and payment of fees the latter
has prescribed and charged thereof to the following:
(a) Registered criminologists from foreign countries/states whose services are rendered
either for free or for a fee:
(1) If they are internationally known criminologists or experts in any branch,
specialty or allied field of criminology; and
(2) If their services are urgently and importantly required for lack or inadequacy
of available local specialists or experts; or for the promotion or advancement of
the practice of criminology through transfer of technology;
(b) Registered criminologists from foreign countries/states whose services shall be free
and limited to indigent patients in a particular hospital, center or clinic; and
(c) Registered criminologists from foreign countries/states employed as exchange
professors in a branch, specialty or allied field of criminology, in schools, colleges or
universities offering the course of criminology.
The permit shall, among other things, contain these limitations and conditions for a period of not
more than one (1) year subject to renewal: the branch or specialty of criminology and the
specific place of practice such as clinic, hospital, center, school, college or university offering the
course of criminology. The Board, subject to the approval of the Commission, shall promulgate
rules and regulations on the implementation of this particular section.
Section 31. Indication of Numbers: Certificate of Registration, Professional Tax Receipt and.
APO Membership. - The practitioner of the criminology profession shall be required to indicate
the certificate of registration number and date of issuance, the expiry of the current professional
identification card, the professional tax receipt number and date, and the APO membership
number and date with official receipt number and date of membership payment (annual/lifetime)
on the documents one signs, uses or issues in connection with the practice of the profession.

Section 32. Roster of Registered Criminologists. - The Board shall prepare and maintain a
roster showing the names, residence and/or office address of all registered criminologists, which
shall be updated annually in cooperation with the APO, indicating therein the status of the
certificate of registration, professional identification card and APO membership. The roster shall
be made available to any party as may be deemed necessary.
Section 33. Integration of Registered Criminologists. - The registered criminologists shall be
integrated into one (1) national organization of criminologists that is duly registered with the
SEC. The Board, subject to the approval by the Commission, shall accredit the organization as
the one and only integrated and accredited national organization of
criminologists: Provided, That its continued accreditation is subject to compliance with the
periodic requirements and standards set forth by the Commission.
All criminologists whose names appear in the Registry Book of Criminologists shall ipso facto or
automatically become members thereof and shall receive therefrom, all the benefits and
privileges upon payment of APO membership fees and dues. Membership in an affiliate
organization of criminologists shall not be barred.
ARTICLE V
PRIVILEGES OF REGISTERED CRIMINOLOGISTS
Section 34. Privileges of Registered Criminologists. - All registered criminologists shall be
exempt from taking any other entrance or qualifying government or civil service examinations
and shall be considered civil service eligible to the following government positions, among
others: (1) Dactylographer; (2) Ballistician; (3) Questioned Document Examiner; (4) Forensic
Photographer; (5) Polygraph Examiner; (6) Probation Officer; (7) Parole Officer; (8) Special
Investigator; (9) Special Agent; (10) Investigative Agent; (11) Intelligence Agent; (12) Law
Enforcement Evaluation Officer; (13) National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM) Inspector; (14)
Traffic Operation Officer; (15) Associate Graft Investigation Officer; (16) Special Police Officer;
(17) Safekeeping Officer; (18) Sheriff; (19) Security Officer; (20) Criminal Investigator; (21)
Warden; (22) Reformation Officer; (23) Firefighter; (24) Fire Marshall; (25) Jail Officer up to the
rank of Jail Superintendent; (26) Police Officer up to the rank of Police Superintendent and other
law enforcement agencies, and agencies under the Criminal Justice System.
Section 35. Preference of Appointment in Government Criminal Justice and Other Government
Institutions. - Registered criminologists shall enjoy priority of appointment and shall not be
required to take any qualifying or entrance examinations in the PNP, the NBI, the BJMP, the
BFP, the Land Transportation Office (LTO) and other government positions related to
criminology, police and law enforcement work, investigations and security, corrections and
public safety of the following bureaus, departments, institutions or agencies of the government:
the Department of Justice (DOJ); the Commission on Human Rights (CHR); the Office of the
Ombudsman; the Philippine Ports Authority (PPA); the Commission on Elections (COMELEC);
the Bureau of Treasury (BoT); the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR);
the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR); the Department of Tourism
(DOT); the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI); the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP);
the Bureau of Immigration (BI); the BoC; the Department of Transportation (DOTr); the Air
Transportation Office (ATO); the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP); the BSP; the
BIR; the CHED; the City/Municipal Security Office; the Provincial Jail; the Provincial Security
Office; the Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA); the Supreme Court and lower courts;
the Security Consultation; the Social Security System; the NAPOLCOM; the Autonomous
Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM); the Optical Media Board; the Intellectual Property Rights
Office; the PDEA; the Public Attorney's Office (PAO); the PPC; government-owned and -
controlled corporations and other government agencies with positions involving the practice of
criminology.1âwphi1
Section 36. Lateral Entry of Registered Criminologists. - Registered criminologists who are not
in the government service shall be eligible and given preference for appointment via lateral entry
as Police, Fire, and Jail Inspectors or its equivalent in the PDEA, NBI, and other law
enforcement agencies: Provided, That they possess the general qualifications for appointment
as provided in the existing laws on appointment of Police Officers in the PNP, BJMP, BFP,
PDEA, or NBI: Provided, further, That those who are already in the police, fire, and jail service
as non-commissioned officers and who are already registered and licensed criminologists shall
be given preference for lateral entry.
Section 37. Penal Clause. - A fine of not less than One hundred thousand pesos (₱100,000.00)
nor more than Five hundred thousand pesos (₱500,000.00), or imprisonment for not less than
two (2) years and one (1) day nor more than six (6) years, or both, at the discretion of the court
shall be imposed upon any person who shall commit any of the following acts:
(a) Practicing criminology without valid certificate of registration and a valid professional
identification card or a valid temporary/special permit;
(b) Attempting to use the seal, certificate of registration and professional identification
card of a registered criminologist or temporary/special permit issued to a foreign
criminologist;
(c) Abetting the illegal practice of criminology by an unregistered or unauthorized person;
(d) Securing through false information or fraudulent means certificate of registration and
professional identification card or temporary/special permit;
(e) Impersonating a registered criminologist or a holder of a temporary/special permit;
and
(f) Violating any provision of this Act or the IRR thereof. Where the violator is a juridical
person, the Board of Directors and other responsible officers of the corporation shall be
held liable.
Section 38. Enforcement. - In carrying out the provisions of this Act, the Board shall be assisted
by the Commission, the APO, duly constituted government agencies and authorities and private
organizations in the industry.
Section 39. Appropriations. - The Chairperson of the PRC shall immediately include in the
Commission's programs the implementation of this Act, the funding of which shall be included in
the annual General Appropriations Act.
Section 40. Transitory Provision. - The incumbent Board shall, in an interim capacity, continue
to operate or function by carrying out the provisions of this Act without need of new
appointments of the Chairperson and members thereof until the first Board created under this
Act shall have been constituted or organized pursuant thereto.
Section 41. Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR). - Within ninety (90) days from the
effectivity of this Act, the Board, subject to approval by the Commission, and in coordination with
the APO, shall prescribe, promulgate and issue a Board Resolution on the IRR cf this Act and
which shall be effective fifteen (15) days after its publication in the Official Gazette or in any
newspaper of general circulation.
Section 42. Separability Clause. - If any provision, section or part of this Act shall be declared
unconstitutional or invalid, such judgment shall not affect, invalidate or impair any other
provisions, sections or parts hereof.
Section 43. Repealing Clause. - Republic Act No. 6506, otherwise known as "An Act Creating
the Board of Examiners for Criminologists in the Philippines and for Other Purposes", is hereby
repealed. All other laws. Republic Acts, decrees, orders, letters of instruction, rules and
regulations or other issuances, and parts thereof inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are
likewise repealed or modified accordingly.
Section 44. Effectivity Clause. - This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its publication in
the Official Gazette or in any newspaper of general circulation.

Approved,

GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO
Speaker of the House of Representatives

VICENTE C. SOTTO III

President of the Senate

This Act was passed by the Senate of the Philippines as Senate Bill No. 452 on March 12, 2018,
and was adopted by the House of Representatives as an amendment to House Bill No. 7191 on
September 11, 2018

DANTE ROBERTO P. MALING

Acting Secretary General
House of Representatives

MYRA MARIE D. VILLARICA

Secretary of the Senate

Approved: November 8, 2018

(Sgd.) RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE
President of the Philippines