INADIAN SATELLITES & GPS

Submitted By : Vikas Chahal (10BCL0118) Submitted To : Dr. Roshan Srivastav

INDIAN SATELLITES LAUNCHED

India has launched more than 50 satellites of various types since its first attempt in 1975. Satellites have been launched from various vehicles, including American, Russian, European satellite-launch rockets, and the U.S. Space Shuttle. The organisation responsible for Indian satellites is the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

Aryabhata 19 April 1975 Intercosmos Provided technological experience in building and operating a satellite system. [1] Bhaskara-I 07 June 1979 Intercosmos First experimental remote sensing satellite. Carried TV and microwave cameras. [2] Rohini Technology Payload 10 August 1979 Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) Intended for measuring in-flight performance of first experimental flight of SLV-3, the first Indian launch vehicle. Did not achieve orbit. [3] Rohini RS-1 18 July 1980 SLV-3 Used for measuring in-flight performance of second experimental launch of SLV-3. [4] Rohini RS-D1 31 May 1981 SLV-3 Used for conducting some remote sensing technology studies using a landmark sensor payload.Launched by the first developmental launch of SLV-3. [5] Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment 19 June 1981 Ariane First experimental communication satellite. Provided experience in building and operating a payload experiment three-axis stabilised communication satellite. [6] Bhaskara-II 20 November 1981 Intercosmos Second experimental remote sensing satellite; similar to Bhaskara-1. Provided experience in building and operating a remote sensing satellite system on an end-to-end basis. [7] INSAT-1A 10 April 1982 Delta launch vehicle First operational multipurpose communication and meteorology satellite. Procured from USA. Worked for only six months. [8] Rohini RS-D2 17 April 1983 SLV-3 Identical to RS-D1. Launched by the second developmental launch of SLV-3. [9] INSAT-1B 30 August 1983

Space Shuttle Challenger Identical to INSAT-1A. Served for more than design life of seven years.

[10] Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-1) 24 March 1987 ASLV Carried payload for launch vehicle performance monitoring and for gamma ray astronomy. Did not achieve orbit. [11] IRS-1A 17 March 1988 Vostok Earth observation satellite. First operational remote sensing satellite. [12] Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-2) 13 July 1988 ASLV Carried remote sensing payload of German space agency in addition to Gamma Ray astronomy payload. Did not achieve orbit. [13] INSAT-1C 21 July 1988 Ariane Same as INSAT-1A. Served for only one-and-a-half years. [14] INSAT-1D 12 June 1990 Delta launch vehicle Identical to INSAT-1A. Still in service. [15] IRS-1B 29 August 1991 Vostok Earth observation satellite. Improved version of IRS-1A. [16] Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-C) 20 May 1992 ASLV Carried gamma ray astronomy and aeronomy payload. [17] INSAT-2DT 26 February 1992 Ariane Launched as Arabsat 1C. Procured in orbit from Arabsat in 1998. [18] INSAT-2A 10 July 1992 Ariane First satellite in the second-generation Indian-built INSAT-2 series. Has enhanced capability over INSAT-1 series. Still in service. [19] INSAT-2B 23 July 1993 Ariane Second satellite in INSAT-2 series. Identical to INSAT-2A. Still in service. [20] IRS-1E 20 September 1993 PSLV-D1 Earth observation satellite. Did not achieve orbit. [21] Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-C2) 04 May 1994 ASLV Identical to SROSS-C. Still in service. [22] IRS-P2 15 October 1994 PSLV-D2 Earth observation satellite. Launched by second developmental flight of PSLV. [23] INSAT-2C 07 December 1995 Ariane Has additional capabilities such as mobile satellite service, business communication and television outreach beyond Indian boundaries. Still in service.

[24] IRS-1C 29 December 1995 Molniya Earth observation satellite. Launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome. [25] IRS-P3 21 March 1996 PSLV-D3 Earth observation satellite. Carries remote sensing payload and an X-ray astronomy payload. Launched by third developmental flight of PSLV. [26] INSAT-2D 04 June 1997 Ariane Same as INSAT-2C. Inoperable since 1997-10-04 due to power bus anomaly. [27] IRS-1D 29 September 1997 PSLV-C1 Earth observation satellite. Same as IRS-1C. [28] INSAT-2E 03 April 1999 Ariane Multipurpose communication and meteorological satellite. [29] IRS-P4 OCEANSAT 26 May 1999 PSLV-C2 Earth observation satellite. Carries an Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) and a Multifrequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR). [30] INSAT-3B 22 March 2000 Ariane Multipurpose communication: business communication, developmental communication, and mobile communication. [31] GSAT-1 18 April 2001 GSLV-D1 Experimental satellite for the first developmental flight of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, GSLV-D1. [32] Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) 22 October 2001 PSLV-C3 Experimental satellite to test technologies such as attitude and orbit control system, hightorque reaction wheels, new reaction control system, etc. [33] INSAT-3C 24 January 2002 Ariane Designed to augment the existing INSAT capacity for communication and broadcasting and provide continuity of the services of INSAT-2C. [34] Kalpana-1 12 September 2002 PSLV First meteorological satellite built by ISRO. Originally named METSAT. Renamed after Kalpana Chawla who perished in the Space Shuttle Columbia.

[35] INSAT-3A 10 April 2003 Ariane-5 Multipurpose satellite for communication, broadcasting, and meteorological services along with INSAT-2E and Kalpana-1.

[36] GSAT-2 08 May 2003 GSLV Experimental satellite for the second developmental test flight of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) [37] INSAT-3E 28 September 2003 Ariane-5 Communication satellite to augment the existing INSAT System. [38] RESOURCESAT-1 (IRS-P6) 17 October 2003 PSLV-C5 Earth observation/remote sensing satellite. Intended to supplement and replace IRS-1C and IRS-1D. [39] EDUSAT 20 October 2004 GSLV Also designated GSAT-3. Indias first exclusive educational satellite. [40] HAMSAT 05 May 2005 PSLV Microsatellite (42.5 kilograms) for providing satellite-based amateur radio services to the national as well as the international community. [41] CARTOSAT-1 05 May 2005 PSLV-C6 Earth observation satellite. Provides stereographic in-orbit images with a 2.5-meter resolution. [42] INSAT-4A 22 December 2005 Ariane Advanced satellite for direct-to-home television broadcasting services. [43] INSAT-4C 10 July 2006 GSLV Geosynchronous communications satellite. Did not achieve orbit. [44] CARTOSAT-2 10 January 2007 PSLV-C7 Advanced remote sensing satellite carrying a panchromatic camera capable of providing scene-specific spot images. [45] Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE-1) 10 January 2007 PSLV-C7 Experimental satellite intended to demonstrate the technology of an orbiting platform for performing experiments in microgravity conditions. Launched as a co-passenger with CARTOSAT2. SRE-1 was de-orbited and recovered successfully after 12 days over Bay of Bengal.

[46] INSAT-4B 12 March 2007 Ariane Identical to INSAT-4A. Further augments the INSAT capacity for direct-to-home (DTH) television services and other communications.on the night of 7 July INSAT-4B experienced a power supply glitch which led to switching 'off' of 50 per cent of the transponder capacity (6 Ku and 6 C-Band transponders).

[47] INSAT-4CR 02 September 2007 GSLV-F04 Identical to INSAT-4C. Provides direct-to-home (DTH) television services, video picture transmission (VPT), and digital satellite news gathering (DSNG). [48] CARTOSAT-2A 28 April 2008 PSLV-C9 Earth observation/remote sensing satellite. Identical to CARTOSAT-2.

[49] IMS-1 (Third World Satellite TWsat) 28 April 2008 PSLV-C9 Low-cost microsatellite imaging mission. Launched as co-passenger with CARTOSAT2A. [50] Chandrayaan-1 22 October 2008 PSLV-C11 Unmanned lunar probe. Carries 11 scientific instruments built in India, USA, UK, Germany, Sweden and Bulgaria. [51] RISAT-2 20 April 2009 PSLV-C12 Radar imaging satellite used to monitor India's borders and as part of anti-infiltration and anti-terrorist operations. Launched as a co-passenger with ANUSAT. [52] ANUSAT 20 April 2009 PSLV-C12 Research microsatellite designed at Anna University. Carries an amateur radio and technology demonstration experiments. [53] Oceansat-2 (IRS-P4) 23 September 2009 PSLV-C14 Gathers data for oceanographic, coastal and atmospheric applications. Continues mission of Oceansat-1. [54] GSAT-4 15 April 2010 GSLV-D3 Communications satellite technology demonstrator. Failed to reach orbit due to GSLVD3 failure. [55] CARTOSAT-2B 12 July 2010 PSLV-C15 Earth observation/remote sensing satellite. Identical to CARTOSAT-2A

[56] GSAT-5P / INSAT-4D 25 December 2010 GSLV-F06 C-band communication satellite, failed to reach orbit due to GSLV-F06 failure. [57] RESOURCESAT-2 20 April 2011

PSLV-C16 PSLV-C16 placed three satellites with a total payload mass of 1404 kg RESOURCESAT-2 weighing 1206 kg, the Indo-Russian YOUTHSAT weighing 92 kg and Singapore's X-SAT weighing 106 kg into an 822 km polar Sun Synchronous Orbit (SSO). . [58]GSAT-8 / INSAT-4G 21 May 2011 Ariane Communications satellite carries 24 Ku-band transponders and 2 channel GAGAN payload operating in L1 and L5 band. [59] GSAT-12 15 July 2011 PSLV-C17 GSAT-12 communication satellite built by ISRO, weighs about 1410 kg at lift-off. GSAT-12 is configured to carry 12 Extended C-band transponders to meet the country's growing demand for transponders in a short turn-around-time.The 12 Extended C-band transponders of GSAT-12 will augment the capacity in the INSAT system for various communication services like Tele-education, Telemedicine and for Village Resource Centres (VRC).Mission life About 8 Years. [60] Megha-Tropiques 12 October 2011 PSLV-C18 Megha-Tropiques weighs about 1000kg Lift-off Mass, developed jointly by ISRO and the French Centre National d'tudes Spatiales (CNES). PSLV-C18 is configured to carry four satellites in which, one satellite, developed by India and France, will track the weather, two were developed by educational institutions, and the fourth is from Luxembourg.

Indian Remote Sensing Satellites

Out of the above mentioned satellites those which are used for remote sensing are
Past Satellites

Aryabhata, 1975 Bhaskara I, 1979 Bhaskara II, 1981 Rohini Series, 1980-83 SROSS Series, 1985-92 IRS-1A, 1988 IRS-P1, 1993

Presently Working Satellites

IRS-1B, 1991 IRS-P2, 1994 IRS-1C, 1995 IRS-P3, 1996 IRS-1D, 1997 IRS-P4, 1999 (Oceansat) IRS-P6, 2003 (Resourcesat-1) IRS-P5, 2005 (Cartosat-1) IRS-P7, 2007 (Cartosat-2) IRS-P6, 2003 (Resourcesat-2)

Some information on few Indian GPS Satellites.

Aryabhatta Satellite
(First Indian Experimental Satellite)

Launch Date : April 19, 1975

Weight : 360 kg Orbit : 619 x 562 km inclined at 50.7 deg Lauched by : Soviet Intercosmos rocket. Objectives : The objectives of this project were to indigenously design and fabricate a spaceworthy satellite system and evaluate its perfromance in orbitr. * to evolve the methodology of conducting a series of complex operations on the satellite in its orbital phasei. * to set up ground-based receiving, transmitting and tracking systems and to establish infrastructure for the fabrication of spacecraft systems. The exercise also provided an opportunity to conduct investigations in the area of spcae sciences. The satellite carried three experiments, one each in X-Ray Astronomy, Solar Physics and Aeronomy.

Bhaskara-I Satellite
(First Indian low orbit Earth Observation Satellite) Launch Date : June 7, 1979

Weight : 444 Kg Orbit : 619 x 562 km inclined at 50.7 deg Lauched by : Soviet Intercosmos rocket.

Sensor Systems

Television Cameras operating in visible (0.6 micron) and near-infrared (0.8 micron); to collect data related to hydrology, forestry and geology. Satellite microwave radiometer (SAMIR) operating at 19 GHz and 22 GHz for study of ocean-state, water vapor, liquid water content in the atmospher, etc.

Bhaskara-II Satellite
(First Indian low orbit Earth Observation Satellite)

Launch Date : Nov. 20, 1981

Weight : 444 Kg Orbit : 619 x 562 km inclined at 50.7 deg Lauched by : Soviet Intercosmos rocket.

Sensor Systems

Television Cameras operating in visible (0.6 micron) and near-infrared (0.8 micron); to collect data related to hydrology, forestry and geology. Satellite microwave radiometer (SAMIR) operating 19.24 GHz, 22.235 GHz and 31.4 GHz for study of ocean-state, water vapor, liquid water content in the atmospher, etc.
Rohini Satellite (RS-1)Series (Launched by Indian launch vehicle SLV-3 )

First RS-1

Launch Date : July 18, 1980 Weight : 35 kg Orbit : 300 km x 900 km elliptical orbit (97 minutes period) Lauched by : India, SLV-3 rocket Objectives : The satelite provided data on the fourth stage performance and ranging.

Second RS-1
Launch Date : May 30, 1981 Weight : 35 kg Lauched by : India, SLV-3 (D-1) rocket Orbit : 300 km x 900 km elliptical orbit (97 minutes period)

Objectives : Carried a Land Mark sensor payload whose solid state camera performed to specifications. The satellite re-entered the earth's atmosphere nine days after lauch on account of the launch vehicle's injecting the satellite into a lower than expected altitude.

Third RS-1
Launch Date : April 17, 1983 Weight : 35 kg Lauched by : India, SLV-3 (D-2)rocket Orbit : 300 km x 900 km elliptical orbit (97 minutes period) Objectives : The Smart Sensor Camera was the primary payload on board the satellite. It was operated for over five months and sent more than 2500 pictures frames in both visible and infrared bands for identification of landmarks and altitude and orbit refinement. The camera had on-board processing capability to use the data for classifying ground features like water, vegetation, bare land, clouds and snow. After completing all its mission goals, RS-D2 was closed down on Sept. 24, 1984.

IRS-1A Satellite
Orbit Details

(First Operational Satellite )

This is first indigenously built sun-synchronous polar orbiting satellite.

Launch date : March 17, 1988 (Soviet Launcher VOSTAK used) Altitude : 904 Kms. Inclination : 99.049 degrees Period : 103.19266 minutes Repetivity : 22 days Equatorial crossong time : 10.25 AM descending Weight : 975 Kg.

Imaging Sensor Characteristics (LISS-I and LISS-II Cameras)

Parameters Focal Length Field-of-view (deg) Instantaneous field of view(IFOV) Microrad, Detectors (CCDs) LISS-I 166.2 9.4 80 LISS-II 324.4 4.7+4.7 40

2048 elements

2048 elements

CCD Ground Resolution (m) Spectral range (micro meter) Number of Bands Swath (Kms.) 72.5 0.45 - 0.86

CCD 36.25 0.45 - 0.86

4 148

4 74x2 ( LISSA and LISSB) 128

Radiometric Resolution (grey levels) Data rate (Mbps) Weight (Kgs) Power (Watts) .

128

5.2 38.5 34

10.4x2 80.8x2 34x2

IRS-1D Satellite

(Indigenously launched operational satellite)

Satellite entered in elliptical orbits instead of circular after it was separated from rocket. Due to this problem, there is change in swath, resolution according to orbit distance from the earth center. Launch date : Sept. 29, 1997 (indigenous PSLV-D4 rocket was used) Equatorial Crossing time: 10.40 A.M Altitude : 737 Km(Perigee)/821 Km. (Apogee) Repetivity : 24 days; ( 3 days revisit) No. of Sensors : Three; 1) PAN, 2) LISS-III and 3) WiFS

Payloads
The payloads are similar to IRS-1C (PAN, LISS-III and WiFS). The satellite is a follow on to IRS-1C

Resolution : PAN Sensor : 5.2 m (Perigee)/5.8 m (Apogee) LISS-III sensor : 21.2 m(P)/23.5m(A) LISS-III MIR : 63.6 m (P)/ 70.5 m (A) WiFS sensor : 728 m (P)/812Km (A)

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth, where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver. The system imposes some technical limitations[clarification needed] which are only removed for authorized users. The GPS program provides critical capabilities to military, civil and commercial users around the world. In addition, GPS is the backbone for modernizing the global air traffic system. The GPS project was developed in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation systems,[1] integrating ideas from several predecessors, including a number of classified engineering design studies from the 1960s. GPS was created and realized by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and was originally run with 24 satellites. It became fully operational in 1994. Advances in technology and new demands on the existing system have now led to efforts to modernize the GPS system and implement the next generation of GPS III satellites and Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX).[2] Announcements from the Vice President and the White House in 1998 initiated these changes. In 2000, U.S. Congress authorized the modernization effort, referred to as GPS III.

In addition to GPS, other systems are in use or under development. The Russian GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS) was in use by only the Russian military, until it was made fully available to civilians in 2007. There are also the planned European Union Galileo positioning system, Chinese Compass navigation system, and Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System.

Basic concept of GPS

A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signals sent by GPS satellites high above the Earth. Each satellite continually transmits messages that include

the time the message was transmitted precise orbital information (the ephemeris) the general system health and rough orbits of all GPS satellites (the almanac).

The receiver uses the messages it receives to determine the transit time of each message and computes the distance to each satellite. These distances along with the satellites' locations are used with the possible aid of trilateration, depending on which algorithm is used, to compute the position of the receiver. This position is then displayed, perhaps with a moving map display or latitude and longitude; elevation information may be included. Many GPS units show derived information such as direction and speed, calculated from position changes. Three satellites might seem enough to solve for position since space has three dimensions and a position near the Earth's surface can be assumed. However, even a very small clock error multiplied by the very large speed of light[36] the speed at which satellite signals propagate results in a large positional error. Therefore receivers use four or more satellites to solve for both the receiver's location and time. The very accurately computed time is effectively hidden by most GPS applications, which use only the location. A few specialized GPS applications do however use the

time; these include time transfer, traffic signal timing, and synchronization of cell phone base stations. Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer apply in special cases. If one variable is already known, a receiver can determine its position using only three satellites. For example, a ship or aircraft may have known elevation. Some GPS receivers may use additional clues or assumptions (such as reusing the last known altitude, dead reckoning, inertial navigation, or including information from the vehicle computer) to give a less accurate (degraded) position when fewer than four satellites are visible.

Position calculation introduction

Two sphere surfaces intersecting in a circle

Surface of sphere intersecting a circle (not a solid disk) at two points To provide an introductory description of how a GPS receiver works, error effects are deferred to a later section. Using messages received from a minimum of four visible satellites, a GPS receiver is able to determine the times sent and then the satellite positions corresponding to these times sent. The x, y, and z components of position, and the time sent, are designated as where the subscript i is the satellite number and has the value 1, 2, 3, or 4. Knowing the indicated time the message was received , the GPS receiver could compute the transit time of the message as , if would be equal to correct reception time, . A pseudorange, traveling distance of the message, assuming it traveled at the speed of light, c. A satellite's position and pseudorange define a sphere, centered on the satellite, with radius equal to the pseudorange. The position of the receiver is somewhere on the surface of this sphere. Thus with four satellites, the indicated position of the GPS receiver is at or near the intersection of the surfaces of four spheres. In the ideal case of no errors, the GPS receiver would be at a precise intersection of the four surfaces. If the surfaces of two spheres intersect at more than one point, they intersect in a circle. The article trilateration shows this mathematically. A figure, Two Sphere Surfaces Intersecting in a Circle, is shown below. Two points where the surfaces of the spheres intersect are clearly shown in the figure. The distance between these two points is the diameter of the circle of intersection. The intersection of a third spherical surface with the first two will be its intersection with that circle; in most cases of practical interest, this means they intersect at two points.[40] Another figure, Surface of Sphere Intersecting a Circle (not a solid disk) at Two Points, illustrates the intersection. The two intersections are marked with dots. Again the article trilateration clearly shows this mathematically. , would be the

For automobiles and other near-earth vehicles, the correct position of the GPS receiver is the intersection closest to the Earth's surface.[41] For space vehicles, the intersection farthest from Earth may be the correct one. The correct position for the GPS receiver is also the intersection closest to the surface of the sphere corresponding to the fourth satellite.

APPLICATION These satellites have been used for many purposes but some major application are in
1. 2.

Civilian Purposes Military

Correcting a GPS receiver's clock

One of the most significant error sources is the GPS receiver's clock. Because of the very large value of the speed of light, c, the estimated distances from the GPS receiver to the satellites, the pseudoranges, are very sensitive to errors in the GPS receiver clock; for example an error of one microsecond (0.000 001 second) corresponds to an error of 300 metres (980 ft). This suggests that an extremely accurate and expensive clock is required for the GPS receiver to work. Because manufacturers prefer to build inexpensive GPS receivers for mass markets, the solution for this dilemma is based on the way sphere surfaces intersect in the GPS problem.

Diagram depicting satellite 4, sphere, p4, r4, and da It is likely that the surfaces of the three spheres intersect, because the circle of intersection of the first two spheres is normally quite large, and thus the third sphere surface is likely to intersect this large circle. It is very unlikely that the surface of the sphere corresponding to the fourth satellite will intersect either of the two points of intersection of the first three, because any clock error

could cause it to miss intersecting a point. However, the distance from the valid estimate of GPS receiver position to the surface of the sphere corresponding to the fourth satellite can be used to compute a clock correction. Let , which is the distance from the valid estimate of GPS receiver position to the denote the pseudorange of the fourth satellite. Let , which is

fourth satellite, and let

the distance from the computed GPS receiver position to the surface of the sphere corresponding to the fourth satellite. Thus the quotient, , provides an estimate of GPS receiver's clock bias: , where is the time indicated by the receiver's on-board clock and is the correct reception time. The GPS receiver clock can be advanced if is positive or delayed if is negative.

References:
1.

Isro.org Wikipedia Google

2.

3.