Applications of Definite Integrals

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Applications of Definite Integrals

Areas 2

Arc Length 8

Volumes of Solids of Revolution 11

Area of Surface of Revolution 13

Prepared by Mr. K. F. Ngai

Page 1
Applications of Definite Integrals
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Areas
A Equations of Curves are represented in Rectangular Form

Let A denote the area ( or total area) of the shaded region.

Theorem The area enclosed by the graph of y  f ( x) , the x-axis and the lines x  a and x  b is

 
b b
equal to f ( x) dx or y dx .
a a

Theorem The area enclosed by the graph of x  g( y ) , the x-axis and the lines y  c and y  d is

 
d d
equal to g( y ) dy or x dy .
c c

Prepared by Mr. K. F. Ngai

Page 2
Applications of Definite Integrals
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
Example Find the area enclosed by the graph of y  x , the axis and the lines x  1 and x  3 .
2

Solution

Example Find the area bounded by the following curves.

x2 y 2
(a) Ellipse:   1.
a2 b2

 x  a(t  sin t )
(b) Cycloid:  , 0  t  2π and x-axis.
 y  a(1  cos t )

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Applications of Definite Integrals
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
Example Find the area enclosed by the graph y  x  1 , the y-axis and the lines y  2 and y  3 .
2

Example Given a conic C : x 2  4y 2  6x  8y  9  0 .

(a) By completing squares and translation coordinate axes, transform the equation of
C to standard form. What is this curve?
(b) find the area of the region bounded by C . ( Ans: 2π )
Solution

Prepared by Mr. K. F. Ngai

Page 4
Applications of Definite Integrals
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

B Equations of Curves are in parametric Form

It is known that the area between the curve y  f ( x) and the lines x  a , x  b and y  0


b
is given by y dx .
a

 x  F( t )
If the equation of the curve is in parametric form  ,
 y  G (t )

t α when x  a;
where t is a parameter, and if
t β when x  b,
dx
 F' (t ) is a continuous function on [ α ,β ] , and F' (t ) does not change sign is in ( α ,β ) ,
dt

 x  F( t )
then the area of the region bounded by the curve  , the x-axis and the lines
 y  G (t )

β β
x  a , x  b is 
α
G (t ) F' (t )dt   y x' (t )dt . ( Integration by substitution )
α

dx
This formula is also true when if α  β . In this case  F' (t )  0 for all t  ( β ,α ) .
dt

 x  a cos t
Example Find the area of the ellipse  , where a  0 , b  0 .
 y  b sin t

x  t 2  2
Example Consider the curve  . Find the area bounded by the curve and y-axis.
y  2t

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Page 5
Applications of Definite Integrals
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
 x  sin 3 t π
AL91II-3 Consider the curve  , 0t .
 y  cos t
3
2

Find the area bounded by the curve, the x-axis and y-axis.

Solution The figure is symmetric about both of the coordinates axes.

x  t 2  1
Example Consider the curve  . Find the area bounded by Loop of curve.
y  t  t
3

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Page 6
Applications of Definite Integrals
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
Example Suppose that the curve in figure with parametric form x  f (t ) , y  g(t ) . If t 1 and t 2 are
1 t 2 dy dx
the parameters of points A and B . Show the shaded area is  ( x  y )dt .
2 1 dt
t dt

Prepared by Mr. K. F. Ngai

Page 7
Applications of Definite Integrals
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Arc Lengths

A Equations of curves are in Rectangular Form

Theorem If a curve y  f ( x) has a continuous derivative on [a, b] , then the length of the curve from
2
 dy 
 1  (f ' ( x)) dx  
b b
x  a to x  b is given by 2
1    dx .
a a
 dx 

Remark If the equation of the curve is in the form x  g( y ) , then the length of the arc between y  c
2
 dx 
 
d d
and y  d is given by 1  (g ' ( x )) dy 
2
1    dy .
c c
 dy 

Example Find the length of the parabolic arc y 2  4x from (0,0) to (4,4) .

Example Find the length of the loop of the curve 12y 2  x(4  x ) 2 .

Remark

Prepared by Mr. K. F. Ngai

Page 8
Applications of Definite Integrals
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

B Equations of Curves are in Parametric Form

Theorem When a function is expressed in parametric form x  f (t ) and y  g(t ) , the arc length s of
the curve from t  a to t  b is given by

s
b
(f ' (t )) 2  (g' (t )) 2 dt
a

Example Find the length of curve x  4t 2 , y  2t 3 between t  0, t  1 .

Example Find the length of the loop of the curve 9ay 2  x( 3a  x ) 2 , a  0 .

Prepared by Mr. K. F. Ngai

Page 9
Applications of Definite Integrals
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
 x  sin 3 t π
AL91II-3 Consider the curve  , 0t .
 y  cos t
3
2

Find the length of the curve.

 x  a cos 3 t
Example Find the total length of the curve:  where a  0 .
 y  a sin t ,
3

Question In the above example, as t increases from 0 to 2π , the point will move along the curve for a
complete turn. Is it correct to find the arc length by evaluating the integral
2π
 sin 2 t 
2 2
2π  dx   dy 
0
     dt  3a 
 dt   dt   2 0
 ?

2 2
 dx   dy 
Always bear in mind that      0.
 dt   dt 

Prepared by Mr. K. F. Ngai

Page 10
Applications of Definite Integrals
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Volumes of Solids of Revolution

A Disc Method

Theorem Let y  f ( x) be a continuous function defined on [a, b] , and S be the region bounded by
the curve y  f ( x) , the lines x  a , x  b and the x-axis. Then the volume V of the solid
generated by revolving the region S one complete revolution about the x-axis is given by

V  π  y 2 dx  π  f ( x) dx .
b b 2

a a

 x  h( t )
Remark In parametric form  , the volume of solid of resolution generated by revolving the
 y  g( t )

region enclosed by the graph, x-axis and from t 1 to t 2 about x-axis.

V  π  (g(t )) 2h' (t )dt

t2

t1

Theorem Let y  f ( x) be a continuous function defined on [a, b] , and S be the region bounded by
the curve y  f ( x) , the lines x  a , x  b and y  h . Then the volume V of the solid
generated by revolving the region S one complete revolution about the y  h is given by

V  π  ( y  h ) 2 dx  π  f ( x)  h  dx
b b 2

a a

Example Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving one complete revolution of the upper half
2
2
 x   y 3
region of the closed curve       1 about the line y  b , (a  0, b  0) .
a b

Prepared by Mr. K. F. Ngai

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Applications of Definite Integrals
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
Example Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by the cycloid
x  a(t  sin t ) , y  a(1  cos t ) , where a  0 and 0  t  2 π , and the x-axis about the
x-axis.

Example Find the volume of solid generated by revolving the region bounded by the curve x  cos 3 t
y  sin 3 t about y-axis.

B Shell Method

Theorem Let f be a function continuous on [a, b] . If the area bounded by the graph of f ( x ) , the
x-axis and the lines x  a and x  b is revolved about the y-axis, the volume V of solid


b
generated is 2 π xf ( x)dx
a

Example Derive a formula for evaluation the volume of a cylinder of a radius a and height h by using
the shell method.

Prepared by Mr. K. F. Ngai

Page 12
Applications of Definite Integrals
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
Example Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by the curves

y  x 2  x , y  e  x and the lines x  1, x  2 one complete revolution about the y-axis.

2

Area of Surface of Revolution

Theorem Suppose y  f ( x) has a continuous derivative on [a, b] . Then the area S of the surface of
revolution by the arc of the curve y  f ( x) between x  a and x  b about the x-axis is

2π  f ( x) 1  f ' ( x) 2 dx
b
S =
a

2
 dy 
2π 
b
= y 1    dx
a
 dx 

Remark The corresponding formula for the area of the surface of revolution obtained by revolving an
arc of a curve x  g( y ) from y  c to y  d about the y-axis is

2π  g( y ) 1  g' ( y ) 2 dy
d
S =
c

2
 dx 
2π 
d
= x 1    dy
c
 dy 

Theorem If a portion of the curve of parametric equations x  x(t ) , y  y (t ) between the points
corresponding to t 1 and t 2 is revolved about the x-axis, the surface area S is

2π  y (t )ds  2π  y (t ) [x' (t )]2  [y' (t )]2 dt .

t2 t2
S =
t1 t1

Prepared by Mr. K. F. Ngai

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Applications of Definite Integrals
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

 x  r cosθ
Example Consider the curve  . Find the surface area of a sphere.
 y  r sin θ

AL93II-4 Find the area of the surface obtained by rotating the following curve about the x-axis:

 x  sin 3 t π π
 ,  t .
 y  cos t
3
2 2

Example Find the area of the surface generated by rotating the arc of the curve x  e t sin t ,
π
y  e t cos t , from t  0 to t  about the x-axis.
2

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Page 14
Applications of Definite Integrals
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
Example Find the area of surface generated by revolving the graph of x  3t 2 , y  t 3 between t  0
and t  2 about y-axis.

Example The curve C is represented by x  4t 2 and y  t 4  4 ln t

(a) Find the length of the loop of C from t  1 to t  2 .
(b) Find the Volume of the solid generated by revolving the arc in (a) about y-axis. Find
also the surface area.

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