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Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 535

Jeng-Shyang Pan
Václav Snášel
Tien-Wen Sung
Xiao Dong Wang Editors

Intelligent Data
Analysis and
Applications
Proceedings of the Third Euro-China
Conference on Intelligent Data
Analysis and Applications, ECC 2016
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

Volume 535

Series editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
e-mail: [email protected]
About this Series

The series “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publications on

theory, applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems and Intelligent Computing.
Virtually all disciplines such as engineering, natural sciences, computer and information
science, ICT, economics, business, e-commerce, environment, healthcare, life science are
covered. The list of topics spans all the areas of modern intelligent systems and computing.
The publications within “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” are primarily
textbooks and proceedings of important conferences, symposia and congresses. They cover
significant recent developments in the field, both of a foundational and applicable character.
An important characteristic feature of the series is the short publication time and world-wide
distribution. This permits a rapid and broad dissemination of research results.

Advisory Board
Chairman
Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
e-mail: [email protected]
Members
Rafael Bello, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
e-mail: [email protected]
Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
e-mail: [email protected]
Hani Hagras, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
e-mail: [email protected]
László T. Kóczy, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary
e-mail: [email protected]
Vladik Kreinovich, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
Chin-Teng Lin, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
e-mail: [email protected]
Jie Lu, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
e-mail: [email protected]
Patricia Melin, Tijuana Institute of Technology, Tijuana, Mexico
e-mail: [email protected]
Nadia Nedjah, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
e-mail: [email protected]
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
e-mail: [email protected]
Jun Wang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
e-mail: [email protected]

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11156

Jeng-Shyang Pan Václav Snášel
•

Tien-Wen Sung Xiao Dong Wang

•

Editors

Intelligent Data Analysis

and Applications
Proceedings of the Third Euro-China
Conference on Intelligent Data Analysis
and Applications, ECC 2016

123
Editors
Jeng-Shyang Pan Tien-Wen Sung
College of Information Science College of Information Science
and Engineering and Engineering
Fujian University of Technology Fujian University of Technology
Fuzhou, Fujian Fuzhou
China China

Václav Snášel Xiao Dong Wang

Faculty of Electrical Engineering College of Information Science
and Computer Science and Engineering
VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava Fujian University of Technology
Ostrava-Poruba, Moravskoslezsky Fuzhou
Czech Republic China

ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic)

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
ISBN 978-3-319-48498-3 ISBN 978-3-319-48499-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-48499-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016954940

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or
for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

This volume of Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing contains the

accepted papers presented in the ECC 2016, the Third Euro-China Conference on
Intelligent Data Analysis and Applications, which was held in Fuzhou City, China,
during November 7–9, 2016. The aim of ECC is to provide an internationally
respected forum for scientific research in the broad area of intelligent data analysis,
computational intelligence, signal processing, and all associated applications of AIs.
The third edition of ECC was organized jointly by Fujian University of Technology
and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Applications, China,
and VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic. The conference was
co-sponsored by Taiwan Association for Web Intelligence Consortium and Immersion
Co., Ltd.
The organization of the ECC 2016 conference was entirely voluntary. The
review process required an enormous effort from the members of the international
technical program committee, and we would therefore like to thank all its members
for their contributions to the success of this conference. We would like to express
our sincere thanks to the host of ECC 2016, Fujian University of Technology in
China, and to the publisher, Springer, for their hard work and support in organizing
the conference. Finally, we would like to thank all the authors for their high-quality
contributions. The friendly and welcoming attitude of conference supporters and
contributors made this event a success!

September 2016 Jen-Shyan Pan

Václav Snášel
Tien-Wen Sung
Xiao Dong Wang

v
Organization

Honorary Chair

Xinhua Jiang Fujian University of Technology, China

Advisory Committee Chairs

XiaoDong Wang Fujian University of Technology, China

KeShou Wu Xiamen University of Technology, China
Bin-Yih Liao Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences,
Taiwan

Conference Chairs

Jeng-Shyang Pan Fujian University of Technology, China

Vaclav Snasel VSB-Technical University of Ostrava,
Czech Republic
Luo Hao Zhejiang University, China

Program Committee Chairs

RiQing Chen Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China

Muhammad Khurram Khan King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
Yi Wu Fujian Normal University, China

vii
viii Organization

Invited Session Chairs

Tien-Wen Sung Fujian University of Technology, China

Tarek Gaber Suez Canal University, Egypt
Tsu-Yang Wu Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen
Graduate School, China

Local Organizing Chairs

FuMin Zou Fujian University of Technology, China

Zhiming Cai Fujian University of Technology, China

Electronic Media Chair

Tien-Wen Sung Fujian University of Technology, China

Publication Chairs

Xiangwen Liao Fuzhou University, China

Pei-Wei Tsai Fujian University of Technology, China

Finance Chair

Hong Chen Fujian University of Technology, China

International Program Committee

Aarti singh Maharishi Markandeshwar University, India

Abdel hamid Bouchachia University of Klagenfurt, Austria
Abdelhameed Ibrahim Mansoura University, Egypt
AbdElrahman Shabayek Suez Canal University, Egypt
Abd. Samad Hasan Basari Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Abraham Duarte Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain
Ahmed Anter BeniSuef University, Egypt
Akira Asano Kansai University, Japan
Alaa Tharwat Suez Canal University, Egypt
Alberto Alvarez European Centre for Soft Computing, Spain
Alberto Cano University of Cordoba, Spain
Alberto Fernandez Universidad de Jaen, Spain
Alberto Bugarin University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Alex James Indian Institute of Information Technology
and Management - Kerala, India
Organization ix

Alexandru Floares Romania

Alma Gomez University of Vigo, Spain
Amelia Zafra Gomez University of Cordoba, Spain
Amira S. Ashour Tanta University, Egypt
Amparo Fuster-Sabater Institute of Applied Physics (C.S.I.C.), Spain
Ana Lorena Federal University of ABC, Brazil
Anazida Zainal Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
Andre Carvalho University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
Andreas Koenig Technische Universitat Kaiserslautern, Germany
Anna Bartkowiak University of Wroclaw, Poland
Anna Fanelli Universita di Bari, Italy
Antonio Peregrin University of Huelva, Spain
Antonio J. Tallon-Ballesteros University of Seville, Spain
Anusuriya Devaraju Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH
Aranzazu Jurio Universidad Publica de Navarra, Spain
Ashish Umre University of Sussex, UK
Ashraf Saad Armstrong Atlantic State University, USA
Ayeley Tchangani University Toulouse III, France
Aymeric Histace Universite Cergy-Pontoise, France
Azah Kamilah Muda Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Bartosz Krawczyk Politechnika Wroclawska, Poland
Beatriz Pontes University of Seville, Spain
Brijesh Verma Central Queensland University, Australia
Bing-Huang Chen Fujian University of Technology, China
Carlos Barranco Pablo de Olavide University, Spain
Carlos Cano University of Granada, Spain
Carlos Fernandes GeNeura Team, Spain
Carlos Garcia-Martinez University of Cordoba, Spain
Carlos Lopezmolina Universidad Publica de Navarra, Spain
Carlos Morell Universidad Central Marta Abreu de Las Villas,
Cuba
Cesar Hervas-Martinez University of Cordoba, Spain
Chang-Shing Lee National University of Tainan, Taiwan
Chao-Chun Chen Southern Taiwan University, Taiwan
Chia-Feng Juang National Chung-Hsing University, Taiwan
Chin-Chen Chang Feng Chia University, Taiwan
Chris Cornelis Ghent University, Belgium
Chun-Wei Lin Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen
Graduate School, China
Chuan-Kang Ting National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan
Chuan-Yu Chang National Yunlin University of Science
and Technology, Taiwan
Chu-Hsing Lin Tunghai University, Taiwan
Coral del Val University of Granada, Spain
x Organization

Crina Grosan Norwegian University of Science

and Technology, Norway
Cristina Rubio-Escudero University of Sevilla, Spain
Cristobal Romero University of Cordoba, Spain
Cristobal J. Carmona University of Jaen, Spain
Chia-Hung Wang Fujian University of Technology, China
Chia-Jung Lee Fujian University of Technology, China
Dalia Kriksciuniene Vilnius University, Lithuania
David Becerra-Alonso ETEA-INSA, Spain
Detlef Seese Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT),
Germany
Edurne Barrenechea Universidad Publica de Navarra, Spain
Eiji Uchino Yamaguchi University, Japan
Eliska Ochodkova VSB-Technical University of Ostrava,
Czech Republic
Elizabeth Goldbarg Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Emaliana Kasmuri Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Enrique Herrera-Viedma University of Granada, Spain
Enrique Yeguas University of Cordoba, Spain
Eulalia Szmidt Systems Research Institute Polish Academy
of Sciences, Poland
Eva Gibaja University of Cordoba, Spain
Federico Divina Pablo de Olavide University, Spain
Fernando Bobillo University of Zaragoza, Spain
Fernando Delaprieta University of Salamanca, Spain
Fernando Gomide University of Campinas, Brazil
Fernando Jimenez University of Murcia, Spain
Francesc J. Ferri Universitat de Valencia, Spain
Francesco Marcelloni University of Pisa, Italy
Francisco Fernandez Navarro University of Cordoba, Spain
Francisco Herrera University of Granada, Spain
Francisco Martinez-Alvarez Pablo de Olavide University, Spain
Francisco Martinez-Estudillo University Loyola Andalucia, Spain
Frank Klawonn University of Applied Sciences Baunschweig,
Germany
Gabriel Luque University of Malaga, Spain
Gede Pramudya Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Giacomo Fiumara University of Messina, Italy
Giovanna Castellano Universita di Bari, Italy
Giovanni Acampora University of Salerno, Italy
Girijesh Prasad University of Ulster, UK
Gladys Castillo University of Aveiro, Portugal
Gloria Bordogna CNR IDPA, Italy
Gregg Vesonder AT&T Labs Research, USA
Huiyu Zhou Queen’s University Belfast, UK
Organization xi

Hai-Yan Yang Fujian University of Technology, China

Ilkka Havukkala Intellectual Property Office of New Zealand,
New Zealand
Imre Lendak University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Intan Ermahani A. Jalil Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Isabel Nunes UNL/FCT, Portugal
Isabel S. Jesus Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto,
Portugal
Ivan Garcia-Magarino Universidad a Distancia de Madrid, Spain
Jae Oh Syracuse University, USA
Jan Martinovic VSB-Technical University of Ostrava,
Czech Republic
Jan Plato VSB-Technical University of Ostrava,
Czech Republic
Javier Sedano Technological Institute of Castilla y Leon, Spain
Javier Perez University of Salamanca, Spain
Jesus Alcala-Fdez University of Granada, Spain
Jesus Serrano-Guerrero University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
Jitender S. Deogun University of Nebraska, USA
Joaquin Lopez Fernandez University of Vigo, Spain
Jorge Nunez Mc Leod Institute of C.E.D.I.A.C, Argentina
Jose Valente De Oliveira Universidade do Algarve, Portugal
Jose Luis Perez de la Cruz University of Malaga, Spain
Jose Villar Oviedo University, Spain
Jose M. Merigo University of Barcelona, Spain
Jose-Maria Luna University of Cordoba, Spain
Jose Pena Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain
Jose Raul Romero University of Cordoba, Spain
Jose Tenreiro Machado Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto,
Portugal
Juan Botia Universidad de Murcia, Spain
Juan Gomez-Romero Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain
Juan Vidal Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Juan J. Flores Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de
Hidalgo, Mexico
Juan-Luis Olmo University of Cordoba, Spain
Julio Cesar Nievola Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana, Brazil
Jun Zhang Waseda University, Japan
Jyh-Horng Chou National Kaohsiung First Univ. of Science
and Technology, Taiwan
Jerzy W. Rozenblit University of Arizona, USA
Kang Tai Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Kaori Yoshida Kyushu Institute of Technology, Japan
Kazumi Nakamatsu University of Hyogo, Japan
Kebin Jia Beijing University of Technology, China
xii Organization

Kelvin Lau University of York, UK

Kubilay Ecerkale Turkish Air Force Academy, Turkey
Kumudha Raimond Karunya University, India
Kun Ma University of Jinan, China
Leandro Coelho Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana, Brazil
Lee Chang-Yong Kongju National University, Korea
Leida Li University of Mining and Technology, China
Leon Wang National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Liang Zhao University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
Liliana Ironi IMATI-CNR, Italy
Lincoln faria Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
Luciano Stefanini “University of Urbino” “Carlo Bo”, Italy
Ludwig Simone North Dakota State University, USA
Luigi Troiano University of Sannio, Italy
Luka Eciolaza European Centre for Soft Computing, Spain
Liang-Cheng Shiu National Pingtung University, Taiwan
Macarena Espinilla Estevez Universidad de Jaen, Spain
Manuel Grana University of Basque Country, Spain
Manuel Lama Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Manuel Mucientes University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Marco Cococcioni University of Pisa, Italy
Maria Nicoletti Federal University of Sao Carlos, Brazil
Maria Torsello Universita di Bari, Italy
Maria Jose Del Jesus Universidad de Jaen, Spain
Mariantonietta Noemi IIT-CNR, Italy
La Polla
Maria Teresa Lamata University of Granada, Spain
Mario Giovanni C.A. Cimino University of Pisa, Italy
Mario Koeppen Kyushu Institute of Technology, Japan
Martine De Cock Ghent University, Belgium
Michael Blumenstein Griffith University, Australia
Michal Kratky VSB-Technical University of Ostrava,
Czech Republic
Michal Wozniak Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Michela Antonelli University of Pisa, Italy
Mikel Galar Universidad Publica de Navarra, Spain
Milos Kudelka VSB-Technical University of Ostrava,
Czech Republic
Min Wu Oracle, USA
Mohamed Eltoukhy Suez Canal University, Egypt
Mohamed Khairy Suez Canal University, Egypt
Mohamed Tahoun Suez Canal University, Egypt
Mona Solyman Cairo University, Egypt
Organization xiii

Nilanjan Dey Techno India College of Technology, India

Noor Azilah Muda Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Norberto Diaz-Diaz Pablo de Olavide University, Spain
Norton Gonzalez University of Fortaleza, Brazil
Noura Semary Menofia University, Egypt
Nurulakmar Emran Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Olgierd Unold Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Oscar Castillo Tijuana Institute of Technology, Mexico
Ovidio Salvetti ISTI-CNR, Italy
Ozgur Koray Sahingoz Turkish Air Force Academy, Turkey
Pablo Villacorta University of Granada, Spain
Patrick Siarry Universit de Paris, France
Paulo Carrasco Universidade do Algarve, Portugal
Paulo Moura Oliveira University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro,
Portugal
Pedro Gonzalez University of Jaen, Spain
Philip Samuel Cochin University of Science and Technology,
India
Pierre-Francois Marteau Universite de Bretagne Sud, France
Pietro Ducange University of Pisa, Italy
Punam Bedi University of Delhi, India
Qieshi Zhang Waseda University, Japan
Qinghan Xiao Defence R&D Canada, Canada
Radu-Codrut David Politehnica University of Timisoara, Romania
Rafael Bello Universidad Central de Las Villas, Cuba
Ramin Halavati Sharif University of Technology, Iran
Ramiro Barbosa Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto,
Portugal
Ramon Sagarna University of Birmingham, UK
Richard Jensen Aberystwyth University, UK
Robert Berwick Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Roberto Armenise Poste Italiane, Italy
Robiah Yusof Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Roman Neruda Institute of Computer Science, Czech Republic
S. Ramakrishnan Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering
and Technology, India
Sabrina Ahmad Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Sadaaki Miyamoto University of Tsukuba, Japan
Santi Llobet Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Spain
Sarwar kamal East West University, Bangladesh
Satrya Fajri Pratama Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Saurav Karmakar Georgia State University, USA
Sazalinsyah Razali Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Sebastian Ventura University of Cordoba, Spain
xiv Organization

Selva Rivera Institute of C.E.D.I.A.C, Argentina

Shang-Ming Zhou University of Wales Swansea, UK
Siby Abraham University of Mumbai, India
Silvia Poles EnginSoft, Italy
Silvio Bortoleto Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Siti Rahayu Selamat Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Steven Guan Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, China
Sung-Bae Cho Yonsei University, Korea
Swati V. Chande International School of Informatics
and Management, India
Sylvain Piechowiak Universite de Valenciennes et du
Hainaut-Cambresis, France
Subhas Mukhopadhyay Massey University, New Zealand
Takashi Hasuike Osaka University, Japan
Taras Kotyk Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University,
Ukraine
Tarek Gaber Suez Canal University, Egypt
Tay Kai Meng Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia
Teresa Ludermir Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
Thomas Hanne University of Applied Sciences Northwestern
Switzerland, Switzerland
Tzung-Pei Hong National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Ting-Ting Wu National Yunlin University of Science
and Technology, Taiwan
Vaclav Snasel VSB-Technical University of Ostrava,
Czech Republic
Valentina Colla Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Italy
Victor Hugo Menendez Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Mexico
Dominguez
Vincenzo Loia University of Salerno, Italy
Vincenzo Piuri University of Milan, Italy
Virgilijus Sakalauskas Vilnius University, Lithuania
Vivek Deshpande MIT College of Engineering, India
Vladimir Filipovic University of Belgrade, Serbia
Wahiba Ben Abdessalem Taif University, KSA
Karaa
Wei Wei Xi’an University of Technology, China
Wei-Chiang Hong Oriental Institute of Technology, Taiwan
Wen-Yang Lin National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Wilfried Elmenreich University of Klagenfurt, Austria
Yasuo Kudo Muroran Institute of Technology, Japan
Ying-Ping Chen National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan
Yun-Huoy Choo Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Yunyi Yan Xidian University, China
Yusuke Nojima Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
Organization xv

Feng-Cheng Chang Tamkang University, Taiwan

Yueh-Hong Chen Far East University, Taiwan
Hsiang-Cheh Huang National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Yuh-Yih Lu Minghsin University of Science and Technology,
Taiwan

Sponsoring Institution

Fujian University of Technology, China

Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Applications, China
Contents

Part I Intelligent Data Analysis and Processing

The Complex Vector Maxwell Equations and an Applied Research . . . . 3
Miaoyu Zhang, Baolong Guo and Jie Wu
Passenger Hailing Safety PASW Modeler and Big Data Statistical
Analysis Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
S.H. Meng, A.C. Huang, T.J. Huang, J. Chen and J.S. Pan
Cellular Automaton Rule Extractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Lukas Kroczek and Ivan Zelinka
Recovery of Compressed Sensing Microarray Using Sparse
Random Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Zhenhua Gan, Baoping Xiong, Fumin Zou, Yueming Gao and Min Du
The Reliability and Economic Analysis Comparison Between
Parallel System and Erlang Distribution System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Lin Xu, Chao-Fan Xie and Lu-Xiong Xu
Research on the Construction of College Information Applications
Based on Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Zhu Quan
Estimating Human Activities from Smartwatches with Feedforward
Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Sebastián Basterrech

Part II Image Processing and Applications

Image Classification Based on Image Hash Convolution
Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Yaoxing Chen, Yunyi Yan and Dan Zhao

xvii
xviii Contents

Object Recognition Based on Superposition Proportion

in Binary Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Yan Zheng, Baolong Guo and Jing Ma
Piecewise Planar Region Matching for High-Resolution Aerial
Video Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Meng Yi and Li-chun Sui
Salient Object Detection Based on Histogram-Based Contrast
and Guided Image Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Pingping Zeng, Fanjie Meng, Ruixia Shi, Dalong Shan and Yanlong Wang
A New Method for Extraction of Residential Areas from Multispectral
Satellite Imagery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Rui Xu, Yanfang Zeng and Quan Liang
Tooth Segmentation from Cone Beam Computed Tomography Images
Using the Identified Root Canal and Harmonic Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Shi-Jian Liu, Zheng Zou, Ye Liang and Jeng-Shyang Pan
Thresholding Method Based on the Relative Homogeneity
Between the Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Hong Zhang and Wenyu Hu

Part III Innovative Technology and Applications

Searching of Circular Neighborhoods in the Square and Hexagonal
Regular Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Vojtěch Uher, Petr Gajdoš and Václav Snášel
A Moving Object Detection Algorithm Based on a Combination
Optical Flow and Edge Detection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Yao Xi, Ke-bin Jia and Zhong-hua Sun
The Real-Time Depth Map Obtainment Based on Stereo Matching . . . . 138
Fei Wang, Kebin Jia and Jinchao Feng
Handwritten Numbers and English Characters Recognition System . . . . 145
Wei Li, Xiaoxuan He, Chao Tang, Keshou Wu, Xuhui Chen,
Shaoyong Yu, Yuliang Lei, Yanan Fang and Yuping Song
Method for Noises Removel Based on PDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Baoping Xiong, Zhenhua Gan, Fumin Zou, Yuemin Gao and Min Du

Part IV Innovative E-learning and Applications

Application of E-Learning in Teaching of English
as a Second Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Pei-Wei Tsai, Pei-Shu Tsai, Powen Ku, Vaci Istanda and Tarek Gabe
Contents xix

A Case Study on Information Literacy and the Use of Social Media

for Senior Learners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
You-Te Lu, Yi-Hsing Chang and Tien-Wen Sung
Establishing a Game-Based Learning Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Yi-Hsing Chang, Jheng-Yu Chen, Rong-Jyue Fang and You-Te Lu
A Study on Smart Deployment for Real-Time Strategy Games . . . . . . . . 185
Cheng-Ta Yang, Bing-Chang Chen, Her-Tyan Yeh and Guo-Xiang Jian
A Learning Approach to Hierarchical Features for Automatic
Music Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Michele Della Ventura

Part V Networks and Security

Error Control Schemes for Robust Transmission with Compressed
Sensing Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Hsiang-Cheh Huang, Po-Liang Chen and Feng-Cheng Chang
Camellia Key Expansion Algorithm Based on Chaos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Chuanfu Wang and Qun Ding
The Key Exchange Algorithm in Network Encryption Machine . . . . . . . 219
Minghao Li and Qun Ding
Automatic Detection Method for Dynamic Topology Structure
of Urban Traffic Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Xianghai Ge, Xinhua Jiang, Fumin Zou and Lvchao Liao

Part VI Circuit Analysis and Systems

An XDL Analysis Method for SRAM-Based FPGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Junfeng Liu, Yunyi Yan and Jinfu Wu
Area Estimation for Triple Modular Redundancy Field
Programmable Gate Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Hongjie He, Baolong Guo and Yunyi Yan
Coupled Plasmonic Nanoantennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Hancong Wang
A High Frequency Voltage-Controlled PWM/PSM Dual-Mode
Buck DC-DC Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Zhong Lun-Gui and Cheng Xin
A Complex Network Based Classification of Covered Conductors
Faults Detection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Tomas Vantuch, Jan Gaura, Stanislav Misak and Ivan Zelinka
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Intelligent Data Analysis
and Processing
 The Complex Vector Maxwell Equations
and an Applied Research

Miaoyu Zhang1,2(&), Baolong Guo1, and Jie Wu2

1
Institute of Intelligent Control and Image Engineering,
Xidian University, Xian 710071, Shaanxi, China
[email protected]
2
School of Electronic Engineering, Xian Shiyou University,
Xian 710065, Shaanxi, China

Abstract. Different forms of Maxwell equations can clearly describe macro-

scopic electromagnetic laws of different problems. The complex vector Maxwell
equations are deduced on the basis of the plural form equations. They visually
show a process and a rule that a time-varying electromagnetic field is stimulated
by a harmonic current source. Firstly, with reference to the complex vector
Maxwell equations, the author analyzes basic rules and characteristics of the
electromagnetic field that current source excites in the infinite conductive
medium. It reveals an interdependent mechanism among the current, magnetic
and electric field. Secondly, they are applied to the analysis of electromagnetic
and current characteristics that a coil current source generates in induction
logging around the borehole. The results show that the complex vector Maxwell
equations not only clearly describe a physical relationship of mutual dependence
and mutual excitation among the real vector and imaginary vector of the
electric-field intensity, magnetic field intensity, induced current, displacement
current and excitation current, but also deeply appears a relationship between the
receiving voltage and the formation parameters in induction logging. The
numerical calculation and drawing graphics display a law of the real vector and
imaginary vector of the electric field intensity, magnetic field intensity, induced
current, displacement current and excitation current.

Keywords: Complex vector
Maxwell equation
Electric field
Magnetic

field
Induced current
Displacement current

1 Introduction

Maxwell equations are basic equations in the macroscopic electromagnetic phenomena

and they reflect a law of variation of electromagnetic field. In the existing literatures, a
lot of people made some transformations to the mathematics of Maxwell electrody-
namics (Maxwell equations and Lagrange etc.) for various reasons and purposes, and
interpreted their physical meaning differently. In recent years, a complex vector
expression of electromagnetic field was proposed by Bing et al. [1]. They pointed out
that electric field is a real part of a complex vector, magnetic field is an imaginary part,
and a three-dimensional real vector in the traditional electromagnetism is rewritten as
three-dimensional complex vector, thus the electric and magnetic fields are unified, the
© Springer International Publishing AG 2017
J. Pan et al. (eds.), Intelligent Data Analysis and Applications, Advances in Intelligent Systems
and Computing 535, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-48499-0_1
4 M. Zhang et al.

complex vector equations of electromagnetic field are obtained. At the same time, A.I.
Arbab also presented a unified complex model of Maxwell’s equation, which resembles
that of Xu Bing in research method. The form of Maxwell’s equations is one vector
equation and one scalar equation, which reveals the analogy existing between the
quantum mechanical equations of motion [2]. In recent years, the author finds in the
electromagnetic researching: When expressed in complex vectors, the plural form of
complex amplitude vectors of electric field and magnetic field can clearly reveal how to
excite and interconnect between the real part and the imaginary part of electric-field and
magnetic field and establish a unified electromagnetic field. Then they can explained
various mechanisms in induction logging. This article will derive the complex vector
expression of Maxwell equations on the basis of this theory; the mutual relationship
and influence factors between the electromagnetic quantities are analyzed in the
establishment of the electromagnetic field and some conclusions are drawn.

2 Maxwell Equations

An alternating electric field and a magnetic field are not isolated. They are always
closely linked together and excited each other, which makes a unified electromagnetic
field. This is a basic concept of Maxwell electromagnetic theory in time-varying fields.
In the sinusoidal electromagnetic field, the plural form of Maxwell equations are
expressed as [3]

_
* _
* _
* _
*
r  H ¼ Jc þ Jd þ Je: ð1Þ

_
* _
*
r  E ¼ jxB: ð2Þ

_
*
r  B ¼ 0: ð3Þ

_
*
_
r  D ¼ q: ð4Þ

The corresponding constitutive relations for linear electromagnetic media are

expressed as

_
* _
*
D ¼ eE : ð5Þ

_
* _
*
B ¼ lH : ð6Þ

_
* _
*
J c ¼ rE : ð7Þ

The time factor “ejxt ” is omitted from formula (1) to (7), all of the variables are
*_ _
*
plural forms. Among them, E is the electric field intensity, the unit is V/m; H is the
 The Complex Vector Maxwell Equations and an Applied Research 5

*_
magnetic field intensity; the unit is A/m; B is the magnetic induction intensity, the unit
*_ _
*
is Wb/m2; D is the electric displacement vector, the unit is C/m2; J c is the conducting
*_
current density, the unit is A/m2; J d is the displacement current density, the unit is
*_ _ *_
*
A/m2, J d ¼ jxD; J e is the excitation current source, the unit is A/m2; q_ is the charge
density, the unit is C/m3; x is the angular frequency, the unit is rad/s; j is the imaginary
unit. l is the magnetic permeability, the unit is H/m; e is the dielectric constant, the unit
is F/m; r is the electric conductivity, the unit is S/m.
In the loss medium that it is unbounded in space and filled with dielectric constant
e, magnetic permeability l, electric conductivity r, when there is passive
_
*
(J_ e ¼ 0; q_ ¼ 0), the electric field intensity E of the plane electromagnetic wave is
expressed as [4]

_
* _
* **
E ¼ E0 ej k
r : ð8Þ

_
* _ *
*
In the Eq. (8), E 0 is a complex amplitude vector of the electric field intensity E ; k is
*
the wave vector; r is the radial vector in the observation point.
It is customary to substitute k for c ¼ jk, c is known as wave propagation constant,
c ¼ a þ jb.
If electric wave spread along the z-direction and the initial phase is 0, the Eq. (8)
turns into

_
*
E ¼ ^xE0 eaz ejbz ¼ ^xðE0 eaz cos bz  jE0 eaz sin bzÞ: ð9Þ

Among them,
pffiffiffiffiffi  12
x le h r 2 i12
a ¼ pffiffiffi 1 þ ð Þ 1 : ð10Þ
2 xe
pffiffiffiffiffi  12
x le h r i12
b ¼ pffiffiffi 1 þ ð Þ2 þ 1 : ð11Þ
2 xe

We can see that the greater x and r are, the greater a and b are [4]. The amplitude
_
*
of electric field intensity E decays by exponent eaz , the size is a plural, the vibration
direction is x-direction, so it is called complex amplitude vector. a represents an
attenuation constant, the unit is Np/m. b represents a phase shift constant, the unit is
_
*
rad/m. Similarly, they have same characteristics on conduction current density J c ,
_
* _
*
displacement current density J d , excitation current source J e , magnetic field intensity
*_ *_ *_
H , magnetic induction intensity B and electric displacement vector D.
6 M. Zhang et al.

3 Complex Vector Maxwell Equations

_
*
In Cartesian coordinates, an expression of the electric field intensity E with plural form is

_
*
E ¼ ^xE_ x þ ^yE_ y þ ^zE_ z : ð12Þ

In the Eq. (12), E_ x , E_ y and E_ z are complex amplitudes in the direction x, y and z.
The real and imaginary parts of the complex amplitude are brought into Eq. (12), the
Eq. (13) is obtained.

_
*  
E ¼ ^xðExR þ jExX Þ þ ^y EyR þ jEyX þ ^zðEzR þ jEzX Þ
   
¼ ^xExR þ ^yEyR þ ^zEzR þ j ^xExX þ ^yEyX þ ^zEzX ð13Þ
* *
¼ ER þ jE X :

Equation (13) is an electric-field complex vector in the harmonic fields. It shows

that electric-field intensity can be expressed as complex vector which is composed of a
real part and an imaginary vector. All of the plural form of variables can be written by
complex vector in the same way [5]. The complex vector expression of variables are
brought into Eqs. (1) and (2), the Eqs. (14) and (15) are obtained.
* * * * * * * *
r  H R þ jr  H X ¼ J cR þ J dR þ J eR þ jðJ cX þ J dX þ J eX Þ: ð14Þ
* * * *
r  E R þ jr  E X ¼ xlH X  jxlH R : ð15Þ

The real and imaginary parts are separated in Eqs. (14) and (15), the induction
current and displacement current are also written, the real form of the Maxwell
equations are obtained.
* * * * * * * *
r  H R ¼ J cR þ J dR þ J eR ; J cR ¼ rER ; J dR ¼ xeEX : ð16Þ
* * * * * * * *
r  H X ¼ J cX þ J dX þ J eX ; J cX ¼ rE X ; J dX ¼ xeE R : ð17Þ
* *
r  ER ¼ xlH X : ð18Þ
* *
r  EX ¼ xlH R : ð19Þ

How to understand physical significance on Maxwell Eqs. (16)–(19) with real

vector and imaginary vector of the complex vector?
The coil current generates sinusoidal electromagnetic field in the infinite conductive
_
* *
medium. The phase of the excitation current source is 0, J e ¼ J eR , We analyze a
building process of electromagnetic field through Eqs. (16)–(19), as shown in Fig. 1.
 The Complex Vector Maxwell Equations and an Applied Research 7

1. According to Eq. (16), a real part of primary magnetic field is generated by the real
part of current source, with the same phase as that of current source and the
direction of the real part of primary magnetic field perpendicular to the current
source.
2. According to Eq. (19), an imaginary part of primary electric field is generated by
the real part of primary magnetic field, which direction perpendicular to the real
part of magnetic field and opposite to current source.
3. According to Eq. (17), the imaginary part of the primary induction current is
generated by the imaginary part of primary electric field, which direction opposite
to that of the current source. It is proportional to conductivity. In the general
r
conductive medium, xe  1, the real part of displacement current is much smaller
than the imaginary part of the induction current, so it can be ignored.
4. The imaginary part of the secondary magnetic field is generated by the imaginary
part of the primary induction current, which direction opposite to the real part of
primary magnetic field.
5. According to Eq. (18), the real part of the secondary electric field is generated by
the imaginary part of the secondary magnetic field, which direction perpendicular
to the imaginary part of magnetic field and opposite to the current source.
6. According to Eq. (16), the real part of the secondary induction current is generated
by the real part of the secondary electric field.
7. The real part of the cubic magnetic field is generated by the real part of the
secondary induction current, which direction opposite to the real part of the pri-
mary magnetic field, so the primary magnetic field is weakened.
8. According to Eq. (19), the imaginary part of the cubic electric field is generated by
the real part of the cubic magnetic field, their direction are same.
9. The imaginary part of the cubic induction current is generated by the imaginary
part of the cubic electric field, According to Eq. (17), the imaginary part of the
quartic magnetic field is generated by the imaginary part of the cubic induction
current, which direction opposite to the imaginary part of secondary magnetic field.
10. According to Eq. (18), the real part of the quartic electric field is generated by the
imaginary part of the quartic magnetic field.
11. Repeat step (1).
The real part of current source excites the real part of primary magnetic field first.
Then there are real part of the magnetic field, imaginary parts of the electric field and
current in the odd field; there are imaginary part of the magnetic field, real parts of the

H X4
H R1
1 1 2 2
E X J cX E R J cR E X3 3
J cX E R4
J eR
H X2 H R3

Fig. 1. The establishment of the electromagnetic field generated by the coil current source in an
infinite conducting medium.
8 M. Zhang et al.

electric field and current in the even field. The magnetic field which radiate outward is
excited by current source. Next the magnetic field which radiate inward is generated
two times (the secondary and the cubic) by the current. It reflects and then it radiates
outward. Power feedback phenomenon is explained in the loss medium by the field
reflects inward [6]. Ohmic loss is generated by the induction current in the conductive
medium [7]. So, electromagnetic fields and electromagnetic waves exist only within a
certain range from the emission source because there are power feedback and Ohmic
loss on the steady state.

4 Application in the Electromagnetic Induction Logging

The formation resistivity is measured by using electromagnetic induction principle in

the electromagnetic induction logging areas. A transmitter passing a sinusoidal current
in the borehole will generate a sinusoidal magnetic field, electric field and current that it
is related to electromagnetic parameters of the formation medium. One or more
receiving coils (array induction logging) are arranged from the transmitter coil in a
certain distance. The information on medium are obtained through measuring received
voltage. So, the formation characteristics are researched further and oil or gas is found.
The receiving coil receives a complex voltage. It is often considered that the real part of
the voltage is formation information, the imaginary part is the unwanted signal which
doesn’t include formation information, but its value is far greater than the real part. So,
the imaginary signals are offset by a shielding coil winding opposite, otherwise they
will drown the real signals [8]. The following electromagnetic induction logging
mechanism is studied by the complex vector Maxwell equations and numerical
calculation.
As shown in Fig. 2, it is assumed that normal directions on a transmitter and a
receiver coil are z-direction in the homogeneous formation. The first phase of the
_
* *
current source is 0, J e ¼ J eR . It reveals an electromagnetic phenomenon around the
formation what the complex vector Maxwell equations described above.

y Transmitter coil
z
x

y Shielding coil
z
x

y Receiver coil

Fig. 2. Coils configuration schematic of the array induction tool.

 The Complex Vector Maxwell Equations and an Applied Research 9

The displacement current can be ignored

 when the inductions current is much larger
r
than the displacement current xe  1 ; e approximately equal to e0 , the operating
frequency is low (such as the following will be analyzed at 13 kHz) and conductivity
range is 0.0001 S/m–10 S/m in the induction logging. The following an establishment
of magnetic field, electric field, conduction current is studied and a relationship
between each field and formation conductivity according to complex vector Maxwell
equations.
The real part of the magnetic field is comprised of odd magnetic field, and the
imaginary part is even. The real part of the electric field is a superposition on even
electric field, and the imaginary part is odd. Current is consistent with the electric field,
but the size is not the same. The real and imaginary part of the received voltage
corresponds to the real and imaginary part of electric field, and they correspond to the
imaginary and real parts of magnetic field. The imaginary part of the secondary
magnetic field and the real part of the secondary electric field are proportional to the
formation conductivity. Their phases are different from emission current source at −90°
and −180°. The real part of the primary magnetic field and the imaginary part of the
primary electric field have nothing to do with formation conductivity. Their phases are
different from emission current source at 90° and −180°. But the real part of the
magnetic field and the imaginary part of the electric field are high-order (cubic or
quintal) and odd, which are related to the formation conductivity. Their intensity
diminishes gradually with respect to the primary field. So, either the real part or the
imaginary part of the voltage contains the formation information. Just the maximum
signal only appears in the real part. The imaginary part of the voltage is complex
because it is generated by the high-order electromagnetic field, unlike the real part of
the voltage which is directly generated by the formation conductivity. It explains the
reasons why influences on measuring the imaginary part of voltage are complex.
The distribution rules are analyzed that electric field, magnetic field, conduction
current and displacement current are generated by a transmitting coil of the tri-axial
array induction in z-direction around the center hole through the COMSOL software
[9]. The model parameters are mainly as follows: borehole diameter is 0.2032 m (8 in.),
instrument radius is 0.046 m, emission current is 1 A, frequency is 13 kHz, mud
conductivity is 1.0 S/m in the borehole, formation conductivity is 0.01 S/m and
instrument rod is filled with conductivity at 0 S/m because there is no mud in it.
Figures 3, 4 and 5 illustrate variation characteristics of the real and the imaginary
vector of three complex vectors at a section, including electric field, magnetic field and
conduction current.

_
*
4.1 Electric Field Intensity E
*
Figure 3 is normalized electric field line on the real vector E R in section xoy. It is
showed that a stable electric field is formed in the borehole and around the borehole;
the electric field lines are rotationally symmetrical about the borehole center, the
direction of the real electric field opposite to the excitation current source. It is con-
sistent with Fig. 1.
10 M. Zhang et al.

* _
*
Fig. 3. Electric field line on the real vector ER of the electric field intensity E in section xoy.

_
*
4.2 Magnetic Field Intensity H
*
Figure 4 is normalized magnetic field line on the imaginary vector H X of magnetic field
*_
intensity H in section yoz when the uniform formation conductivity is 10.0 S/m. As we
can see the imaginary vector of the magnetic field is generated by the conduction
current distributing in the whole conductive formation, magnetic line of the imaginary
is also distributed in the whole formation.

* _
*
Fig. 4. Magnetic field line on the imaginary vector H X of the magnetic field intensity H in
section yoz.

_
*
4.3 Conduction Current Density Vector J c
*
Figure 5 is normalized electric field line on the real vector J cR of conduction current
_
*
density J c in section xoy. As we can see, a horizontal eddy is formed, which is in
 The Complex Vector Maxwell Equations and an Applied Research 11

* _
*
Fig. 5. Streamlines on the real vector J cR of the induction current J c in section xoy

accord with the direction of electric field and rotationally symmetrical about the
instrument axis in the borehole and around the conducting medium [10], the conduc-
tivity is 0 in the instrument, and there is no induction current.

5 Conclusion

The electromagnetic models are established in the infinite conductive medium through
complex vector Maxwell equations. The mechanism of electromagnetic induction
logging is explained by the complex vector Maxwell equations, the following con-
clusions can be drawn:
1. The complex vector Maxwell equation clearly describes a physical relationship of
mutual dependence and mutual excitation between the real part vector and imagi-
nary vector on the complex amplitude vector of the electric field intensity, magnetic
field intensity, induced current, the displacement current and excitation current.
2. The electromagnetic field rules what the coil current source generates are clearly
explained through the complex vector Maxwell equation in the infinite conductive
medium. The real part of the coil current source excites the real part of odd mag-
netic field, the imaginary parts of electric field and current, the imaginary part of
even magnetic field, the real parts of electric field and current in the infinite con-
ductive medium. The magnetic field which a coil current excites radiates outward
from source. Then when the current excites the inward magnetic field every two
times, the current radiates outward two times. It makes steady field only in certain
range from the emission source because the Ohmic loss is generated by the
reflection and induction current in the conductive medium.
3. The electromagnetic phenomena on transmitting coil of the tri-axial array induction
logging tool in z-direction around the borehole are analyzed through the complex
vector Maxwell equations. It is revealed a relationship between the receiving
voltage and formation parameters. And streamlines of the real and the imaginary
vector are drawn through numerical calculation. It visually demonstrates distribu-
tion characteristics of the electromagnetic field around the borehole.
12 M. Zhang et al.

References
1. Bing, X., Liang, Y., Lihua, L.: The complex vector expression of electromagnetic field.
College Phys. 26(4), 16–23 (2007)
2. Arbab, A.I.: Complex Maxwell’s equations. Chin. Phys. B 22(3), 030301-1-030301-6
(2013)
3. Kraus, F.: Electromagnetics with Applications, 5th edn, pp. 112–114. Tsinghua University
Press, Beijing (2001)
4. Lidong, C., Jie, W., Zhongyi, W.: The Foundation of the Engineering Electromagnetic,
pp. 23–39. Northwestern Polytechnical University Press, Xian (2002)
5. Mott, H., Dudgeon, J.E.: Complex solutions to Maxwell’s equation. J. Frankl. Inst. 294(1),
49–56 (1972)
6. Ymmamoto, Y., Yamaguchi, K.: Feedback effect for wireless high-power transmission.
WSEAS Trans. Circ. Syst. 13, 241–245 (2014)
7. Harmuth, H.F.: Propagation velocity of electromagnetic signals. IEEE Trans. Electromagn.
Compat. EMC-28(4), 270–272 (1986)
8. Gengji, Z.: Electrical Logging, pp. 32–37. China University of Petroleum Press, Beijing
(1996)
9. Zimmerman, W.B.J., CnTech Co., Ltd.: Modeling and Analysis of Multi-physics Field by
COMSOL Multiphysics, pp. 52–85. China Communications Press, Beijing (2007)
10. Alotto, P., Gruosso, G., Moro, F.: Three-dimensional eddy current analysis in unbounded
domains by a DEM-BEM formulation. COMPEL – Int. J. Comput. Math. Electr. Electron.
Eng. 27(2), 460–466 (2008)
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MOTHERHOOD.
After the Picture by Miss Ida Lovering.]
LADY DOCTORS IN HEATHEN LANDS
By the Author of "The Child Wives and Widows of India," Etc.
A garrison of snow-capped mountains; a valley smiling in
Oriental luxuriance; the gorgeous, romantic loveliness
described in "Lalla Rookh"—such are the general
impressions of the land of Kashmir. Dirt, disease, and
degradation summed up its prevailing characteristics in
the eyes of an Englishman, who, in October, 1872, toiled wearily
over the Pir Panjal, 11,900 feet above the level of the sea.
This was Dr. Elmslie's last journey. He hardly realised, as he dragged
his weary limbs over rough but familiar paths, that one object for
which he had struggled for years was practically accomplished. He
sank from exhaustion on the way, and the day after his death
Government granted permission for missionaries to spend the winter
in the Valley of Kashmir. Still farther was he from knowing of another
result of his labours. He had appealed to Englishwomen to bring the
gifts of healing to suffering and secluded inmates of zenanas. Dr.
Elmslie had found a direct way to the hearts of prejudiced heathen
men. The sick came to him for healing, and learnt the meaning of
his self-denying life.
 (Photo: Elliott and Fry.)
THE LATE DR. FANNY
BUTLER.
(At the time she went to
India.)
"Skin for skin, yea, all that a man hath will he give for his life," are
ancient words of wisdom; but this rule has exceptions. To Hindu
women, at least, caste is dearer than life. It would be as easy to
restore the down to a bruised butterfly's wing as to give back self-
respect, and with it all that makes life worth living, to a zenana lady
who has been exposed to the gaze or touch of a man other than a
near relation. Custom of the country debars a respectable woman
from receiving ministry to body, soul, or mind, unless it comes from
one of her own sex. Dr. Elmslie's appeal resulted in Miss Fanny
Butler's offer of service to the Indian Female Normal School and
Instruction Society. She was the first enrolled student of the London
School of Medicine, which had just been transferred from Edinburgh,
and passed second out of one hundred and twenty-three candidates,
one hundred and nineteen of whom were men, in the Preliminary
Arts Examination. She went to India in October, 1880, the first fully
qualified medical missionary to women.
Seventeen years after Dr. Elmslie's death Dr. Fanny Butler obtained
another concession for Kashmir, the permission for missionaries to
live within the city of Srinagar. She saw the foundations of a new
hospital for women begun within the city, and fourteen days after
she also laid down what, an hour before her death, she described as
a "good long life," in the service of Kashmiri people. The age of
thirty-nine, she said to the friends who surrounded her, and who felt
that she of all others could not be spared, was "not so very young to
die," and she sent an earnest plea to the Church of England Zenana
Society, the division of the old society to which she belonged, to
send someone quickly to take her place. The new hospital was the
gift of Mrs. Bishop (Miss Isabella Bird) in memory of her husband.
She had seen the dirty crowd of suffering women at the dispensary
door overpower two men, and the earliest arrivals precipitated head
foremost by the rush from behind, whilst numbers were turned away
in misery and disappointment.
Hospitals and dispensaries have rapidly increased since the day of
pioneers. Absolute necessity has forced medical work on many
missionaries in the field. The most elementary knowledge of nursing
and hygiene appears miraculous to women sunk in utter ignorance.
A white woman too modest to give them remedies for every ailment
is usually regarded as unkind. A neglected missionary dispensary is
practically unknown.
 (Photo supplied by the Church of England
Zenana Missionary Society.)
OUTSIDE THE VERANDAH OF THE WOMEN'S
HOSPITAL AT TARN TARAN.
(Showing some of the patients placed out to
spend the hot night in the open.)
At the time when the Countess Dufferin started her admirable
scheme for providing medical aid for Indian women a well-known
Anglo-Indian surgeon stated publicly that, whatever other
qualification was required in a candidate, two were absolutely
necessary: she must be a lady in the highest sense of the word, and
she must be a Christian, and he proceeded to give good reasons for
what he said. The experience of every woman who has taken up this
work would bear out his sentiments. Without courtesy and ready
intuition of the feelings of others it would be hard to get an entrance
into zenanas, and nothing but love and devotion to her Master would
enable a woman to persevere in spending her life amongst sick
heathen women, in spite of sights, scenes, and vexations beyond
conception in England.
 (From a Photograph.)
THE DUCHESS OF CONNAUGHT'S HOSPITAL,
PESHAWUR.
The greatest difficulties are probably met in high-caste zenanas.
There, in the midst of unhealthy surroundings, the friends and
neighbours have grand opportunities of undoing any good that may
have been accomplished. It is grievous to a medical missionary to
find her fever patient dying from a douche of cold water, because
the white woman has defiled her high caste by feeling her pulse. It
is enough to make her give up a case in despair if, after she has
explained that quiet is absolutely necessary, the friends and
neighbours decide that the evil spirit supposed to be in possession
must be driven out by the music of tom-toms. A Hindu man is said
to "sin religiously," and a Hindu woman excels him in devotion to her
creed. A fever patient in the Punjab refused to drink milk—the one
thing of all others that her medical woman ordered her—because
she said, if it were the last thing she swallowed, her soul would pass
into the body of a cobra. One medical missionary found a woman,
who was in a critical state, lying on a mat, whilst an old woman,
supposed to be learned in sickness, stood on her body, or patrolled
up and down like a sentinel, as far as the length would admit. This
was kindly meant. Another found one suffering seriously from the
effect of a linseed poultice. She had carefully explained the
mysteries of making and applying it, but in her absence the patient's
friends had spread dry linseed over her chest and poured boiling
water over it.

(Photo: Baness Bros.)

WAITING THEIR TURN.
(Patients outside the Tarn Taran Hospital Dispensary.)
Happily, all the women in India are not secluded in zenanas. By far
the largest proportion live in the villages, but their notions of
propriety are very strict. The hard-working field-women will hide
themselves on the suspicion of a sahib being within reach. When
once they are satisfied that the visitor belongs to their own sex and
is harmless, crowds beset the missionary encampments. Many tales
of suffering are poured into sympathising ears.
"I am blind from crying for my only son" is not an infrequent
complaint. Nothing can be done in this case.
"There is no god or goddess to love a Hindu woman. Whatever
offerings we make her, the goddess of small-pox smites us, and then
the men say the women have not offered enough, and are angry."
This was the reply of a Punjabi woman, who spoke for her friends
and neighbours.
One Bengali woman told a missionary of the death of a precious
baby boy. There did not seem much the matter, but the hakim (a
native quack) first gave him something burning to swallow, and then
applied a red-hot iron to each side in turn; and the child only drew
one or two breaths after this treatment. This also, one hopes, was
kindly meant. The Hindus are by no means wanting in humanity, but
ignorance is often as fatal as cruelty.
Many patients find an excuse for coming again and again to the
dispensaries. There they hear of blessings in this world and the next
which they say seem too good to be true. They see love shining in
the earnest faces, and feel it in the touch of hands that will not
shrink from dressing repulsive sores.
The majority of cases in dispensaries are ordinary fevers or skin
diseases resulting from dirt, and other scourges that follow defiance
of elementary rules of health.
Patients discharged as cured often return. "Tell me again that Name
that I can say when I pray," one of them asked, to explain the
reappearance of her shrivelled old face; "I forget so soon." And she
went on her way repeating the Name that even some of the heathen
realise must be exalted above all others.
"I know that your Jesus must reign over our land," a Punjabi woman
said to a lady who had opened a dispensary at Tarn Taran, a sacred
city of the Sikhs; "I know it, because your religion is full of love and
ours has none at all."
The mission hospital at this city, with the name which literally means
"The Place of Salvation," and the dispensary seen in the illustration,
came mainly into being through the determination of the
inhabitants. A suffering baby might claim a share in its existence.
This infant's mother brought it to a missionary whose training as a
nurse had made her a friend in sickness. The child's sight was
hopelessly gone. The mother said that the hakim had told her alum
was good for sore eyes, so she had put it under the lids.
"You have used it in such a way as to blind your baby," the
missionary said; "and I could have told you what to do."
"How should I know?" the woman replied, using a common phrase
to express helplessness or lethargy; but she told the story to her
friends, and other mothers, whose babies' eyes were suffering, soon
proved that the white woman had made no empty boast.
Ophthalmia is terribly common in India, and its marvellous cures
began to be famous.
One day a family party carried an invalid into the verandah of the
Tarn Taran mission house. The missionary looked inside the doolie;
she was not a doctor, and declined to undertake such a serious case,
and told the men to take their invalid to the Amritsar Hospital. They
were determined to take no such trouble. To show that she was
equally determined to make them, she went inside the house and
shut the doors and blinds. Who would hold out the longest? The
result was a foregone conclusion. The Punjabis, armed with a
greater disregard for a woman's life, gained the victory by the simple
method of beating a retreat, leaving the helpless woman behind
them. In common humanity she could not be left to die. In a few
days her family returned to inquire, and were gratified to find her
progressing towards recovery. The white woman's celebrity was now
secured, and to her consternation and embarrassment she found her
verandah full of patients, and, from overwork, was soon herself
added to the number. The people of Tarn Taran afterwards gave the
building for a Women's Mission Hospital, and a new one is now in
the charge of a fully qualified lady doctor.
Hospitals are by far the most satisfactory part of medical missions.
In zenanas and dispensaries it is one thing to prescribe and give
advice, and another for orders to be obeyed, especially if they are
contrary to rules of caste or custom. It is well known that a Hindu
soldier, who will follow his British officer into the fiercest mêlée, and,
if necessary, die for him, if true to his own creed, will not receive a
cup of water at his hands. When wounded his parched lips will close
tightly, lest his caste should suffer. The same principle debars his
womenfolk from accepting physic in a liquid form from
Englishwomen. They may, however, take powders. Written directions
are generally useless, and verbal ones often misunderstood. It is
little wonder if dispensary patients make slow progress.
"Are you sure you took the medicine I gave you?" inquired a medical
missionary of one who made no advance at all.
"Quite sure, Miss Sahiba."
"How did you take it?"
"I ate the paper and threw away the dust."
This mistake was not astonishing under the circumstances. One
Mohammedan specific is to swallow a paper pellet with the name of
God written in Arabic; another, for the mullah to write an Arabic
inscription on a plate, and for the water that washes it off to be the
dose.
 A GROUP OF WORKERS AT THE DUCHESS OF
CONNAUGHT'S HOSPITAL.
(Dr. Wheeler stands at the left-hand side of
group.)
It is well when superstition and misconception stop short at
swallowing paper and inky water. A woman, seriously injured from
an accident, was carried into the Duchess of Connaught Hospital,
Peshawur. Her husband accompanied her, and saw the medical
missionary in charge carefully attend to fractures and bruises. Rest
and sleep and quiet were doing their work, and the man was left to
watch. A sudden crash startled the ward. The husband had turned
the bedstead over on its side, and flung his wife down. He fancied
she was dying, and said it would imperil her soul if it departed whilst
she lay on anything but the floor. He had the satisfaction of knowing
that she died where he placed her. This was a case of a Hindu
"sinning religiously." It would be harder to forgive the frequent
sacrifice of life to superstition, if there were no ennobling element
underlying it of honest desire for some vague spiritual good.
The Duchess of Connaught Hospital is a permanent memorial of her
Royal Highness's kind interest in the women of India. Whilst on the
North-Western Frontier she went through the Dispensary and
Nursing Home which represented the first effort to bring medical aid
to the Afghan women, and allowed it to be called after her name. A
new and much larger building, of which a drawing has been
reproduced, has taken the place of the native quarters, where
Mohammedan bigotry was by slow degrees overcome. For years the
ladies of the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society, who had
charge of this hospital, were the only Europeans living within the
walls of Peshawur. Every night the great city gates closed them in,
and separated them from other missionaries and from Government
servants. They chose to be in the midst of their work, and though
outbreaks of Mohammedan fanaticism repeatedly checked teaching
in schools and zenanas, ministry to the sick continued, and never
lost the friendly confidence of Peshawuris.

(Photo supplied by the Church of England

Zenana Missionary Society.)
STAFF AND PATIENTS OF ST. CATHERINE'S
HOSPITAL, AMRITSAR.
In its early and humbler days, the fame of this hospital reached far-
away Khorassan. A lady of that country who was suffering terribly,
caused herself to be carried the fifteen days' journey to Peshawur.
Miss Mitcheson, who opened the first dispensary, and is now the
head of the hospital, saw that her case was critical and required an
operation of a far more serious kind than she had ever attempted,
and begged her to allow the civil surgeon to see her.
"I would rather die," the patient answered. The combined forces of
suffering, fear of death, and persuasion, were powerless to move
her. The Englishwoman, of whose powers she had heard in her own
country, might do what she liked with her, but no man should come
near her. Happily Miss Mitcheson successfully accomplished what
was necessary, and the Khorassan lady made a good recovery. When
the time came for parting from her new friends, she promised to use
in her own country the knowledge she had gained in Peshawur. She
kept her word, as more visitors from Khorassan testified, and they
said she had not forgotten the benefits she had received in the
mission hospital.
 (Photo supplied by the
Church Missionary
Society.)
BACK VIEW OF NEW
WOMEN'S HOSPITAL,
HANGCHOW.
During Miss Mitcheson's absence in England Dr. Charlotte Wheeler,
who with her fellow-workers, in the illustration on p. 102, stands in
the verandah of the old building, superintended the medical work.
On Miss Mitcheson's return, Miss Wheeler opened a medical mission
amongst the women in Quetta. This work extended rapidly on and
beyond the frontier, so that in November, 1896, when it was a year
old, eight different languages were spoken on the same day in the
dispensary waiting room.
Institutions for training Christian girls of India as doctors or nurses
have come into existence as the number of candidates has increased
and the necessity has arisen. The North India School of Medicine has
been established at Ludhiana with this object. Many of the mission
hospitals also have training classes. St. Catherine's Hospital,
Amritsar, under the superintendence of Miss Hewlett, who has had
nineteen years' experience, has provided very valuable assistant
medical missionaries for stations in the Punjab and Bengal. At the
last census a hundred Christian women—counting missionaries,
assistants, patients, nurses and students—were within its walls. An
illustration shows the inmates mustering before going to church.
One student in St. Catherine's Hospital, who had gained a
scholarship, gave promise of a brilliant career. Before the time of
study in which she delighted was over, the lady superintendent
became suspicious of what this young girl described as broken
chilblains on her fingers. A doctor was called in, and confirmed her
impression that it was leprosy. An Eastern girl knows, what in Europe
is only faintly imagined, of the horrors of this loathsome disease.
One cry of anguish only escaped her when she was told the verdict.
Then she rose above the trial, and resigned herself cheerfully to the
will of God. She was prepared to start the next day for the Leper
Settlement near Calcutta without meeting her friends or fellow-
students for a word of farewell.
"What comforts me," she said to the Clerical Secretary of the Church
of England Zenana Missionary Society, who was in Amritsar at the
time, "is that I may go as a missionary rather than as a patient."
She went to that place of death and banishment, to live out the rest
of her days in ministry for others. In her case the days lingered into
years, and the disease took a severe form, but her devotion and
courage never failed. When death came to her as a friend, and her
work was done, the memory of the "superior girl," who had lived
among the afflicted people as a missionary rather than a patient,
remained. Perhaps her fellowship in suffering gave her the final
qualification to be a missionary to lepers.
India is the land which above all others cries out for lady medical
missionaries; but other Eastern countries have also a claim.
Wherever Islam has planted its iron heel, women are jealously
guarded in harems, and it is very unusual for a man to be allowed
entrance on any pretext. In China, also, women of superior class are
hidden within the high walls that surround their houses. Those free
to go out gain little but suffering from the barbarous attentions of
native surgeons. In the East the knowledge which brings relief from
pain is a power to overcome obstacles to Christianity that resist
every other force.
The Church of England Zenana Missionary Society has sent out a
qualified lady doctor to Foochow, and in 1894 the Church Missionary
Society opened a hospital for women in Hangchow with one large
and six smaller wards. One patient who was brought into this
building—of which two views are given—suffering from diseased
bones, has gone out to devote her recovered health and new
knowledge to the service of God and her own countrywomen.
 (Photo supplied by the Church Missionary
Society.)
INTERIOR OF NEW WOMEN'S HOSPITAL,
HANGCHOW
There is scarcely a mission hospital or dispensary that cannot tell of
similar results of the double ministry to body and soul. Each year
justifies the increased number of women with medical qualifications
sent into the mission field. Some, like Mrs. Russell Watson, of the
Baptist Mission at Chefu, are the wives of missionaries, others have
been sent out by various missions, such as the Zenana Bible and
Medical Mission, or by the women's branches (added during the
close of the present century), to the more venerable societies.
Dr. Henry Martyn Clark, of Amritsar, once asked a friendly Hindu
what department of foreign missions his people considered most
dangerous.
"Why should I reveal our secrets to the enemy?" the Hindu
responded. But he yielded to persuasion. "We do not very much fear
your preaching," he said, "for we need not listen; nor your schools,
for we need not send our children; nor your books, for we need not
read them. But we do fear your women, for they are gaining our
homes; and we very much fear your medical missions, for they are
gaining our hearts. Hearts and homes gone, what shall we have
left?"
What may be expected when medical and women's missions are
combined? According to the friendly Hindu, the very citadels of
idolatry and superstition might tremble at the advance of this double
force to rescue the captives.
D. L. Woolmer.
 OUR ROLL OF HEROIC DEEDS
This month we devote our space to a
pictorial representation of an heroic act
by James Williamson, a fisherman of
Whalsay, Shetland. During a heavy storm
he waded out to the succour of two
companions, who had been pinned on the
rocks by their capsized boat and were in
imminent danger of drowning. Williamson
was at first carried away by a heavy sea,
but was returned by the next. Then with
an extraordinary effort he lifted the side
of the boat, seized the men, and, with
one under each arm, fought his way
through the boiling surf to dry land. For
this conspicuous act of bravery
Williamson was awarded the Silver Medal
of The Quiver Heroes Fund.
 PLEDGED
By Katharine Tynan, Author of "A Daughter of Erin," Etc.
 CHAPTER IV.
YOUTH AT THE PROW.
"And then, old fellow," went on Sir Anthony's letter to Jack
Leslie, of the Blues, his particular chum, "I stood
staring, with my eyes watering and a little scratch on my
nose bleeding where the old rooster—for a rooster it
was—struck me with his spurs as he flew. He might
have knocked out my eye, the brute! The second missile (an
invention they call a sun-bonnet, I believe, made of pink calico and
horribly stiffened) lay crumpled at my feet. And there in front of me
stood the culprit herself, looking half-ashamed and half-inclined to
follow the example of the other sun-bonnet which had buried itself
in a big chair at the end of the room, and made scarcely a pretence
of stifling its peals of laughter. I felt no end of a ninny I can tell you,
especially as the owner of the first sun-bonnet was by long chalks
the most beautiful creature I'd ever seen.
"I'm no good at describing a girl's charms, but even at the first
glance her beautiful violet eyes struck me. Blue eyes and black
lashes and eyebrows—it is a thing happens over here sometimes,
they tell me. Then, though she'd been rushing about after the
ancient barnyard fowl who was to have graced the table in my
honour, she had no more colour than a white rose; and yet she
looked the picture of health and life—so different from fine ladies.
This was Miss Pamela—Pam for short—as I discovered later. To finish
her description, her charming head is covered with a mass of short
black curls. She had a very shabby frock on, which didn't take a bit
from her loveliness. I couldn't help wondering what the mater would
have thought if she could have seen her. She would surely have
called her 'a young woman,' with that superb contempt of hers.
"However, the breeding tells. Nothing could have been finer than the
little air with which she pulled herself together, and said, as if it were
an every-day thing to blind and maim your visitors:
"'You must be Sir Anthony Trevithick. I am so sorry. That wretched
fowl flew in through the open window, and we've been three-
quarters of an hour chasing him round. It was so unfortunate his
flying out just at that moment, and still more unfortunate that I
should have flung my bonnet after him. But you've no idea how he
had aggravated us.'
"I assure you the mater couldn't have done it better, if one could
conceivably imagine the mater under such circumstances.
"I could think of nothing to do but to pick up the bonnet and hand it
to her, muttering some idiocy about it not mattering a bit. While this
was going on the laughter in the chair was dying off in sobs of
enjoyment.
"But before we could get any further Mr. Graydon himself made his
appearance. I suppose something about my looks struck him—for a
cucumber wasn't in it for coolness with Miss Pam—because he said,
'Why, bless me, Sir Anthony! what's the matter? What's the matter,
Pam? Why, Sir Anthony, your nose is bleeding!'
 "The old rooster struck me with his spurs."—
p. 107.
"'Why, so it is!' said Miss Pam, calmly. 'Sir Anthony was trying to
catch the red cock, papa, with a view to his dinner, but he's escaped,
I'm sorry to say, and the dinner with him. It will be days before he
comes home after the alarm we've given him. I'm so sorry you're
wounded, Sir Anthony. Can I get you a little sticking-plaster?'
"'I never know where I shall find the fowls in this house,' said Mr.
Graydon, a little irascibly, I thought; 'but the drawing-room at least
ought to be kept free from them. Why, Sylvia, what are you doing
there, child? Come here, and speak to Sir Anthony.'
"I expected a small child to come out of the big chair in answer to
the summons; but, lo and behold! out of the sun-bonnet there
looked another satin-cheeked damsel, almost as beautiful as the
first. She made her bow demurely, and, I assure you, there wasn't a
feather out of her after her fits of laughter at my expense. She had
rather an ecstatic look, and her eyes were a bit moist—that was all. I
can tell you I never felt so small in my life as when I stood up before
those impudent girls, for I could see that the pair of them were
hugely delighted at the whole affair.
"'Get some tea for Sir Anthony, girls,' said the father, 'and see that
he has hot water taken to his room; he's had a long journey. Sit
down, my lad—that is, if there's a chair in the room without a dog
on it. Here, Mark Antony, you lazy animal, come off that sofa.' This
to the fattest bulldog I ever saw—with such a jowl. He's Miss
Sylvia's, and an amiable dog, despite his looks.
"Then the eldest daughter came in—not a patch on the others for
beauty, but a Madonna of a creature, with a beautiful voice and a
rather sad expression. She was greatly concerned about my
scratched nose. But all the time she was talking I noticed that she
looked at her father steadily reproachful. At last he noticed it too, for
he suddenly blurted out:
"'Why, bless my soul! Molly, I forgot all about it,' and then he
stopped and laughed. Miss Pamela has told me since that they had
instructed their father to keep me on the way as long as possible.
"You'll gather that it is a rather rummy place. It is. The windows in
my bedroom are mended with brown paper, and there are holes in
the floor you could put your foot through. Not that my father's son
need mind little hardships. But I am amused to think of what the
mater would say, with her notions of things.
"By the way, if you're in Brook Street any time, don't repeat what
I've told you. The mater hated my coming here. She has some
extraordinary prejudice against Graydon, though he scarcely seems
to remember her. But as I've given up my desire for soldiering to
please her, it's my turn now to please myself by reading for this
Foreign Office grind with my father's old friend.
"A word more and I am done. You'll think me as long-winded as
some of those old women at the clubs. But their ways here are too
delicious. The establishment is managed by one old woman—
Bridget, who seems mistress, maid, and man rolled, in one. Well, the
morning after I came, when I rang for my shaving water there was
no response. At last I heard a foot go by my door, and I looked out
cautiously. It was Bridget, and to her I made my request. 'Why, bless
the boy!' she said, staring at me, 'You haven't been pullin' that old
bell that's never rung in the memory of man?' I assured her I had.
'Well, then,' she said, 'goodness help your little wit! An' so ye want
shavin' water, do ye? Sure, I thought ye wor a bit of a boy, that
never wanted shavin' at all, at all!' However, she brought me the
water obligingly, in an extraordinary piece of kitchen crockery. 'I
suppose you're used to valetin',' she said. ''Twas Misther Mick spoiled
me entirely for other young gentlemen. He'd dart down for his
shavin' water—aye, many a time before I had the kitchen fire lit.' Mr.
Mick was apparently a former pupil; I often hear of him.
"There's any amount of sport here, but I won't tantalise you. I like
Graydon better every day; he's a dear old boy, and though he's in
the clouds half the time when he's supposed to be coaching me, I
can see that he knows more than half the tutors in London put
together. He's a delightful companion out of doors, a good
sportsman, and as young as the youngest.
"It's a mystery his being buried here. But I've no time to try to
unriddle it now, and you'll never get as far as this, I expect. Good-
bye, old fellow—I'm extremely well satisfied with my present
quarters, and pity you in Knightsbridge. I suppose town is getting
empty."
When this enormous epistle was finished and sealed, the young
gentleman put it in his pocket and went downstairs. His pace was
hastened by the fact that he could hear the joyful yelping of dogs in
the hall, from which he gathered that someone besides himself was
bent on outdoor exercise. Indeed, as he reached the hall and caught
his hat from one of the dusty antlers, he saw the two younger Miss
Graydons setting out amid their leaping and yelping escorts. He
hurried after and overtook them.
"May I come with you?" he asked eagerly. "I've a very important
letter to post, and if you're going to the village you might perhaps
point out the post-office. I'm such a duffer at finding out things for
myself."
"But we're turning our backs on the village," said Miss Sylvia, "going
in exactly the opposite direction."
"Oh, well, then, it doesn't matter; the letter can wait till another
time."
"Though it is so important. Oh, but you must post it. We'll put you
on the way for the village. You turn to the right and we to the left
when we reach the gate; then you'll walk straight into the arms of
the post-office."
Pamela, who had not yet spoken, turned her heavenly-coloured eyes
on her sister, but without speaking. Something in the look made the
young fellow's heart throb suddenly.
"Ah, Miss Sylvia," he said imploringly, "don't put difficulties in my
way. I want to come for a walk, if you will have me, and the letter
can wait. I'm not contemplative enough to enjoy a country walk
alone; and it will be a pleasure to walk with you and your sister."
"And the dogs?"
"And the dogs. The joys of a country walk are doubled in the society
of dogs."
"I hope you'll think so when you have the felicity of fishing them out
of a bog-hole. They will chase every beast they see; and our
neighbour, Jack Malone's black cow, Polly, always leads them such a
dance, ending up deservedly in a bog-hole."
"I'll try to endure even that, Miss Sylvia."
"Then if Mark Antony gets a thorn in his paw, as he almost invariably
does, you'll have to carry him home."
"He must weigh three stone, Miss Sylvia."
"About that, Sir Anthony."
"Then it is better I should carry him than you."
"Oh, if you're bent on it, Sir Anthony."
"If you're not bent against it, Miss Sylvia."
"Well, come along then, for this is the parting of the ways."
They had arrived at the gate by this time.
"Sylvia should have told you, Sir Anthony, that though we turn our
backs on the village, yet we pass a wall letter-box, which the
postman empties on his way to Lettergort."
It was Pamela speaking for the first time, and in this less hoydenish
mood of hers she had a likeness to her gentle elder sister.
"I'm not surprised to hear it, Miss Pamela. I guessed Miss Sylvia was
only piling up the difficulties to tease me. But I was not to be put
off."
"You are really a most persistent person, Sir Anthony."
"I know when I want a thing and mean to get it, Miss Sylvia."
"Did you ever see anything more beautiful than the rose-light on
that mountain, Sir Anthony?"
"I have seen more beautiful things, Miss Pamela."
He spoke with the utmost simplicity, but the girl blushed
nevertheless, and was furious with herself for blushing.
"See how rosy the peak is," she went on in some confusion, "but the
woods are purple at the base. If we were over there where the road
winds round the hill-foot, we should hear nothing but the singing of
little streams. They are chattering through the bracken everywhere,
and spilling into the road, where they make little channels for
themselves, clear as amber."
"They make your boots very wet and your skirt draggle-tailed,"
remarked Sylvia.
"I see chimneys rising above the wood," said Sir Anthony. "Is there a
house there, then?"
"There is, but it is empty at present. It belongs to Lord Glengall, who
is away just now. It has a queer story attached to it."
"Indeed?"
"Yes. Lord Glengall went to Australia as a boy, and was unheard of
for years. His mother lived there, with one old servant, in the
bitterest poverty. She was so proud no one dared to interfere, until,
it having been noticed that the chimneys were smokeless for days,
the house was entered by force, and mistress and maid were found
dying of starvation side by side. The house was full of valuables—
lace and plate, and all kinds of lovely things—but they were
heirlooms, and the old lady would rather starve than sell them, and
the old servant was quite of the same mind."
"What happened then?"
"They were taken off to the Rectory by old Mr. Rogers, who died last
year. And in the nick of time Lord Glengall, whom everyone said was
dead, turned up safe and sound to nurse his old mother. 'I kept the
things together for you, my boy,' she said as soon as she recognised
him.
"And the next thing she said," went on Sylvia, taking up the tale,
"was, 'Where's that cat?' The faithfulness of animals, Sir Anthony!
Old Tib, with whom they had shared all their short-commons, had, it
seems, stolen the very last drop of milk that stood between them
and starvation, and had then escaped through a window into the
woods. 'I should like to give him a good hiding before I die.' That
was the second speech of the indomitable old lady."
"What a chance for the novelist this country of yours presents!" said
Sir Anthony.
"But that fortunately he never comes our way," replied Pamela.
"Your father promised me you would take me fishing one day." He
spoke to Sylvia, but his eyes turned from her to Pamela.
"So we shall," said Sylvia readily.
"The river runs quite close to the house?"
"Yes, but if you want the pleasantest fishing, you must climb for it.
Up there in the hills are little golden-brown trout-streams running
through the valleys under the shadow of woods, and they are full of
trout spoiling to be caught."
"You know the best places, Miss Sylvia."
"Don't let her guide you, Sir Anthony. I'll tell you a story about her.
She was always tantalising Mick St. Leger, an old pupil of papa's,
who is in India now, with stories of a wonderful pike which inhabited
one of the big holes in the Moyle. Well, poor Mick used to sit and
fish for hours, now and then catching a little fish by accident, for his
heart wasn't in it for thinking of Sylvia's big pike. And Sylvia used to
sit by watching him, apparently full of sympathy. One day he was
fishing the big hole as usual, when he gave a long whistle. 'What is
it, Mick?' Sylvia cried, running to him. 'It feels like a twenty-pounder,'
said poor Mick, very red in the face. 'Oh, Mick, do let me help!' cried
Sylvia. And then, with an immense deal of carefulness, and poor
Mick holding on like grim death, they reeled up an old tin can full of
stones, in the handle of which Mick's line was caught."
"Mick would never have known," said Sylvia dispassionately, "if little
Patsy Murray hadn't come running after me a week later, calling out,
'Where's that apple ye promised me for sinkin' me mother's ould can
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