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2.1 DC Motors Part 1

The document discusses DC motors, focusing on their speed regulation and types, including separately excited, shunt, permanent-magnet, series, and compounded motors. It explains speed control methods for shunt DC motors, such as adjusting field resistance, changing armature voltage, and inserting a resistor in series with the armature circuit. Additionally, it highlights the effects of these controls on torque-speed characteristics and includes examples for practical understanding.

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martinezromarie0385
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4 views37 pages

2.1 DC Motors Part 1

The document discusses DC motors, focusing on their speed regulation and types, including separately excited, shunt, permanent-magnet, series, and compounded motors. It explains speed control methods for shunt DC motors, such as adjusting field resistance, changing armature voltage, and inserting a resistor in series with the armature circuit. Additionally, it highlights the effects of these controls on torque-speed characteristics and includes examples for practical understanding.

Uploaded by

martinezromarie0385
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DC MOTORS – PART 1

EE 105
ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1
SPEED REGULATION

DC motors is characterized by superior torque and a


wide range of speed. DC motors are often compared by
their speed regulations. The speed regulation (SR) of
a motor is defined by

It is a rough measure of the shape of a motor’s torque-


speed characteristic — a positive speed regulation means
that a motor’s speed drops with increasing load,
and a negative speed regulation means a motor’s speed
increases with increasing load. The magnitude of the
speed regulation tells approximately how steep the slope
of the torque-speed curve is.
DC MOTORS

There are five major types of dc motors in


general use

1. The separately excited dc motor


2. The shunt dc motor
3. The permanent-magnet dc motor
4. The series dc motor
5. The compounded dc motor
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
MAGNETIZATION CURVE

The magnetization curve The magnetization curve of


of a ferromagnetic a dc machine expressed as
material (Φ versus F). a plot of EA versus IF,
for a fixed speed ωo.
SEPARATELY EXCITED AND
SHUNT DC MOTORS
A separately excited dc
motor is a motor whose
field circuit is supplied
from a separate constant-
voltage power supply
SEPARATELY EXCITED AND
SHUNT DC MOTORS
A shunt dc motor is a motor
whose field circuit gets
its power directly across
the armature terminals of
the motor.
SEPARATELY EXCITED AND
SHUNT DC MOTORS

When the supply voltage to a motor is


assumed constant, there is no practical
difference in behavior between these two
machines. Unless otherwise specified,
whenever the behavior of a shunt motor is
described, the separately excited motor
is included, too.
SEPARATELY EXCITED AND
SHUNT DC MOTORS

THE TERMINAL CHARACTERISTIC OF A SHUNT DC MOTOR


A terminal characteristic of a machine is a plot of
the machine’s output quantities versus each other.
For a motor, the output quantities are shaft torque
and speed, so the terminal characteristic of a motor
is a plot of its output torque versus speed.
SEPARATELY EXCITED AND
SHUNT DC MOTORS

THE TERMINAL CHARACTERISTIC OF A SHUNT DC MOTOR


SEPARATELY EXCITED AND
SHUNT DC MOTORS

THE TERMINAL CHARACTERISTIC OF A SHUNT DC MOTOR


SPEED CONTROL OF SHUNT
DC MOTORS

The two common ways in which the speed of a shunt


dc machine can be controlled are by

1. Adjusting the field resistance RF (and thus


the field flux)
2. Adjusting the terminal voltage applied to the
armature.

The less common method of speed control is by

3. Inserting a resistor in series with the


armature circuit.
SPEED CONTROL OF SHUNT
DC MOTORS

CHANGING THE FIELD RESISTANCE


SPEED CONTROL OF SHUNT
DC MOTORS

CHANGING THE FIELD RESISTANCE


SPEED CONTROL OF SHUNT
DC MOTORS

CHANGING THE FIELD RESISTANCE


SPEED CONTROL OF SHUNT
DC MOTORS

CHANGING THE FIELD RESISTANCE

The increase in current predominates over the decrease


in flux, and the induced torque rises:
SPEED CONTROL OF SHUNT
DC MOTORS

CHANGING THE FIELD RESISTANCE

The effect of
field resistance
speed control on
a shunt motor’s
torque-speed
characteristic
over the motor’s
normal operating
range
SPEED CONTROL OF SHUNT
DC MOTORS

CHANGING THE FIELD RESISTANCE

The effect of
field resistance
speed control on
a shunt motor’s
torque-speed
characteristic
over the entire
range from no-
load to stall
conditions.
SPEED CONTROL OF SHUNT
DC MOTORS
CHANGING THE ARMATURE VOLTAGE.

The second form of speed control involves changing the


voltage applied to the armature of the motor without
changing the voltage applied to the field.
SPEED CONTROL OF SHUNT
DC MOTORS
CHANGING THE ARMATURE VOLTAGE.
SPEED CONTROL OF SHUNT
DC MOTORS
CHANGING THE ARMATURE VOLTAGE.

The effect of
armature voltage
speed control on a
shunt motor’s
torque-speed
characteristic.
SPEED CONTROL OF SHUNT
DC MOTORS

INSERTING A RESISTOR IN SERIES WITH THE ARMATURE


CIRCUIT.

If a resistor is inserted in series with the armature


circuit, the effect is to drastically increase the slope
of the motor’s torque-speed characteristic, making it
operate more slowly if loaded. The insertion of a
resistor is a very wasteful method of speed control,
since the losses in the inserted resistor are very
large. For this reason, it is rarely used. It will be
found only in applications in which the motor spends
almost all its time operating at full speed or in
applications too inexpensive to justify a better form of
speed control.
SPEED CONTROL OF SHUNT
DC MOTORS

INSERTING A RESISTOR IN SERIES WITH THE ARMATURE


CIRCUIT.
SPEED CONTROL OF SHUNT
DC MOTORS

For armature voltage control, the flux in the motor is


constant, so the maximum torque in the motor is

This maximum torque is constant, regardless of the speed


of the rotation of the motor. Since the power out of the
motor is given by P = τω, the maximum power of the motor
at any speed under armature voltage control is

Thus the maximum power out of the motor is directly


proportional to its operating speed under armature
voltage control.
SPEED CONTROL OF SHUNT
DC MOTORS

When field resistance control is used, the flux does


change. In this form of control, a speed increase is
caused by a decrease in the machine’s flux. In order for
the armature current limit not to be exceeded, the
induced torque limit must decrease as the speed of the
motor increases. Since the power out of the motor is
given by P = τω, and the torque limit decreases as the
speed of the motor increases, the maximum power out of a
dc motor under field current control is constant, while
the maximum torque varies as the reciprocal of the
motor’s speed.
SPEED CONTROL OF SHUNT
DC MOTORS
THE EFFECT OF AN OPEN
FIELD CIRCUIT

In dc motor starting and protection circuits, a field loss


relay is normally included to disconnect the motor from
the line in the event of a loss of field current.
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 3

The field resistance and armature resistance of a 120 V


DC shunt motor is 60 ohm and 0.2 ohm respectively. The
motor draws 60 A current at full-load, 1800 rpm. If the
brush contact drop is 3V, find the speed of the motor at
half load.
EXAMPLE 3

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