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The document covers numerical methods for analyzing DC electrical circuits using MATLAB, including nodal and mesh equations, Cramer's Rule, and Gauss's elimination method. It also discusses circuit analysis of non-linear devices like diodes and transistors, providing examples and methods for solving systems of linear equations. Additionally, it includes practical applications using LTSpice and Simulink for circuit simulations.

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5 views

unit2pdf

The document covers numerical methods for analyzing DC electrical circuits using MATLAB, including nodal and mesh equations, Cramer's Rule, and Gauss's elimination method. It also discusses circuit analysis of non-linear devices like diodes and transistors, providing examples and methods for solving systems of linear equations. Additionally, it includes practical applications using LTSpice and Simulink for circuit simulations.

Uploaded by

harsh.rathore.ug23
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit II

NUMERICAL METHODS FOR DC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS: MATLAB PROGRAMMING FOR ANALYSIS


WITH NODAL EQUATIONS, ANALYSIS WITH MESH OR LOOP EQUATIONS, SOLVING USING MATRIX
THEORY, CRAMER’S RULE, AND GAUSS’S ELIMINATION METHOD,
SOLVING NODAL AND MESH EQUATIONS USING SIMULINK / SIMPOWER SYSTEMS MODEL OF THE
CIRCUITS.
OBTAINING THE DC OPERATING POINT OF THE CIRCUIT IN LTSPICE.
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS OF NON-LINEAR DEVICES SUCH AS DIODES AND TRANSISTORS.
Example1 for Mesh/Loop analysis
Example2 for Nodal analysis

 Assuming that the circuit looks something like this:


 R1 connects Node 1 and Node 2
 R2 connects Node 2 and Node 0 (ground)
 R3 connects Node 3 and Node 0 (ground)
 R4 connects Node 2 and Node 3
 R5 connects Node 3 and Node 0
Example2 for Nodal analysis
Cramer's Rule
Introduction

 Cramer’s Rule is a method for solving linear simultaneous equations. It


makes use of determinants and so a knowledge of these is necessary
before proceeding.

 Cramer’s Rule relies on determinants


Coefficient Matrices

 You can use determinants to solve a system of linear equations.


 You use the coefficient matrix of the linear system.
 Linear System Coeff Matrix ax+by=e
cx+dy=f

a b 
c d 
 
Cramer’s Rule for 2x2 System

 Let A be the coefficient matrix


 Linear System Coeff Matrix ax+by=e
cx+dy=f a b
= ad – bc
c dhas exactly one
 If detA 0, then the system

solution:

e b a e
and
f d c f
x y
det A det A
Example - Applying Cramer’s Rule
on a System of Two Equations
Solve the system:
 8x+5y= 2
 2x-4y= -10
8 5  8 5
The coefficient matrix is:  and  (32)  (10)  42
 2  4 2 4

2 5 8 2
So:
 10  4 2  10
x and y
 42  42
2 5
 10  4  8  (50) 42
x    1
 42  42  42
8 2
2  10  80  4  84
y   2
 42  42  42

Solution: (-1,2)
Using Cramer’s Rule
to Solve a System of Three Equations
Consider the following set of linear equations

a11 x1  a12 x2  a13 x3  b1


a21 x1  a22 x2  a23 x3  b2
a31 x1  a32 x2  a33 x3  b3
Using Cramer’s Rule
to Solve a System of Three Equations
The system of equations above can be written in a matrix form as:

 a11 a12 a13   x1   b1 


a a a23   x2   b2 
 21 22

 a31 a32 a33   x3   b3 


Using Cramer’s Rule
to Solve a System of Three Equations
Define
 a11 a12 a13 
 A   a21 a22 a23 
 a31 a32 a33 
 x1   b1 
 x    x2 and  B   b2 
 x3  b3 
If D  0,thenthesystemhasauniquesolution
asshownbelow(Cramer'sRule).
D D D
x1  1 , x2  2 , x3  3
D D D
Using Cramer’s Rule
to Solve a System of Three Equations
where

a11 a12 a13 b1 a12 a13


D  a12 a22 a23 D1  b2 a22 a23
a13 a32 a33 b3 a32 a33

a11 b1 a13 a11 a12 b1


D2  a12 b2 a23 D3  a12 a22 b2
a13 b3 a33 a13 a32 b3
Example 1
Consider the following equations:
2 x1  4 x2  5 x3  36
3 x1  5 x2  7 x3  7
5 x1  3 x2  8 x3  31
 A x    B 
where
 2 4 5 
 A   3 5 7 
 5 3 8
Example 1
 x1   36 
 x    x2 and  B    7 
 x3   31

2 4 5
D  3 5 7  336
5 3 8

36 4 5
D1  7 5 7  672
31 3 8
Example 1
2 36 5
D2  3 7 7  1008
5 31 8
2 4 36
D3  3 5 7  1344
5 3 31
D1 672
x1   2
D 336
D 1008
x2  2   3
D 336
D 1344
x3  3  4
D 336
Example 3 for Cramer’s Rule
Gauss Elimination Method
DEFINITION (Forward/Gauss Elimination Method)

Gaussian elimination is a method of solving a linear system Ax=b consisting of m


equations and n unknowns by bringing the augmented matrix

to an upper triangular form


The following examples illustrate the Gauss elimination procedure.

 EXAMPLE Solve the linear system by Gauss elimination method.


 y+z = 2
 2x +3z =5
 x+y+z = 3

Solution: In this case, the augmented matrix is

Interchange 1st row and 2nd equations (row)

Divide the Ist equation by 2


Continued…..
R3-R3-R2
R3(-2/3)R3
Example 4 for Gauss Elimination Rule
Example 5 for Non linear element
diode IV characteristics

 The saturation current of a diode at 25oC is


10-12 A. Plot the i-v characteristic of the
diode at the following temperatures: T1 =
0oC, T2 = 100oC.
Example 4 for Gauss Elimination Rule
Diode I-V Curve at Two Temperatures
10

9
Example 4 for Gauss Elimination Rule
8 o is for 100 degrees C

7 + is for 0 degree C

0
0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75
Voltage (V)

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