Department of Pharmaceutics

th
7 Semester Industrial Pharmacy Short Notes (Machines)
Principle S.no Machine Construction Working Uses Advantages Disadvantages
Agitation of materials is
done via an oscillatory
movement (for small
scale mixing) and via
Shaker mixers have  Loud and noisy
Shaker rotatory movement (for
1 - limited use in -  Needs a lot of
mixer large scale mixing).
industry. supervision
Mixing efficiency is
variable depending on the
Liquid – Liquid Mixing

degree of turbulence and

liquid viscosity.
 Requires less time for Not effective for mixing of
Rotating shaft with Rotates at 8000 rpm For low viscosity mixing viscous liquids of greater
Propeller
2 propeller blades attached which causes the mixing medium (liquids) i.e.  Much smaller in size as than 5 pascals/sec
Mixer
at the end in a short time 2-5 pascals/sec compared to paddle viscosity. E.g. glycerin and
and turbine mixers castor oil.
Turbine mixers consist of
 Have greater shearing
a circular disc impeller to Rotates at a lower speed
Used for medium force as compared to Mixing materials in an
which a number of short, than propellers and the
Turbine viscosity fluids i.e. up propellers. enclosed space may result
3 straight or curved blades ratio of the impeller and
Mixer to 7 pascals/sec, such  Generate high radial in oxidation due to air
are attached. Baffles may container diameter is also
as emulsions. flow for effective entrapment.
be attached to prevent low i.e. 50-200 rpm.
mixing.
vortex formation.
Paddle mixers have Used for high
The vertical shaft Baffled tanks are required
paddles which are used as viscosity liquids and  Vortex formation is not
Paddle consisting of paddles for mixing of suspensions
4 impellers which consist of semi solids such as possible at such low
Mixer rotates at a speed of 100 otherwise the mixing of
flat blades attached to a antacid suspensions, speed.
rpm or less. suspension would be poor.
vertical shaft antidiarrheal mixtures

Sabikah Shafiq (Pharm.D) Page 1

Jinnah University for Women
 Department of Pharmaceutics
th
7 Semester Industrial Pharmacy Short Notes (Machines)
Principle S.no Machine Construction Working Uses Advantages Disadvantages
 Size reduction and
A mortar and pestle
mixing can be
of same Comminution
achieved at the
Mortar & constructional and mixing of For particle size reduction Can only be used for small scale
1 same time.
pestle material (such as powders via and mixing of powders. batch productions
 Easy to use
glass and hand
Wedgewood)  Low cost
equipment

Mixing of Powders

For comminution of
soft aggregates,
crystals, and mixing of
Similar to
Electric Mortar powders with uniform
Wedgewood Higher efficiency than
2 & Pestle - particle size. -
mortar and simple mortar & pestle
(EMP)  Specifically designed
pestle
for blending of creams,
ointments, and oral
liquids.
 Can’t be used for adhesive and
cohesive particles as it has low
A stainless steel
Rotates at a Powder material shearing force.
container which may
speed of 5-25 Used for powders with weighing about 50-100  Poor flowing particles tend to
3 Tumbler Mixer contain agitator bar
rpm for mixing similar densities kg can be loaded in a stick to the inner walls of
across the container
of powders. single batch. tumbler mixers.
for better mixing.
 Segregation may occur in case
of different particle sizes.

Sabikah Shafiq (Pharm.D) Page 2

Jinnah University for Women
 Department of Pharmaceutics
th
7 Semester Industrial Pharmacy Short Notes (Machines)
Principle S.no Machine Construction Working Uses Advantages Disadvantages
In the ribbon mixer,
 Formation of dead spots
spiral ribbons, Rotating of the shaft The ribbon mixer can
(unmixed regions) may occur.
paddles, or blades are leads to the circular mix powders with poor
 Mixing is inefficient due to
mounted on a rotating movement of the Used for powders flowability and avoid
4 Ribbon Mixer movement of particles in 2
shaft, which is blades and with poor flowability segregation as
directions which cancel out the
located in the center subsequent mixing of compared to tumbling
of the mixing the powder. mixers. fore applied for effective
equipment. mixing.
Commonly called as
The blade rotates on  Double mixing  Unwanted generation of heat.
a beater consists of an
its own axis and also Is widely used for avoids formation of
anchor type of  Not suitable for mixing of
Mixing of Powders

Planetary rotates a complete mixing, comminution voids and dead

5 paddle/agitator thermolabile substances.
Mixer 360° due to being and kneading of spots.
revolving in a  Needs a lot of maintenance.
attached on a rotating materials.  Can easily break
cylindrical pot with a
disc.  Expensive.
agglomerates.
hemispherical base.
 High efficient
It is composed of a The screw conveys mixing with low
bottom discharger the product to the top, energy
Nauta Mixer/ with a rotating screw- where it can flow consumption.
 Mixing of free
Orbiting Screw fastened to the upper back to the powder  Ease of discharge
flowing powders.
6 Blender/ end of the horizontal feed. The rotating with low amount of -
Vertical Cone rotating arm. The arm arm and impellers  Mixing of
residue.
slurries.
Screw Blender consists of vertical induce a combination  Ease of cleaning,
impellers for of convection, shear, making use for
effective mixing. and diffusive mixing. multiple products
easier.
 Poor fluidization and low
Mixing is achieved
It is a part of the For mixing of powder Efficient mixing is flexibility especially if the feed
Fluid- Bed via circulation of the
7 fluid-bed granulator particles prior to achieved by circulation is too wet.
Mixer fluidized powder in
system granulation. of the fluidized powder.  Needs proper care and handling
the vessel.
while dealing with hot air/gas.

Sabikah Shafiq (Pharm.D) Page 3

Jinnah University for Women
 Department of Pharmaceutics
th
7 Semester Industrial Pharmacy Short Notes (Machines)
Principle S.no Machine Construction Working Uses Advantages Disadvantages
 During mixing,
It consists of two mixing
minimum dead space is
blades, whose shapes  Used for mixing
created.
resemble the Greek letter The mechanism of of high viscosity
 Lumps and aggregates
Sigma sigma (∑), that are fitted action is shearing materials.
broken by perforated High electricity
Mixing of Powders

8 Blade horizontally in each trough which is produced by  Mainly used for consumption.
blades
Mixer of the bowl. The clearance intermeshing sigma- solid-liquid
between the blades and the shaped blades.  Loss of volatile solvent
mixing and solid-
vessel walls is low which during mixing can be
solid mixing.
produces high shear. prevented by closing
the chamber.
It uses ultrasonic
waves which produces
 High production cost.
high and low pressures
Can perform solid-  They are versatile.  Causes a sharp rise in
leading to formation
Ultrasonic It consists of a power source, liquid and liquid-  Easy to handle. temperature.
9 of bubbles. These
Mixer a converter, and a probe.
bubbles grow, merge
liquid mixing  Low maintenance due  Not suitable for large-
effectively. to fewer parts. scale mixing
and later collapse
sending a shock wave operations.
through the mixture.

S.no Machine Construction Working Uses Advantages Disadvantages

Slurry is pushed into the filter press  Fewer parts for easy  Large amount of conditioning
Filtration

and subjected to high pressure for maintenance. chemicals (such as lime, ferric
It consists of an
dewatering. As the pressure builds,  Captures a high amount of chloride, or polymers are
Filter inlet and outlet To separate
1 solids begin to build within the solids. often used to enhance
Press pipe, filter plate liquid and solids.
chambers. Once the chambers are  Large processing capacity. dewatering and minimize cloth
and filter cloth.
completely full, this forms a cake,  Long service life. plugging) are used.
and the process is complete.  Low energy consumption.  High noise levels.

Sabikah Shafiq (Pharm.D) Page 4

Jinnah University for Women
 Department of Pharmaceutics
th
7 Semester Industrial Pharmacy Short Notes (Machines)
S.no Machine Construction Working Uses Advantages Disadvantages
 High pressure does
not cause the filter
It consists of an to burst.
inlet and outlet  Economical due to
Can be operated via pumping slurry under Mainly used for
source along presence of no  It is only used where the
pressure from inlet or by applying reduced coarser particles
with metal filter medium. proportion of solid in the
pressure at the outlet. The slurry passes through but a layer of
Meta rings with  Non-corrosive liquid to be filtered is about
2 the channels formed via metal rings and moves kieselguhr is
Filter semicircular sieve can be used to 5% or less. E.g. syrup,
out via the semi-circular projections. The applied for
projections that prevent suspension, and viscous
residue is collected at the strainer and clear filtration of finer
form a nest contamination with liquids.
liquid is collected from the outlet. particles.
which acts like sensitive materials.
Filtration

a strainer/sieve.  Suitable for

corrosive
substances
Slurry sits in a tank with a partially submerged
drum. As the drum rotates into slurry, vacuum
pulls the liquor through the industrial filter
Consists of a  Besides the drum, other
media, trapping the solid particles on its surface, Waste water
rotating drum, accessories, for example,
forming a cake. As the drum continues to travel treatment,
slurry tank, agitators and vacuum pump,
through slurry, the cake thickens. The cake then sludge de-
filter valve, vacuum receivers, slurry
Rotary enters into the washing zone where the rest of watering,  It is a continuous
3 vacuum pump pumps are required.
Filter the liquor is extracted leaving behind the cake pharmaceutical process
and a scraper  The discharge cake contains
for drying region for the removal of the excess industry, food
attached at the residual moisture.
moisture from the cake and is then scraped off processing
end of the
and collected. The partially submerged drum industry  High energy consumption by
process. the vacuum pump.
rotates in the slurry tank where it picks up the
slurry on its surface. The vacuum pulls the
liquid from the slurry

Sabikah Shafiq (Pharm.D) Page 5

Jinnah University for Women
 Department of Pharmaceutics
th
7 Semester Industrial Pharmacy Short Notes (Machines)

S.no Machine Construction Working Uses Advantages Disadvantages

Slurry is pumped under pressure into the  Purification of
equipment consisting of may filtration Pharmaceutical
Consists of a
leaves. The leaves collect the filtrate and water.
horizontal or  It is a simple  High headroom is required for
Filtration

pass them to the drainage canal whereas the  Horizontal leaf

vertical tank equipment dismantling the leaves on
cake is collected on the filter cloth. Hot air filter is used to
having an inlet,  Easy to operate vertical vessels.
or gas is blown in the filtration tank so that filter liquids
4 Leaf Filter outlet, leaf  A number of filters  Large floor space is required
the cake adhered on the filtration leaves gets with higher solid
vibrator, filter can be attached to for discharging the cake on
dried. After drying the cake, the vibrator content.
leaves, and increase filtration horizontal vessels.
vibrates the leaves so that the dried filter  Vertical leaf
discharge valve
cake gets dislodged off the filter media and rate.  Close monitoring is required.
(for cake) filters are used
easily collected. Backwashing may be for flammable
required for removal of filter residue. substances.

S.no Machine Construction Working Uses Advantages Disadvantages

The material to be dried is placed in the  Gentle heating/drying
Consists of
vertical dryers. After operating the
drying vessel  Used for drying process.  Time consuming due to
equipment, fresh air is introduced from
having a gas of liquids & wet  Uniform drying of low temperatures.
the inlet which then passes from the
inlet and outlet, cakes. the material.  Tends to over-dry
Tray heater and gains a rise in its temperature.
1 heater, fan and  Drying of viscous  Suitable for materials materials present in the
Dryer Hot air is passed and regulated
vertical trays substances, crude that are easily lower trays.
continuously via a fan which creates

Drying

for holding drugs, granules, decomposed. Not suitable for large

forced conventions in the heating
drying
chamber resulting in moisture loss. The powders, etc  Energy efficient & scale production.
medium. easy to use.
moisture is then removed from the outlet.
The materials to be died in the equipment  Used in food  Continuous process.  High labor cost for
are loaded in the trolley and pushed into industries for  Large amount of loading and unloading.
Entrance and
the equipment. The blower introduces air drying of edible materials can be  Not suitable for heat-
exit for trolley,
Tunnel which then passes from the heater and chips and raisins. dried. sensitive substances.
2 blower, heater,
Dryer gains a rise in temperature. The hot air is  Drying of  Counter current flow  Time consuming
and an outlet
for hot air
regulated via fans and the moisture along packaging of hot air increases  Not suitable for small
with hot air leaves the system through material. the efficiency of scale productions and
outlet.  For sterilization drying. batches.

Sabikah Shafiq (Pharm.D) Page 6

Jinnah University for Women
 Department of Pharmaceutics
th
7 Semester Industrial Pharmacy Short Notes (Machines)
S.no Machine Construction Working Uses Advantages Disadvantages
 Fine particles can
An inclined The material to be dried is placed on the  Mainly used
escape via the hot air
long drying feed conveyer which leads it to the in chemical
 Greatest capacity as outlet.
drum, feed hopper. The hopper introduces the feed and mineral
compared to other driers  Requires close
conveyer belt, into the rotary drying chamber where the industry.
Rotary  Low maintenance cost; monitoring prior
3 heat supply, heating device introduces hot air into the  Used in the
Dryer economical. operation.
dried product chamber for drying. The dried particles drying of
outlet and and hot air both reach for the cyclone  Less sensitive to particle  Bulky equipment hence
husk, orange
cyclone separator where the hot air is removed sizes. leads to difficulty in
peels, grains
separator and dried feed is separately collected. installation and
etc.
dismantling.
The materials to be dries are loaded in
 To dry  Not suitable for toxic
the vessel. The air is introduced to the  Improves compressibility
powders and and flammable
Drying lower plenum from air handling unit. and flowability of powders.
granules with substances.
chamber, The hot air then passes from the wet
 
Drying

a specific Helps to preserve materials Risk of fire explosion

HEPA filters, solids and suspends the material while
Fluid Bed moisture properly. due to high levels of hot
4 air handling taking moisture and fines away with it
Dryer content.  Low maintenance cost. gas.
unit, filter bags, towards the filter bags. The filter bags
 To increase  Continuous process  Difficulty in drying
and exhaust continuously shake to prevent the
outlet. clogging of the filter. The air along with shelf life of  Relatively fast than freeze sticky materials as they
moisture is removed from the exhaust products via drying. may adhere to the walls
drying. of the vessel.
fans
 Production of fines
The liquid enters the evaporating  Continuous process
Feeder system,  To produce causes poor flow
chamber and enters the atomizer to be  Co-current flow generally
atomizer, inlet fine particles. properties and dusting.
converted into fine droplets. Dry gas is allows the drying to be
and outlet for  To produce  Cannot be used to dry
introduced into the chamber filled with more efficient.
hot air, drying powder solid materials.
Spray atomized droplets from which drying of  A static bed can be attached
5
Dryer
chamber,
particles occurs. The hot air/gas and
granules.  There is a high risk of
before collector which
cyclone
solid particles are moved to the cyclone  To produce product deposition and
separator and provides a humid
separator where hot gas is removed from aerosols, dry adherence in the
collection environment to increase
the outlet and dried particles are powder chamber walls leading
chamber. flowability and particle size
collected in a collection chamber. formulations to fire hazards and
of fines.
product degradation.

Sabikah Shafiq (Pharm.D) Page 7

Jinnah University for Women
 Department of Pharmaceutics
th
7 Semester Industrial Pharmacy Short Notes (Machines)
S.no Machine Construction Working Uses Advantages Disadvantages
A drying chamber is maintained at low  Typically used in
A drying  Prevention of  Expensive
Drying

pressures. Inside the chamber a heating food industries.

chamber, a materials being  It is not energy efficient
plate provides the necessary heat to the  In the production
Freeze vacuum pump, oxidized.  Ineffective transportation
6 product. Due to reduced pressures inside of sterile
Dryer a heat source,  Longer shelf life.  Stability problems may
the chamber, the boiling point is reduced reconstituted
and a
and hence the frozen product placed onto  Suitable for heat- occur due to fluctuations in
solutions/
condenser sensitive materials freezing temperatures.
the heating plate is directly sublimed. suspensions.

S.no Machine Construction Working Uses Advantages Disadvantages

 Low maintenance
As the shell rotates, the balls are
& cost.
lifted up on the rising side of the  Noisy
A hollow horizontal Toxic substances  Suitable for batch
shell and then they cascade down  It is a slow process
rotating vessel can be ground, as and continuous
1a Ball Mill
containing metal balls
from near the top of the shell. By
closed cylinders  Wear and tear of internal
operations.
this means, the solid particles in walls can occur, leading to
for grinding
between the balls are ground and
are used.  For both wet &
material contamination.
reduced in size by impact. dry grinding
Size Reduction

process
In this type of ball mill Coarser grinding occurs in the
Hardinge the cylinder has a cylinder portion and a finer To produce fine Particle size is more
1b Same as conventional ball mill
Ball Mill conical end towards a grinding takes place at the apex of particles uniform
discharge point. the conical part.
A cylindrical ball mill Can grind finer
Same working principle just the To grind hard
1c Tube Mill having flint pebbles products than the Same as conventional ball mill
grinding is done via flint pebbles. materials
instead of metal balls conventional ball mill.
These rods are useful
It is a modification of
Rod Ball Same working principle just the To comminute with sticky materials
1d tube mills and contains Same as conventional ball mill
Mill grinding is done via rods. sticky materials since rods do not form
rods as grinding material
aggregates like balls.
A cylindrical ball mill
Same working principle just the For grinding of Grinding efficiency is
Vibration having metal balls of
1e grinding is done vibratory motion almost every type also better in this type Same as conventional ball mill
Ball Mill which whole is mounted
instead of rotatory motion. of material. of mill
on vibratory springs.

Sabikah Shafiq (Pharm.D) Page 8

Jinnah University for Women
 Department of Pharmaceutics
th
7 Semester Industrial Pharmacy Short Notes (Machines)
S.no Machine Construction Working Uses Advantages Disadvantages
The pestle rotates by friction and
is free to rise and fall in the
 Wet grinding
mortar so that its grinding action
with very viscous
involves both impact and shear,  Not useful for sticky
Consists of a weighted material such as
the material being crushed and Operates successfully products.
pestle mounted ointments and
rubbed between it and the with fibrous
paste is also  Open operation leads to
End Runner unconventionally in a
2 rotating mortar. Spring-loaded materials, bark, contamination of grinding
Mill ceramic, granite or possible.
scrapers ensure that material is woods fruits, leaves, material.
metal mortar, which is  Easy to clean &
rotated by a motor.
constantly returned to the etc  Equipment wear and tear
maintain.
grinding area and at the end of is possible.
the operation the pestle can be  Low energy
moved backward and forward to consumption.
facilitate emptying and cleaning.
Size Reduction

Edge runner mill

consists of one or two  It produces fine
For reducing
heavy steel or granite particles  It is not suitable for
The material to be ground is kept extremely tough and
3
Edge rollers mounted on a
in the path of the runner by fibrous materials –  Requires less milling sticky materials
Runner Mill horizontal shaft and attention during  Machine noise leading to
scrapers roots and barks to the
turned round a central the milling noise pollution
form of powder.
vertical shaft on a bed of operation
steel or granite.
 Used for the
comminution of  Simple
The material enters the mill via
solids and for the construction  Wearing of rotating plates
hopper and is subjected to size
preparation  Easy to clean and can occur due to high
reduction via coming in contact shearing force.
of suspensions. maintain
with high speed rotor and a
Consists of an inlet  It is used for  High grinding  Consumes energy
stationary stator. The rotor exerts
4 Colloid Mill hopper, rotor and stator,
a high shearing force which grinding, capacity and  Large feed quantity but
and an outlet. dispersing and minimal limited capacity, hence
causes the size reduction of
homogenizing of requirements. continuous process is not
particles. The required sized
particles later fall towards the ointment, cream,  Machine is self- possible.
outlet.
gels, and high draining.  Not energy efficient
viscous fluids in  Batch process
one operation.

Sabikah Shafiq (Pharm.D) Page 9

Jinnah University for Women
 Department of Pharmaceutics
th
7 Semester Industrial Pharmacy Short Notes (Machines)
S.no Machine Construction Working Uses Advantages Disadvantages
The feed material is placed into
Hammer mills the hopper, which flows  High reduction ratio
consist of a series vertically down and then  To process wet and high capacity.
of hammers horizontally, while hammers or dry  Clogging of metal screens.
 Blunt hammers
(usually four or are in continuous motion. These granulations and  Heat build-up can cause
cause best fracturing
Hammer more) hinged on a rotating hammers beat the disperse powder material degradation.
5 of brittle materials.
Mill central shaft and material to yield smaller mixtures.  Wearing of mill and screen
 Easy to install and
enclosed within a particles. Then, these particles  Milling of raw is possible with abrasive
operate.
rigid metal case. pass through the screen. The materials such as materials.
Screen is attached screens are interchangeable so  Occupies less space.
roots and barks.
at the bottom that any grade of fineness can  Inexpensive
be achieved.

Size Reduction

Consists of Best option of size

The feed is loaded from the
uniformly spaced reduction when
hopper where it comes in
knives attached to  Used for milling impaction, attrition,
contact with the stationary and  Not suitable for most
horizontal rotating tough materials. or compaction type
rotating knives. The knives pharmaceutical applications
knives which act  Used to produce milling is not
cause size reduction of which due to the formation of
6 Cutter Mill against a series of coarse particles effective especially
smaller particles are passed out wide particle size.
stationary knives from dried for tough, fibrous, or
via the screen whereas coarser
resilient materials.  It is not easy to clean after
attached to the mill granulations before
particles are held again by the use.
casing. A screen is tableting.  Easy to install &
knives till a desired size of feed
attached at the operate.
particles is obtained.
bottom.  Inexpensive.
The material is fed from the  Used for crushing  Produce more
hopper into the gap between the and cracking of uniform, and
rollers and rollers are also seeds before oversized particles.
Reduction vessel
allowed to rotate at the same extraction of fixed  Less moisture loss.  Not effective on fiber or
containing a fixed
time. Size reduction occur when oils.  Low machine noise two-dimensional products.
7 Roller Mill and adjustable
the feed pass through the rollers  To crush soft  Energy efficient.  Rolls need to be adjusted to
rollers, feed inlet
and outlet
under high pressure. The tissues to help in  Less fines suit grind requirements.
product is then collected in the penetration of production which
receiver at the bottom of the solvent during reduces working
mill. extraction process hazards.

Sabikah Shafiq (Pharm.D) Page 10

Jinnah University for Women
 Department of Pharmaceutics
th
7 Semester Industrial Pharmacy Short Notes (Machines)
S.no Machine Construction Working Uses Advantages Disadvantages
Four beaters revolving at
Consist of a steel
high speed inside the
drum enclosing a
machine pulverize material
central shaft, which
fed into it. The powder thus
has a disc to which
produced instantly passes
4 beaters are fixed. To powder all type of
through the screens in the A versatile equipment for fine  Noisy.
8 Disintegrator The upper inner drugs including very
lower part of the machine. grinding of materials  It is not energy efficient.
surface of drum is hard drugs.
This free escape of the
rough. Lower part
ground material results in
of casing consists
extremely rapid grinding
of a detachable
Size Reduction

with a fine and cool

screen.
product.
Works on the principle of
impact and attrition. When
solids are added into the
stream through the inlet,
there is a lot of turbulence,  The mill is used  Tendency of forming
collision, and attritional to grind heat  Produces fine powders aggregates or
forces between the particles sensitive material  No wear and tear of the agglomerates after milling.
Fluid Energy Feed inlet and due to high pressure air. to fine powder. mill  Generation of amorphous
9 Mill / outlet (classifier), Particles break down as a  The mill is used  No contamination due to content due to high energy
Micronizer and air inlet jets. result of the irregular to grind those wearing of mill. impact.
motion between the feed drugs in which  Suitable for grinding heat-  Formation of ultra-fine
and the air. Coarser high degree of sensitive materials. particles
particles are again re- purity is required.  High energy consumption.
circulated in the vessel for
size reduction whereas fine
particles are removed via
classifier.

Sabikah Shafiq (Pharm.D) Page 11

Jinnah University for Women
 Department of Pharmaceutics
th
7 Semester Industrial Pharmacy Short Notes (Machines)
Principle S.no Machine Construction Working Uses Advantages Disadvantages
The upper punch is raised and the lower
It consists of punch drops to create a die cavity where the
Single
hopper, die feed flows from hopper to die cavity. The  Easy to
Punch
cavity, punches, hopper moves away and the upper punch For smaller scale operate.  Not suitable for large
Tablet Compression &

1 Machine
cam truck, and descend down for compression. After productions.  Low noise tablet productions.
/Eccentric
tablet & ejection powder/granules are compressed into tablet, level
Press
adjuster. the upper punch ascends and the lower punch
Compaction

ejects the tablet out of the die cavity.

It consists of The upper punch is raised and the lower
hopper, die punch drops to create a die cavity where the
cavity, punches, feed flows from hopper to die cavity. The
 Easy to
cam track, pre- hopper moves away and the upper punch
Multi- operate.
compression and descend down for pre-compression. After  For large scale  High maintenance cost.
station /  Efficient for
2 main powder/granules are pre-compressed, main tablet  Requires close
Rotary mass
compression compression rollers compress the mass into manufacturing monitoring.
Press production of
rollers, ejection tablet. The upper punch ascends and the
cam, take-off lower punch ejects the tablet out of the die tablets.
blade, discharge cavity. The take-off blade guides the tablets
chute to discharge chute.

Principle S.no Machine Construction Working Uses Advantages Disadvantages

Tablets are loaded in the metal pan  To enhance the appearance of
A tilted circular
which is then rotated via the help of tablets.
metal pan,

Tablet Coating

Standard an electric rotor. The atomizer then To prolong disintegration

1 electric rotor, - -
Coating Pan sprays a thin layer of coating time of tablets.
atomizer, and
heating nozzle.
solution on to the tablets which are  To protect API from outer
then dried via the heating nozzle. atmosphere.
The hot air flows in upward direction  To enhance the appearance of
Fluidized Bed Vertical cylinder, causing the tablets to fluidize tablets.
or Air air inlet and (levitate). The coating is then  To prolong disintegration
2 - -
Suspension outlet pipes, and sprayed on to the tablets where time of tablets.
System atomizer continuous heating via hot air is  To protect API from outer
applied for drying the applied coat atmosphere.

Sabikah Shafiq (Pharm.D) Page 12

Jinnah University for Women
 Department of Pharmaceutics
th
7 Semester Industrial Pharmacy Short Notes (Machines)
Principle S.no Machine Construction Working Uses Advantages Disadvantages
 Whole liquid is heated at the
Evaporation is performed by
Hemispherical same time which can cause
passing the steam from the steam For evaporation  Simple and easy to
shallow pan, a decomposition of the material.
Evaporating jacket to the pan. The wide of aqueous and construct.
1 steam jacket,  Continuous stirring is required.
Pans surface area of vessel provides the thermostable  Cheap
product inlet  Requires exhaust fans in the
and outlet.
best surface to volume ratio for liquids  Easy to operate.
evaporation. operation room to prevent dense
fog formation.
Evaporation is performed by  They are easy to
Closed vessel
passing the steam from the steam clean & operate.
with a steam  Whole liquid is heated at the
jacket to the pan. The steam is For evaporation  Evaporation under
Evaporation

Evaporating jacket, product same time which can cause

2 then passed from the jacket and and separation of reduced pressure
Still inlet and decomposition of the material.
the evaporated liquid is collected liquid mixtures. can be done via
outlet, and a  Only for small batches.
in another vessel via attaching a vacuum
condenser
condensation. pump.
Liquid is entered into the vessel  High pressure
Evaporating  To prevents
with a high pressure. While the
chamber, concentrate degradation of
liquid is circulated in high
calendria, thermolabile materials.
pressure, calendria introduces
circulating substances.
steam which causes the liquid to  Liquid flowing in
Forced pipes, steam  For moisture pipes with high  It is not energy efficient.
be super-heated. This super-
3 Circulation inlet and removal from
heated liquid after entering the pressure prevents  High pumping costs.
Evaporator outlet, product substances
evaporating chamber converts fouling in pipes.
inlet and without
into vapours due to a sudden  Ideal for viscous
outlet, changing
vapour decline. The condenser preparations.
condenser, and their core
separator
condenses the liquid which is  Less maintenance
properties
later collected from the outlet.  Easy to use.

Sabikah Shafiq (Pharm.D) Page 13

Jinnah University for Women
 Department of Pharmaceutics
th
7 Semester Industrial Pharmacy Short Notes (Machines)
Principle S.no Machine Construction Working Uses Advantages Disadvantages
 Low liquid holding
Feed enters into the evaporating
capacity causes this
Evaporating chamber and reaches the top. After
equipment to set up  Sufficient wetting of heating
chamber, feed reaching the top it is again brought
quickly and later be surfaces is required in order
inlet, steam down where the steam is introduced Used to produce
Falling Film changed to cleaning. to prevent fouling of pipes.
4 inlet, in the mid-way. This way, the concentrated
Evaporator  Able to produce very  Proper equipment design is
concentrate concentrated solution is collected at products.
consistent required to achieve desired
outlet, steam the bottom of the evaporator and a
concentrated results of concentrations.
compressor. separator is attached to re-circulate
products.
the steam via steam compressor.
 Low cost.
 Higher vacuum is not
Feed enters the bottom of the
possible.
evaporating chamber. Steam is

Evaporation

Evaporating Cannot be used for crystal

introduced to the feed liquid in the
chamber, feed  Thermal forming substances as low
midway of the chamber where it
inlet, steam desalination. pressures in the pipes can
Rising Film converts into vapours and travels to Suitable for various non-
5 inlet,  Pharmaceutic cause accumulation of
Evaporator the separator. The separator collects crystal forming solutions.
concentrate al product crystals leading to fouling.
the concentrated liquid whereas the
outlet, steam
steam is allowed to pass through the recovery.  Heat-sensitive materials can
compressor. decompose easily due to low
separator and is re-circulated via
steam compressors. pressure (decreasing boiling
point of material).
Rotating
evaporating  Can handle various
Feed is introduced at the top of the
chamber, feed Mainly used for feed concentrations
unit. Wipers wipe the feed thus
inlet, steam concentration, ranging from 1-95%.
creating and renewing the film. The
Wiped Film inlet, distilling and  Operation is
6 thin film enables an efficient heat High cost
Evaporators condenser, dehydration of continuous.
transfer. The vapours then migrate
distillate heat-sensitive and  Wipers avoid residue
to the condenser where they
outlet, and viscous products. formation in the
condense and collected
cooling jacket pipes.
at the bottom.

Sabikah Shafiq (Pharm.D) Page 14

Jinnah University for Women