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Exploring Geometry Michael Hvidsten Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Michael Hvidsten
ISBN(s): 9781498760805, 1498760805
Edition: web draft of 2nd
File Details: PDF, 5.36 MB
Year: 2012
Language: english
Exploring Geometry

Michael Hvidsten
Gustavus Adolphus College

DRAFT: October 18, 2012

ii

Copyright @ 2004 by Michael Hvidsten

Revised draft, August 2012.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,

stored, or transmitted without prior consent of the author.
Contents

Preface ix

Acknowledgments xiii

1 Geometry and the Axiomatic Method 1

1.1 Early Origins of Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Thales and Pythagoras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 Thales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.2 Pythagoras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Project 1 - The Ratio Made of Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.1 Golden Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.2 Golden Rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4 The Rise of the Axiomatic Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.5 Properties of Axiomatic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.5.1 Consistency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.5.2 Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.5.3 Completeness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.5.4 Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.6 Euclid’s Axiomatic Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.6.1 Euclid’s Postulates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.7 Project 2 - A Concrete Axiomatic System . . . . . . . . . . . 40

2 Euclidean Geometry 51
2.1 Angles, Lines, and Parallels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.2 Congruent Triangles and Pasch’s Axiom . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.3 Project 3 - Special Points of a Triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.3.1 Circumcenter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.3.2 Orthocenter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.3.3 Incenter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

iii
iv CONTENTS

2.4 Measurement and Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

2.4.1 Mini-Project - Area in Euclidean Geometry . . . . . . 75
2.4.2 Cevians and Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.5 Similar Triangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.5.1 Mini-Project - Finding Heights . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.6 Circle Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2.7 Project 4 - Circle Inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.7.1 Orthogonal Circles Redux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

3 Analytic Geometry 107

3.1 The Cartesian Coordinate System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.2 Vector Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3.3 Project 5 - Bézier Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.4 Angles in Coordinate Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3.5 The Complex Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.5.1 Polar Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
3.5.2 Complex Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
3.5.3 Analytic Functions and Conformal Maps (Optional) . 136
3.6 Birkhoff’s Axiomatic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

4 Constructions 147
4.1 Euclidean Constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
4.2 Project 6 - Euclidean Eggs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
4.3 Constructibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
4.4 Mini-Project - Origami Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

5 Transformational Geometry 181

5.1 Euclidean Isometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
5.2 Reflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
5.2.1 Mini-Project - Isometries through Reflection . . . . . 189
5.2.2 Reflection and Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
5.3 Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
5.3.1 Translational Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
5.4 Rotations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
5.4.1 Rotational Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
5.5 Project 7 - Quilts and Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
5.6 Glide Reflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
5.6.1 Glide Reflection Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
5.7 Structure and Representation of Isometries . . . . . . . . . . 217
5.7.1 Matrix Form of Isometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
CONTENTS v

5.7.2 Compositions of Rotations and Translations . . . . . . 221

5.7.3 Compositions of Reflections and Glide Reflections . . 223
5.7.4 Isometries in Computer Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
5.7.5 Summary of Isometry Compositions . . . . . . . . . . 225
5.8 Project 8 - Constructing Compositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

6 Symmetry 233
6.1 Finite Plane Symmetry Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
6.2 Frieze Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
6.3 Wallpaper Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
6.4 Tiling the Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
6.4.1 Escher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
6.4.2 Regular Tessellations of the Plane . . . . . . . . . . . 256
6.5 Project 9 - Constructing Tessellations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

7 Non-Euclidean Geometry 263

7.1 Background and History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
7.2 Models of Hyperbolic Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
7.2.1 Poincaré Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
7.2.2 Mini-Project - The Klein Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
7.3 Basic Results in Hyperbolic Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
7.3.1 Parallels in Hyperbolic Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
7.3.2 Omega Points and Triangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
7.4 Project 10 - The Saccheri Quadrilateral . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
7.5 Lambert Quadrilaterals and Triangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
7.5.1 Lambert Quadrilaterals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
7.5.2 Triangles in Hyperbolic Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . 293
7.6 Area in Hyperbolic Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
7.7 Project 11 - Tiling the Hyperbolic Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
7.8 Models and Isomorphism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

8 Non-Euclidean Transformations 313

8.1 Möbius Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
8.1.1 Fixed Points and the Cross Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
8.1.2 Geometric Properties of Möbius Transformations . . . 319
8.2 Isometries in the Poincaré Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
8.3 Isometries in the Klein Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
8.4 Mini-Project - The Upper Half-Plane Model . . . . . . . . . . 330
8.5 Weierstrass Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
8.6 Hyperbolic Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
vi CONTENTS

8.6.1 Arclength of Parameterized Curves . . . . . . . . . . . 334

8.6.2 Geodesics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
8.6.3 The Angle of Parallelism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
8.6.4 Right Triangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
8.6.5 Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
8.7 Project 12 - Infinite Real Estate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

9 Fractal Geometry 347

9.1 The Search for a “Natural” Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
9.2 Self-Similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
9.2.1 Sierpinski’s Triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
9.2.2 Cantor Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
9.3 Similarity Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
9.4 Project 13 - An Endlessly Beautiful Snowflake . . . . . . . . . 356
9.5 Contraction Mappings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
9.6 Fractal Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
9.7 Project 14 - IFS Ferns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
9.8 Algorithmic Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
9.8.1 Turtle Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
9.9 Grammars and Productions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
9.9.1 Space-filling Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
9.10 Project 15 - Words into Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394

A Book I of Euclid’s Elements 401

A.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
A.2 The Postulates (Axioms) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
A.3 Common Notions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
A.4 Propositions (Theorems) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

B Brief Guide to Geometry Explorer 411

B.1 The Main Geometry Explorer Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
B.2 Selecting Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
B.3 Active vs. Inactive Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
B.4 Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
B.5 Object Coloring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
B.6 Online Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
B.7 Undo/Redo of Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
B.8 Clearing and Resizing the Canvas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
B.9 Saving Files as Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
B.10 Main Window Button Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
CONTENTS vii

B.10.1 Create Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

B.10.2 Construct Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
B.10.3 Transform Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
B.11 Measurement in Geometry Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
B.11.1 Neutral Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
B.11.2 Euclidean-only Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
B.11.3 Hyperbolic-only Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
B.11.4 User Input Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
B.12 Using Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
B.13 Using the Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
B.14 Hyperbolic Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
B.15 Analytic Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
B.16 Turtle Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

C Birkhoff ’s Axioms 443

D Hilbert’s Axioms 445

E The 17 Wallpaper Groups 447

Bibliography 453

Index 457
Preface

It may well be doubted whether, in all the range of science,

there is any field so fascinating to the explorer, so rich in hidden
treasures, so fruitful in delightful surprises, as Pure Mathematics.
—Lewis Carroll (Charles Dodgson), 1832–1898

An explorer is one who seeks out new worlds and ideas. As Lewis Carroll
would probably agree, exploration is not always easy—the explorer can at
times find the going tough. But, the treasures and surprises that active
exploration of ideas brings is worth the effort.
Geometry is one of the richest areas for mathematical exploration. The
visual aspects of the subject make exploration and experimentation natural
and intuitive. At the same time, the abstractions developed to explain
geometric patterns and connections make the subject extremely powerful
and applicable to a wide variety of physical situations. In this book we give
equal weight to intuitive and imaginative exploration of geometry as well as
to abstract reasoning and proofs.
As any good school teacher knows, intuition is developed through play,
the sometimes whimsical following of ideas and notions without clear goals
in mind. To encourage a playful appreciation of geometric ideas, we have
incorporated many computer explorations in the text. The software used
in these explorations is Geometry Explorer, a virtual geometry laboratory
where one can create geometric objects (like points, circles, polygons, areas,
etc.), carry out transformations on these objects (dilations, reflections, ro-
tations, and translations), and measure aspects of these objects (like length,
area, radius, etc.). As such, it is much like doing geometry on paper (or
sand) with a ruler and compass. However, on paper such constructions are
static—points placed on the paper can never be moved again. In Geometry
Explorer, all constructions are dynamic. One can draw a segment and then
grab one of the endpoints and move it around the canvas, with the segment
moving accordingly. Thus, one can construct a geometric figure and test out

ix
x PREFACE

hypotheses by experimentation with the construction.

The development of intuitive notions of geometric concepts is a critical
first step in understanding such concepts. However, intuition alone cannot
provide the basis for precise calculation and analysis of geometric quantities.
For example, one may know experimentally that the sides of a right triangle
follow the Pythagorean Theorem, but data alone do not show why this result
is true. Only a logical proof of a result will give us confidence in using it in
any given situation.
Throughout this text there is a dual focus on intuition/experimentation
on the one hand and on explanation/proofs on the other. This integration
of exploration and explanation can be seen most clearly in the use of major
projects to tie together concepts in each chapter. For example, the first
project explores the golden ratio and its amazing and ubiquitous properties.
Students not only experimentally discover the properties of the golden ratio,
but are asked to dig deeper and analyze why these properties are true.
The goal of the projects is to have students actively explore geometry
through a three-fold approach. Students will first see a topic introduced in
the text. Then, they will explore that topic using Geometry Explorer or by
means of in-class group projects. Finally, they will review and report on
their exploration, discussing what was discovered, conjectured, and proved
during the course of the project.
The beginning of each project is designated by a special heading—the
project title set between two horizontal lines. The conclusion of each project
is designated by an ending horizontal line. Projects are illustrated with
screen shots from the Geometry Explorer program, which comes bundled
with the text.

Using Geometry Explorer

Each project includes a series of specific geometric activities using Geometry
Explorer. The following conventions will be used for directing computer
explorations:

• Menu References All menu references will be in bold face type

and will reference the menu option to click on. Parent menus will be
listed in parentheses to assist in navigating to the correct menu. For
example, the phrase “Click on Hide (View menu)” means to go to
the Hide menu under the View menu and select that menu.
 xi

• Selection When asked to select an object on the screen, first check

that the Select button (the one with the left arrow in the Create panel
of buttons) is pressed, and then click on the object to select it.

• Multi-selection To select more than one object, hold down the Shift
key when selecting.

• Creating Objects When asked to create an object on the screen,

use one of the buttons in the Create panel. To create a point, for
example, first click on the Point button in the Create panel and then
click on the screen. To create a circle, click on the Circle button and
click and drag to create a circle.

• Constructing Objects When asked to construct an object, use one

of the buttons in the Construct panel. These buttons will work only
if the correct objects for the construction have already been selected.
For example, to construct the intersection of two circles, first multi-
select the circles and then click on the Intersect button (first button
in first row of Construct panel of buttons).

• Dragging or Moving Objects To move an object, use the Select

tool. Click on the object and drag the mouse to move the object.

• Attaching Points to Objects When asked to attach a point to an

object such as a circle, create a point on top of a portion of the circle.
To test whether a point is attached to an object like a circle, drag the
point with the mouse. The point should move only along the circle;
that is, it is attached to the circle.

Keeping these few conventions in mind will solve many, if not most, of
the user interaction issues that come up when doing the projects of the
text. A more complete reference guide to Geometry Explorer can be found
in Appendix B.

Audience
This text is designed for use by mathematics students at the junior or senior
collegiate level. The background in geometry required is that of elementary
high school Euclidean geometry. Prior experience with proving mathemat-
ical results is highly recommended. Some experience with matrix algebra
and the notion of group from abstract algebra is also highly desirable.
xii PREFACE

The arrangement of topics in the text was designed to give as much

flexibility as possible. While Chapters 1 and 2 are fundamental, many of the
other chapters can be covered independently from one another. Chapter 3
covers basic analytic geometry of vectors and angles, as well as complex
numbers and analytic functions. Unless review of such matters is necessary,
Chapter 3 can be viewed as optional foundational material.
Chapter 4 covers Euclidean constructions and depends only on the mate-
rial in Chapters 1 and 2. Chapter 5 is devoted to transformational geometry
and requires only a basic understanding of vectors and angles from Chap-
ter 3, beyond the material covered in Chapters 1 and 2. Chapter 5 is a
pre-requisite for all subsequent chapters. Chapters 6, 7, and 9 can be cov-
ered in any order. Chapter 7 is a pre-requisite for Chapter 8.
A suggested syllabus for a one-semester course for prospective high-
school geometry teachers would include Chapters 1, 2, 4, sections 5.1–5.6,
sections 7.1–7.6, and as much of the first four sections of Chapter 9 as time
permits.
A suggested syllabus for a one-semester course for math majors of better
than average ability would include Chapters 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, and 9.
A suggested syllabus for a one-semester course focusing on non-Euclidean
geometry would include Chapters 1, 2, and section 3.5, as well as Chapters 5,
7, and as much of Chapter 8 as time permits.

Technical Requirements
The software that accompanies this book, Geometry Explorer, runs on Mac-
intosh, Windows, and Linux computers, and also on any other computer
that has a Java Virtual Machine (Java 1.2 or above). At least 128 MB of
RAM is needed for the program to effectively function. On Macintosh com-
puters the operating system must be 9.0 or above. On PCs the operating
system must be at least at the level of Windows 98/NT. For an acceptable
level of performance, Geometry Explorer should be installed on computers
that have clock speeds of at least 200 MHz. To install the software, follow
the instructions on the Installation Guide that comes with the software CD.
For software updates and bug fixes, check the Geometry Explorer web site
http://www.gac.edu/~hvidsten/gex.
Acknowledgments
This text and the accompanying Geometry Explorer software have evolved
from the many geometry courses I have taught at Gustavus Adolphus Col-
lege. I am deeply grateful to my students, who have graciously allowed
me to experiment with different strategies in discovery-based learning and
the integration of technology into the classroom. Their encouragement and
excitement over these new approaches have been the primary motivating
factors for writing an integrated learning environment for the active explo-
ration of geometry.
I am especially grateful to those who helped out in the early phases of
this project. Alicia Sutphen, a former student, provided valuable assistance
in the early stages of designing the software. Special thanks go to those fac-
ulty who field-tested early drafts of the text: Steve Benzel, Berry College;
Jason Douma, University of Sioux Falls; George Francis, University of Illi-
nois at Urbana-Champaign; Dan Kemp, South Dakota State University; Bill
Stegemoller, University of Southern Indiana; Mary Wiest, Minnesota State
University at Mankato; and Stephen Walk, St. Cloud State University.
I greatly appreciate the hard work of my editors at McGraw-Hill, Dan
Seibert and Bob Ross. The quality of the text was greatly improved through
the assistance of Paul Anagnostopoulos of Windfall Software and MaryEllen
Oliver of Planet Cat Books.
I would also like to thank the following reviewers: Nick Anghel, Univer-
sity of North Texas; Brian Beaudrie, Northern Arizona University; David
Boyd, Valdosta State University; Anita Burris, Youngstown State Univer-
sity; Victor Cifarelli, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Michael
Dorff, Brigham Young University; Gina Foletta, Northern Kentucky Univer-
sity; Matthew Jones, California State University–Dominguez Hills; Tabitha
Mingus, Western Michigan University; Chris Monico, Texas Tech Univer-
sity; F. Alexander Norman, University of Texas at San Antonio; Ferdinand
Rivera, San Jose State University; Craig Roberts, Southeast Missouri State
University; Philippe Rukimbira, Florida International University; Don Ry-
oti, Eastern Kentucky University; Sherrie Serros, Western Kentucky Uni-

xiii
xiv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

versity; Wendy Hageman Smith, Radford University;

The material in this text is based upon work supported by the National
Science Foundation under Grant No. 0230788.
Finally, I am grateful to my wife, Rebekah Richards, for her encourage-
ment, her help in editing, and her understanding of the many hours needed
to complete this project.
Chapter 1

Geometry and the Axiomatic

Method

We owe geometry to the tax collector.

—J. L. Heilbron, Geometry Civilized [20]

Let no one ignorant of geometry enter here.

—Inscription over the doors to Plato’s Academy

1.1 Early Origins of Geometry

In a fundamental sense, geometry is a natural outgrowth of our exposure

to the physical universe and in particular to the natural world. In our
interactions with our environment, we encounter physical shapes, such as
rocks and mountains, that we then organize by patterns into groups and
classes. Rocks get put into the “round” category and mountains into a
separate category. As our powers of perception become more refined, we
notice other patterns of objects, such as the symmetries found in nature.
An example of a natural symmetry is that of the rotational symmetry found
in the California poppy (Fig. 1.1).

1
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Or Good Times in School and Out

The cadets are lively, flesh-and-blood fellows, bound to make

friends from the start. There are some keen rivalries, in school
and out, and something is told of a remarkable midnight feast
and a hazing that had an unlooked for ending.

THE PUTNAM HALL RIVALS

Or Fun and Sport Afloat and Ashore

It is a lively, rattling, breezy story of school life in this country

written by one who knows all about its pleasures and its
perplexities, its glorious excitements, and its chilling
disappointments.

GROSSET & DUNLAP - NEW YORK

The Flag and Frontier Series

By CAPTAIN RALPH BONEHILL.
These bracing stories of American life, exploration and adventure
should find a place in every school and home library for the
enthusiasm they kindle in American heroism and history. The
historical background is absolutely correct. Every volume complete in
itself.
12mo. Bound in cloth. Stamped in colors.
WITH BOONE ON THE FRONTIER, Or The Pioneer Boys of Old
Kentucky.

Relates the true-to-life adventures of two boys who, in company

with their folks, move westward with Daniel Boone. Contains
many thrilling scenes among the Indians and encounters with
wild animals.

PIONEER BOYS OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST, Or With Lewis and

Clark Across the Rockies.

A splendid story describing in detail the great expedition formed

under the leadership of Lewis and Clark, and telling what was
done by the pioneer boys who were first to penetrate the
wilderness of the northwest.

PIONEER BOYS OF THE GOLD FIELDS, Or The Nugget Hunters of

'49.

Giving the particulars of the great rush of the gold seekers to

California in 1849. In the party making its way across the
continent are three boys who become chums, and share in no
end of adventures.

WITH CUSTER IN THE BLACK HILLS, Or A Young Scout Among the

Indians.

Tells of the experiences of a youth who, with his parents, goes

to the Black Hills in search of gold. Custer's last battle is well
described.

BOYS OF THE FORT, Or A Young Captain's Pluck.

This story of stirring doings at one of our well-known forts in

the Wild West is of more than ordinary interest. Gives a good
 insight into army life of to-day.

THE YOUNG BANDMASTER, Or Concert, Stage and Battlefield.

The hero is a youth who becomes a cornetist in an orchestra,

and works his way up to the leadership of a brass band. He is
carried off to sea and is taken to Cuba, and while there joins a
military band which accompanies our soldiers in the attack on
Santiago.

OFF FOR HAWAII, Or The Mystery of a Great Volcano.

Several boys start on a tour of the Hawaiian Islands. They have

heard that there is a treasure located in the vicinity of Kilauea,
the largest active volcano in the world, and go in search of it.

A SAILOR BOY WITH DEWEY, Or Afloat in the Philippines.

The story of Dewey's victory in Manila Bay as it appeared to a

real, live American youth who was in the navy at the time. Many
adventures in Manila and in the interior follow.

WHEN SANTIAGO FELL, Or The War Adventures of Two Chums.

Two boys leave New York to join their parents in Cuba. The war
between Spain and the Cubans is on, and the boys are detained
at Santiago, but escape across the bay at night. Many
adventures follow.

GROSSET & DUNLAP, - NEW YORK

 The Railroad Series
BY ALLEN CHAPMAN.
Ralph Fairbanks was bound to become a railroad man, as his father
had been before him. Step by step he worked his way upward,
serving first in the Roundhouse, cleaning locomotives; then in the
Switch Tower, clearing the tracks; then on the Engine, as a fireman;
then as engineer of the Overland Express; and finally as Train
Dispatcher.
In this line of books there is revealed the whole workings of a great
American railroad system. There are adventures in abundance—
railroad wrecks, dashes through forest fires, the pursuit of a
"wildcat" locomotive, the disappearance of a pay car with a large
sum of money on board—but there is much more than this—the
intense rivalry among railroads and railroad men, the working out of
running schedules, the getting through "on time" in spite of all
obstacles, and the manipulation of railroad securities by evil men
who wish to rule or ruin.
Books that every American boy ought to own.
RALPH, THE TRAIN DISPATCHER
Or The Mystery of the Pay Car.
RALPH ON THE OVERLAND EXPRESS
Or The Trials and Triumphs of a Young Engineer.
RALPH ON THE ENGINE
Or The Young Fireman of the Limited Mail.
RALPH OF THE ROUND HOUSE
Or Bound to Become a Railroad Man.
RALPH IN THE SWITCH TOWER
Or Clearing the Track.
12mo. Illustrated. Handsomely bound in cloth.

GROSSET & DUNLAP, - NEW YORK

THE TOM SWIFT SERIES

By VICTOR APPLETON

12mo. CLOTH. UNIFORM STYLE OF BINDING. COLORED

WRAPPERS.

These spirited tales convey in a realistic way the wonderful advances

in land and sea locomotion. Stories like these are impressed upon
the memory and their reading is productive only of good.
TOM SWIFT AND HIS MOTOR CYCLE
Or Fun and Adventure on the Road
TOM SWIFT AND HIS MOTOR BOAT
Or The Rivals of Lake Carlopa
TOM SWIFT AND HIS AIRSHIP
Or The Stirring Cruise of the Red Cloud
TOM SWIFT AND HIS SUBMARINE BOAT
Or Under the Ocean for Sunken Treasure
TOM SWIFT AND HIS ELECTRIC RUNABOUT
Or The Speediest Car on the Road
TOM SWIFT AND HIS WIRELESS MESSAGE
Or The Castaways of Earthquake Island
TOM SWIFT AMONG THE DIAMOND MAKERS
Or The Secret of Phantom Mountain
TOM SWIFT IN THE CAVES OF ICE
Or The Wreck of the Airship
TOM SWIFT AND HIS SKY RACER
Or The Quickest Flight on Record
TOM SWIFT AND HIS ELECTRIC RIFLE
Or Daring Adventures in Elephant Land
TOM SWIFT IN THE CITY OF GOLD
Or Marvellous Adventures Underground
TOM SWIFT AND HIS AIR GLIDER
Or Seeking the Platinum Treasure
TOM SWIFT IN CAPTIVITY
Or A Daring Escape by Airship
TOM SWIFT AND HIS WIZARD CAMERA
Or The Perils of Moving Picture Taking
TOM SWIFT AND HIS GREAT SEARCHLIGHT
Or On the Border for Uncle Sam
TOM SWIFT AND HIS GIANT CANNON
Or The Longest Shots on Record
TOM SWIFT AND HIS PHOTO TELEPHONE
Or The Picture that Saved a Fortune
TOM SWIFT AND HIS AERIAL WARSHIP
Or The Naval Terror of the Seas
TOM SWIFT AND HIS BIG TUNNEL
Or The Hidden City of the Andes

Grosset & Dunlap, Publishers, New York

 THE MOVING PICTURE BOYS
SERIES
By VICTOR APPLETON

12mo. BOUND IN CLOTH. ILLUSTRATED. UNIFORM STYLE

OF BINDING.

Moving pictures and photo plays are famous the world over, and in
this line of books the reader is given a full description of how the
films are made—the scenes of little dramas, indoors and out, trick
pictures to satisfy the curious, soul-stirring pictures of city affairs, life
in the Wild West, among the cowboys and Indians, thrilling rescues
along the seacoast, the daring of picture hunters in the jungle
among savage beasts, and the great risks run in picturing conditions
in a land of earthquakes. The volumes teem with adventures and will
be found interesting from first chapter to last.
THE MOVING PICTURE BOYS
Or Perils of a Great City Depicted.
THE MOVING PICTURE BOYS IN THE WEST
Or Taking Scenes Among the Cowboys and Indians.
THE MOVING PICTURE BOYS ON THE COAST
Or Showing the Perils of the Deep.
THE MOVING PICTURE BOYS IN THE JUNGLE
Or Stirring Times Among the Wild Animals.
THE MOVING PICTURE BOYS IN EARTHQUAKE LAND
Or Working Amid Many Perils.
THE MOVING PICTURE BOYS AND THE FLOOD
Or Perilous Days on the Mississippi.
THE MOVING PICTURE BOYS AT PANAMA
Or Stirring Adventures Along the Great Canal.
THE MOVING PICTURE BOYS UNDER THE SEA
Or The Treasure of the Lost Ship.

Grosset & Dunlap, Publishers, New York

THE MOTION PICTURE

CHUMS SERIES
By VICTOR APPLETON

12mo. BOUND IN CLOTH. ILLUSTRATED. UNIFORM STYLE

OF BINDING.

In these stories we follow the adventures of three boys, who, after

purchasing at auction the contents of a moving picture house, open
a theatre of their own. Their many trials and tribulations, leading up
to the final success of their venture, make very entertaining stories.
THE MOTION PICTURE CHUMS' FIRST VENTURE
Or Opening a Photo Playhouse in Fairlands.

The adventures of Frank, Randy and Pep in running a Motion

Picture show. They had trials and tribulations but finally
succeed.
THE MOTION PICTURE CHUMS AT SEASIDE PARK
Or The Rival Photo Theatres of the Boardwalk.

Their success at Fairlands encourages the boys to open their

show at Seaside Park, where they have exciting adventures—
also a profitable season.

THE MOTION PICTURE CHUMS ON BROADWAY

Or The Mystery of the Missing Cash Box.

Backed by a rich western friend the chums established a photo

playhouse in the great metropolis, where new adventures await
them.

THE MOTION PICTURE CHUMS' OUTDOOR EXHIBITION

Or The Film that Solved a Mystery.

This time the playhouse was in a big summer park. How a film
that was shown gave a clew to an important mystery is
interestingly related.

THE MOTION PICTURE CHUMS' NEW IDEA

Or The First Educational Photo Playhouse.

In this book the scene is shifted to Boston, and there is intense

rivalry in the establishment of photo playhouses of educational
value.

THE MOTION PICTURE CHUMS AT THE FAIR

Or The Greatest Film Ever Exhibited.

The chums go to San Francisco, where they have some trials

but finally meet with great success.

THE MOTION PICTURE CHUMS' WAR SPECTACLE

Or The Film that Won the Prize.
 Through being of service to the writer of a great scenario, the
chums are enabled to produce it and win a prize.

Grosset & Dunlap, Publishers, New York

THE BOYS OF COLUMBIA HIGH

SERIES
By GRAHAM B. FORBES
Never was there a cleaner, brighter, more manly boy than Frank
Allen, the hero of this series of boys' tales, and never was there a
better crowd of lads to associate with than the students of the
School. All boys will read these stories with deep interest. The rivalry
between the towns along the river was of the keenest, and plots and
counterplots to win the champions, at baseball, at football, at boat
racing, at track athletics, and at ice hockey, were without number.
Any lad reading one volume of this series will surely want the others.
THE BOYS OF COLUMBIA HIGH
Or The All Around Rivals of the School
THE BOYS OF COLUMBIA HIGH ON THE DIAMOND
Or Winning Out by Pluck
THE BOYS OF COLUMBIA HIGH ON THE RIVER
Or The Boat Race Plot that Failed
THE BOYS OF COLUMBIA HIGH ON THE GRIDIRON
Or The Struggle for the Silver Cup
THE BOYS OF COLUMBIA HIGH ON THE ICE
Or Out for the Hockey Championship
THE BOYS OF COLUMBIA HIGH IN TRACK ATHLETICS
Or A Long Run that Won
THE BOYS OF COLUMBIA HIGH IN WINTER SPORTS
Or Stirring Doings on Skates and Iceboats
12mo. Illustrated. Handsomely bound in cloth, with cover
design and wrappers in colors.

Grosset & Dunlap, Publishers, New York

THE OUTDOOR CHUMS SERIES

By CAPTAIN QUINCY ALLEN
The outdoor chums are four wide-awake lads, sons of wealthy men
of a small city located on a lake. The boys love outdoor life, and are
greatly interested in hunting, fishing, and picture taking. They have
motor cycles, motor boats, canoes, etc., and during their vacations
go everywhere and have all sorts of thrilling adventures. The stories
give full directions for camping out, how to fish, how to hunt wild
animals and prepare the skins for stuffing, how to manage a canoe,
how to swim, etc. Full of the spirit of outdoor life.
THE OUTDOOR CHUMS
Or The First Tour of the Rod, Gun and Camera Club.
THE OUTDOOR CHUMS ON THE LAKE
Or Lively Adventures on Wildcat Island.
THE OUTDOOR CHUMS IN THE FOREST
Or Laying the Ghost of Oak Ridge.
THE OUTDOOR CHUMS ON THE GULF
Or Rescuing the Lost Balloonists.
THE OUTDOOR CHUMS AFTER BIG GAME
Or Perilous Adventures in the Wilderness.
THE OUTDOOR CHUMS ON A HOUSEBOAT
Or The Rivals of the Mississippi.
THE OUTDOOR CHUMS IN THE BIG WOODS
Or The Rival Hunters at Lumber Run.
THE OUTDOOR CHUMS AT CABIN POINT
Or The Golden Cup Mystery.
12mo. Averaging 240 pages. Illustrated. Handsomely bound
in Cloth.

Grosset & Dunlap, Publishers, New York

THE OUTDOOR GIRLS SERIES

By LAURA LEE HOPE
Author of the "Bobbsey Twin Books" and "Bunny Brown" Series.

12mo. BOUND IN CLOTH. ILLUSTRATED. UNIFORM STYLE

OF BINDING.
These tales take in the various adventures participated in by several
bright, up-to-date girls who love outdoor life. They are clean and
wholesome, free from sensationalism, absorbing from the first
chapter to the last.
THE OUTDOOR GIRLS OF DEEPDALE
Or Camping and Tramping for Fun and Health.

Telling how the girls organized their Camping and Tramping

Club, how they went on a tour, and of various adventures which
befell them.

THE OUTDOOR GIRLS AT RAINBOW LAKE

Or Stirring Cruise of the Motor Boat Gem.

One of the girls becomes the proud possessor of a motor boat

and invites her club members to take a trip down the river to
Rainbow Lake, a beautiful sheet of water lying between the
mountains.

THE OUTDOOR GIRLS IN A MOTOR CAR

Or The Haunted Mansion of Shadow Valley.

One of the girls has learned to run a big motor car, and she
invites the club to go on a tour to visit some distant relatives.
On the way they stop at a deserted mansion and make a
surprising discovery.

THE OUTDOOR GIRLS IN A WINTER CAMP

Or Glorious Days on Skates and Ice Boats.

In this story, the scene is shifted to a winter season. The girls

have some jolly times skating and ice boating, and visit a
hunters' camp in the big woods.

THE OUTDOOR GIRLS IN FLORIDA.

Or Wintering in the Sunny South.
 The parents of one of the girls have bought an orange grove in
Florida and her companions are invited to visit the place. They
take a trip into the interior, where several unusual things
happen.

THE OUTDOOR GIRLS AT OCEAN VIEW

Or The Box that Was Found in the Sand.

The girls have great fun and solve a mystery while on an outing
along the New England coast.

THE OUTDOOR GIRLS ON PINE ISLAND

Or A Cave and What it Contained.

A bright, healthful story, full of good times at a bungalow camp

on Pine Island.

Grosset & Dunlap, Publishers, New York

THE MOVING PICTURE GIRLS

SERIES
By LAURA LEE HOPE
Author of "The Bobbsey Twins Series."

12mo. BOUND IN CLOTH. ILLUSTRATED. UNIFORM STYLE

OF BINDING.
The adventures of Ruth and Alice DeVere. Their father, a widower, is
an actor who has taken up work for the "movies." Both girls wish to
aid him in his work and visit various localities to act in all sorts of
pictures.
THE MOVING PICTURE GIRLS
Or First Appearance in Photo Dramas.

Having lost his voice, the father of the girls goes into the movies
and the girls follow. Tells how many "parlor dramas" are filmed.

THE MOVING PICTURE GIRLS AT OAK FARM

Or Queer Happenings While Taking Rural Plays.

Full of fun in the country, the haps and mishaps of taking film
plays, and giving an account of two unusual discoveries.

THE MOVING PICTURE GIRLS SNOWBOUND

Or The Proof on the Film.

A tale of winter adventures in the wilderness, showing how the

photo-play actors sometimes suffer.

THE MOVING PICTURE GIRLS UNDER THE PALMS

Or Lost in the Wilds of Florida.

How they went to the land of palms, played many parts in

dramas before the camera; were lost, and aided others who
were also lost.

THE MOVING PICTURE GIRLS AT ROCKY RANCH

Or Great Days Among the Cowboys.

All who have ever seen moving pictures of the great West will
want to know just how they are made. This volume gives every
detail and is full of clean fun and excitement.
THE MOVING PICTURE GIRLS AT SEA
Or a Pictured Shipwreck that Became Real.

A thrilling account of the girls' experiences on the water.

THE MOVING PICTURE GIRLS IN WAR PLAYS

Or The Sham Battles at Oak Farm.

The girls play important parts in big battle scenes and have
plenty of hard work along with considerable fun.

Grosset & Dunlap, Publishers, New York

THE GIRLS OF CENTRAL

HIGH SERIES
By GERTRUDE W. MORRISON

12mo. BOUND IN CLOTH. ILLUSTRATED. UNIFORM STYLE

OF BINDING.

Here is a series full of the spirit of high school life of to-day. The girls
are real flesh-and-blood characters, and we follow them with interest
in school and out. There are many contested matches on track and
field, and on the water, as well as doings in the classroom and on
the school stage. There is plenty of fun and excitement, all clean,
pure and wholesome.
THE GIRLS OF CENTRAL HIGH
Or Rivals for all Honors.

A stirring tale of high school life, full of fun, with a touch of

mystery and a strange initiation.

THE GIRLS OF CENTRAL HIGH ON LAKE LUNA

Or The Crew That Won.

Telling of water sports and fun galore, and of fine times in

camp.

THE GIRLS OF CENTRAL HIGH AT BASKETBALL

Or The Great Gymnasium Mystery.

Here we have a number of thrilling contests at basketball and in

addition, the solving of a mystery which had bothered the high
school authorities for a long while.

THE GIRLS OF CENTRAL HIGH ON THE STAGE

Or The Play That Took the Prize.

How the girls went in for theatricals and how one of them wrote
a play which afterward was made over for the professional
stage and brought in some much-needed money.

THE GIRLS OF CENTRAL HIGH ON TRACK AND FIELD

Or The Girl Champions of the School League

This story takes in high school athletics in their most approved

and up-to-date fashion. Full of fun and excitement.

THE GIRLS OF CENTRAL HIGH IN CAMP

Or The Old Professor's Secret.

The girls went camping on Acorn Island and had a delightful

time at boating, swimming and picnic parties.
 Grosset & Dunlap, Publishers, New York

THE BOBBSEY TWINS BOOKS

For Little Men and Women
By LAURA LEE HOPE
Author of "The Bunny Brown" Series, Etc.

12mo. BOUND IN CLOTH. ILLUSTRATED. UNIFORM STYLE

OF BINDING.

Copyright publications which cannot be obtained elsewhere. Books

that charm the hearts of the little ones, and of which they never tire.
Many of the adventures are comical in the extreme, and all the
accidents that ordinarily happen to youthful personages happened to
these many-sided little mortals. Their haps and mishaps make
decidedly entertaining reading.
THE BOBBSEY TWINS
THE BOBBSEY TWINS IN THE COUNTRY
THE BOBBSEY TWINS AT THE SEASHORE
THE BOBBSEY TWINS AT SCHOOL

Telling how they go home from the seashore; went to school

and were promoted, and of their many trials and tribulations.
THE BOBBSEY TWINS AT SNOW LODGE

Telling of the winter holidays, and of the many fine times and
adventures the twins had at a winter lodge in the big woods.

THE BOBBSEY TWINS ON A HOUSEBOAT

Mr. Bobbsey obtains a houseboat, and the whole family go off

on a tour.

THE BOBBSEY TWINS AT MEADOW BROOK

The young folks visit the farm again and have plenty of good
times and several adventures.

THE BOBBSEY TWINS AT HOME

The twins get into all sorts of trouble—and out again—also bring
aid to a poor family.

Grosset & Dunlap, Publishers, New York

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DICK HAMILTON'S
STEAM YACHT; OR, A YOUNG MILLIONAIRE AND THE KIDNAPPERS
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