11

FIRST edition
MatheMatics General
(Pathway 1) Preliminary Course

SAMPLE CHAPTER
NEW CENTURY MATHS 11
MATHEMATICS GENERAL PATHWAY 1
ISBN 978 0 17 023894 6

Customer Service: 1300 790 853

SEC 8230 www.nelsonsecondary.com.au

new
century
maths
sue thoMson
judy Binns
series editor robert yen
 SAMPLE CHAPTER
 i

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 n
c
m
Paintings throughout history rely on strict mathematical foundations. They paved the way in perspective and
grid structures, highlighting the thought process and intricate construction behind art. This extreme pointillism

SAMPLE CHAPTER
illustration has now taken the paintings one step further remixing and reducing van Gogh’s Sunflowers to a
simple mathematical colour dot equation. Sunflowers for the Twitter generation.

Previous page: Sunflowers remixed, Gary Andrew Clarke

Right:iiSunflowers, Vincent van Gogh. 1888. Oil on canvas. 92.1 cm x 73 cm.

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 11
FIRST edition
MatheMatics General
(Pathway 1) Preliminary Course

new
century
maths ISBN XXXXXXXXXXXXX
SAMPLE CHAPTER sue thoMson
judy Binns
series editor robert yen

NCM 11 P1 title page 1.indd 3

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 New Century Maths 11 General Mathematics (Pathway 1) Preliminary © 2013 Cengage Learning Australia Pty Limited
Course
1st Edition Copyright Notice
Sue Thomson This Work is copyright. No part of this Work may be reproduced, stored in a
Judy Binns retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior
written permission of the Publisher. Except as permitted under the
Publishing editor: Robert Yen Copyright Act 1968, for example any fair dealing for the purposes of private
Project editor: Alan Stewart study, research, criticism or review, subject to certain limitations. These
Editor: Anna Pang limitations include: Restricting the copying to a maximum of one chapter or
Senior designer: Sarah Anderson 10% of this book, whichever is greater; providing an appropriate notice and
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National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Thomson, Sue Lynette.
New Century Maths 11 General Mathematics (Pathway 1)
Preliminary Course / Sue Thomson, Judy Binns.

9780170238946 (pbk.)
Includes index.
For secondary school age.

Mathematics--Textbooks.
Mathematics--Problems, exercises, etc.

Binns, Judy.

510

Cengage Learning Australia

Level 7, 80 Dorcas Street
South Melbourne, Victoria Australia 3205

Cengage Learning New Zealand

Unit 4B Rosedale Office Park
331 Rosedale Road, Albany, North Shore 0632, NZ

For learning solutions, visit cengage.com.au

Printed in China by China Translation & Printing Services.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 17 16 15 14 13

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210 x 297
 Contents
PREFACE�������������������������������� viii
SYLLABUS REFERENCE GRID�������ix
USER’S GUIDE�������������������������� x

2-05 Classifying data����������� 42 4-05 Substituting into

1 2-06 Bias��������������������������� 44 formulas��������������������� 87
4-06 Using formulas������������� 88
Earning money 3 Investigation: Your height can
3
FM1 be found in your bones!����������� 92
1-01 Wages and salaries������� 4 Applying ratios 4-07 Solving equations��������� 93
Investigation: Award wages������� 7 and rates 49 Investigation: Mathemagic!������ 95
Investigation: MM1
Wages by spreadsheet������������� 8 5
3-01 Metric units����������������� 50
1-02 Working overtime����������� 9
3-02 Error in measurement����� 53
1-03 Bonuses and
Practical activity: Presenting data 99
allowances����������������� 11
Taking accurate measurements�� 56 DS2
Investigation: My future career�� 14 5-01 Frequency tables�������� 100
3-03 Ratios������������������������� 58
1-04 Annual leave loading���� 14 5-02 Dot plots and radar
3-04 Ratio problems������������� 61
1-05 Commission, piecework charts����������������������� 103
3-05 Dividing a quantity in a
and royalties��������������� 17 Investigation: Statistical graphs
given ratio������������������ 65
1-06 Government allowances and displays������������������������ 106
3-06 Rate problems�������������� 67
and pensions��������������� 22 5-03 Choosing the best
3-07 Converting rates����������� 71
Investigation: Financial support graph���������������������� 107
through Centrelink������������������ 24 3-08 Repeated percentage
change���������������������� 73 Investigation: Drawing
1-07 Budgeting������������������� 24 statistical graphs using
Investigation: My budget��������� 27 a spreadsheet���������������������� 110
4
5-04 Misuse of graphs������� 113
2 DS3
Using algebra 79
5-05 The median, mean
AM1
Collecting data 33 and mode����������������� 117
4-01 Adding and subtracting
DS1 DS2
algebraic terms������������ 80
2-01 Statistical inquiry���������� 34 5-06 Quartiles and the
4-02 Multiplying and dividing
interquartile range������ 120
2-02 Questionnaires������������� 35 algebraic terms������������ 81
5-07 Deciles and
2-03 Sample vs census��������� 36 4-03 Multiplying and dividing
percentiles���������������� 122

SAMPLE CHAPTER
Investigation: algebraic fractions�������� 83
Investigation:
The Australian census�������������� 38 4-04 Expanding algebraic
CensusAtSchool website�������� 127
2-04 Types of samples���������� 38 expressions����������������� 85
5-08 Box-and-whisker plots�� 127

ISBN 9780170238946 contents v

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 Investigation: Changing data�� 175 9-02 Experimental
6 Investigation: Different probability���������������� 212
samples, same population������ 176 Practical activity:
Paying tax 133 The game show problem������� 216
FM3 8 Practical activity:
6-01 Gross and net pay����� 134 Treading on drawing pins������ 218
Investigation: Investing money 179 Practical activity:
PAYG tax calculator�������������� 135 Will it become extinct?���������� 218
FM2
6-02 Taxable income and 9-03 Complementary
8-01 Simple interest����������� 180
PAYG tax������������������ 136 events���������������������� 219
Investigation:
6-03 Income tax and the 9-04 Multi-stage events������� 221
Is my investment safe?����������� 182
Medicare levy����������� 139 9-05 Comparing theoretical
8-02 Simple interest graphs� 183
Investigation: and experimental
Investigation: Is it a scam?������ 186 probabilities�������������� 224
The Medicare levy threshold��� 141
8-03 Compound interest����� 186 Investigation:
Investigation:
Taxation, Medicare 8-04 A formula for Roulette wheel��������������������� 227
and working families������������� 141 compound interest������ 188 9-06 Fact or fallacy?���������� 228
Investigation: Investigation:
Do I have to complete Credit card skimming
10
an income tax return?������������ 142 and phishing scams�������������� 191
Practical activity: 8-05 Compound interest
Measuring areas
Completing a tax return��������� 143 tables����������������������� 191
and volumes 233
6-04 Goods and services Investigation: Should Talia
MM2
tax (GST) ����������������� 143 choose a term deposit or
an online account?��������������� 194 10-01 Pythagoras’ theorem��� 234
Investigation:
Which supermarket items 8-06 Account fees and 10-02 Perimeter������������������ 238
do not have a GST?������������� 146 charges�������������������� 194 10-03 Perimeter of circular
6-05 Graphs of tax rates����� 146 Investigation: Avoiding shapes��������������������� 240
the monthly service fee���������� 196 10-04 Area������������������������ 243
8-07 Inflation and Investigation:
7
appreciation�������������� 196 Laying grass������������������������ 249
Investigation: Doubling time���� 199 Investigation:
Analysing data 155
8-08 Investing in shares������ 199 The biggest rectangle������������ 249
DS3
Investigation: 10-05 Field diagrams����������� 251
7-01 Comparing the mean,
Investment scams������������������ 202 Investigation: Your school
mode and median������ 156
8-09 Share tables and on Google Earth������������������ 255
DS2, DS3
graphs��������������������� 203 10-06 Perimeter and field
7-02 Cumulative frequency�� 158
Practical activity: diagrams ����������������� 255
DS3 Create a share portfolio��������� 205 10-07 Volume��������������������� 258
7-03 Analysing frequency
Investigation:
tables����������������������� 163
9 The space in a cereal box������ 263
7-04 Mean and standard
Investigation:
deviation
Taking chances 209 Estimating area and volume���� 263
using a calculator������� 168

SAMPLE CHAPTER
PB1 10-08 Volume and capacity�� 265
7-05 Statistics on a
spreadsheet�������������� 172 9-01 Probability of simple Investigation:
events���������������������� 210 Designing a smaller can�������� 267

vi NCM 11. Mathematics General (Pathway 1) ISBN 9780170238946

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 11 13 15

Downloading Using scale and Owning a

bits and bytes 271 trigonometry317 mobile phone 379
MM1 MM3 FSCo1

11-01 Scientific notation������� 272 13-01 Similar figures and 15-01 Mobile phone bills����� 380
FSCo2 scale factors�������������� 318 Investigation:
11-02 Digital storage����������� 275 Investigation: Calculating Mobile phone bills���������������� 382
heights using similar triangles�� 323 Practical activity:
Investigation: Different
meanings of metric prefixes���� 277 Investigation: Lengths My personal usage��������������� 383
and the data projector����������� 323 15-02 Prepaid phone plans��� 384
11-03 Size and storage�������� 277
13-02 Scale drawings���������� 324 15-03 Postpaid phone plans�� 386
Investigation: MP3 players����� 279
13-03 House plans�������������� 328 Investigation:
11-04 Download speed������� 279
Practical activity: Mobile phone contracts��������� 389
11-05 Downloading music
Your classroom��������������������� 331 15-04 Calculating plan costs�� 390
and videos���������������� 282
13-04 The sine, cosine and Investigation: Extra charges���� 392
Investigation: Downloading
tangent ratios������������ 331
music and TV shows�������������� 288 15-05 Comparing phone
13-05 Finding an unknown plans����������������������� 393
side������������������������� 334
12
13-06 Finding an unknown
16
angle����������������������� 338
Buying a car 291
13-07 Angles of elevation
FSDr1 Driving safely 397
and depression���������� 339
12-01 Buying a car������������� 292 FSDr3

12-02 Choosing a car��������� 293 16-01 Speed, distance and

14
time������������������������� 398
12-03 On-road costs������������ 295
Practical activity: Reaction
Investigation: The interest Linear functions 347
times and distances�������������� 401
rate on a car loan���������������� 298 AM2
16-02 Stopping distance������ 402
Investigation: 14-01 Linear functions���������� 348
CTP insurance costs�������������� 299 16-03 Blood alcohol content
14-02 Gradient and (BAC)����������������������� 405
FSDr2 y -intercept����������������� 352
Investigation: Comparing
12-04 Car insurance������������ 300 14-03 Graphing linear BAC estimation techniques����� 409
Investigation: How theft functions������������������� 358
Investigation:
affects insurance costs����������� 301 Investigation: BAC in other countries����������� 410
12-05 Fuel consumption Graph these lines����������������� 359
16-04 Road accidents���������� 410
and cost������������������� 302 14-04 Conversion graphs����� 360
16-05 Driver behaviour�������� 414
Investigation: Investigation:
Fuel prices then and now������� 306 Practical activity:
Foreign currency exchange���� 363
Planning a trip��������������������� 418
12-06 Depreciation������������� 307 14-05 Intersection of lines����� 363
Investigation: 14-06 Linear modelling��������� 368
Annual depreciation of cars���� 311
14-07 Stepwise linear
GLOSSARY������������������������� 420

SAMPLE CHAPTER
12-07 Annual running costs��� 312 functions������������������� 372
ANSWERS������������������������� 430
INDEX�������������������������������� 460

ISBN 9780170238946 contents vii

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 Preface
New Century Maths 11 Mathematics General
Preliminary course (Pathway 1) is a new book
About the authors
written for the Mathematics General 1 course. Sue Thomson was head of mathematics at
In this book, teachers will find those familiar De La Salle Senior College, Cronulla, Director of
features that have made New Century Maths a Teaching and Learning at Hunter Valley Grammar
leading mathematics series, such as clear worked School, an examination writer and assessor
examples, graded exercises, syllabus codes, for the NSW Board of Studies, and a senior
Investigations, technology, glossary, worksheets HSC marker. An active presenter for MANSW
and language activities. and beyond, Sue’s interests are in language
development, financial literacy and making
The new syllabus describes two pathways for
mathematics accessible to all. She co-wrote the
Mathematics General that begin in Year 11:
successful User Friendly Maths in Practice and
• one, which we have called Pathway 1, Access to General Mathematics series.
is a vocational pathway, for a ‘content-
Judy Binns is head teacher of mathematics
endorsed’ course that is not HSC-examinable,
at Mulwaree High School in Goulburn and has
for students heading towards the workforce or
taught at Homebush Boys High School. She has
further training after school, providing practical
an interest in motivating students with learning
mathematical skills for life
difficulties and teaches the Applied Mathematics
• the other, which we have called Pathway 2,
course at her school, based on the Mathematics
is the more traditional and academic pathway,
General 1 syllabus. Judy has been co-writing the
for students heading towards an HSC exam,
New Century Maths 7-8 series for 20 years. She
an ATAR and university studies.
presents workshops at MANSW conferences and
This book caters for Pathway 1 in Year 11. in her local area.
Even though both pathways share a common
Series editor Robert Yen has been writing for
Preliminary (Year 11) course, those students taking
New Century Maths since 1995, as well as writing
each pathway have specific learning needs, so
and presenting for MANSW and co-editing its
we have published two levels of texts for both
journal, Reflections. Robert now works for Cengage
Years 11 and 12.
Learning as an associate mathematics publisher.
We thank our families for their continued support
and patience, Darryl McPherson of Mulwaree Contributing author
High School for his teaching ideas, and Anna
Pang for swiftly transforming our manuscript Kuldip Khehra wrote and edited many of the
into this fine text. Finally, we wish all teachers NelsonNet print resources (blackline masters) and
and students using this book every success in is head teacher of mathematics at Quakers Hill
embracing Mathematics General 1. High School.

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viii NCM 11. Mathematics General (Pathway 1) ISBN 9780170238946

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 Syllabus reference grid
New Century Maths 11
Mathematics General (Pathway 1)
Strand and substrand Preliminary Course Chapter
Financial mathematics
FM1 Earning and managing money 1 Earning money
FM2 Investing money 8 Investing money
FM3 Taxation 6 Paying tax
Data and Statistics
DS1 Statistics and society, data collection and sampling 2 Collecting data
DS2 Displaying and interpreting single data sets 5 Presenting data
7 Analysing data
DS3 Summary statistics 5 Presenting data
7 Analysing data
Measurement
MM1 Units of measurement and applications 3 Applying ratios and rates
MM2 Applications of perimeter, area and volume 10 Measuring areas and volumes
MM3 Similarity of two-diensional figures, right-angled 13 Using scale and trigonometry
triangles
Probability
PB1 Relative frequency and probability 9 Taking chances
Algebra and Modelling
AM1 Algebraic manipulation 4 Using algebra
AM2 Interpreting linear relationships 14 Graphing linear functions
Mathematics and Communication
FSCo1 Mobile phone plans 15 Owning a mobile phone
FSCo2 Digital download and file storage 11 Downloading bits and bytes
Mathematics and Driving
FSDr1 Costs of purchase and insurance 12 Buying a car
FSDr2 Running costs and depreciation 12 Buying a car
FSDr3 Safety 16 Driving safely

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ISBN 9780170238946 preface ix

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 user’s
guide
At the beginning
1
FinanCial matHEmatiCs

of each chapter
Earning monEy • Each chapter begins on a double-page
spread with a list of chapter outcomes,
Earning a living is an important part of life. In this chapter we’re going to look at some of the
ways we can earn or receive money.
By the end of this chapter, you should know how to:
• calculate wages, salaries, overtime, bonuses and allowances

How are we ever going to use

• calculate annual leave loading
• calculate earnings based on commission, piecework and royalties
• calculate government allowances and pensions
• prepare a budget for managing income and expenses
How are we ever going to use this?

this? list of applications and a Chapter

• Checking that pay is correct
• Checking holiday loading
• Applying for Centrelink payments

problem to be solved by the end of the

CHaptEr Employee: Hugo Mendozia
PAYSLIP
Pay Period: 29 May
proBlEm Pay Cycle: Weekly

Normal Pay $630.48

Hugo earns $17.04 per hour for a

chapter.
37-hour week in his job in a wholesale Overtime $153.36
plant nursery. He is paid time-and-a- Allowances $20.28
half for the first 5 hours of overtime Gross Pay $804.12
per week and double time after that. If
he is required to work any unscheduled
overtime he receives a $10.68 meal allowance per shift. In addition, he receives a $1.60 allowance
per hour when he is required to work in wet areas.
Shutterstock.com/JohnKwan

In the week ending 29 May he worked 43 hours, which included one unscheduled overtime shift
and 6 hours working in a wet area. His payslip for that week is shown above.
Hugo thinks his pay for the week ending 29 May is wrong. Is his gross pay correct?

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WS

Wages and
salaries
1-01 Wages and salaries
Wages and salaries are different ways that we can be paid for the work we do for
an employer.
ExamplE 2

Madeleine is a social worker. Her annual salary is $59 000. Calculate:

In each chapter
a her monthly pay

• Important facts and formulas are

summary b her fortnightly pay.

A wage is an amount paid for each hour worked. Only people who work for a wage are solution
paid for overtime. a There are 12 months in a year.
A salary is a fixed amount per year that does not depend upon the

highlighted in a Summary box.

Monthly pay = Annual salary ÷ 12
number of hours worked. Teachers and other professionals
= $59 000 ÷ 12
earn a salary.
= $4916.666...
≈ $4916.67
b There are 26 fortnights in a year.

• All terms printed in red appear in the

proFilE
Fortnightly pay = Annual salary ÷ 26
KristinE – Child Care Worker
= $59 000 ÷ 26
When I was at school I earned money by babysitting. It was
a job and it was fun. When I left school I decided to go into = $2269.2307...
iStockphoto/Miodrag Gajic

childcare. There are lots of jobs in childcare because most mums ≈ $2269.23

glossary at the back of the book.

need to go to work. I did Certificate III in Childcare at TAFE and
now I have a job I love. The best part of my job is helping children learn.
summary

1 year = 12 months Watch out! A common error is using 1 year =

ExamplE 1

• Graded exercises are linked to worked

48 weeks rather than 52 because some students
1 year = 52 weeks
think 1 month = 4 weeks so 1 year = 12 × 4
Kristine earns $18.23 per hour working in a long day care centre. She works a 38-hour 1 year = 26 fortnights weeks, but 1 month is not exactly 4 weeks.
week.
a How much does Kristine earn per fortnight?
b

examples and include problem solving and

Calculate the amount Kristine earns per year.
proFilE
solution paul – an australian
a Amount Kristine earns per week = 38 × $18.23 Volunteer abroad
= $692.74 I completed a building apprenticeship when I left school

realistic applications.
but when I finished my trade I wasn’t ready to settle down.
One fortnight = 2 weeks
I wanted to travel and see the world. I saw a show about
Each fortnight Kristine earns 2 × $692.74 = $1385.48.
iStockphoto/GYI NSEA

volunteers helping in developing countries and I decided to do

b There are 52 weeks in a year. my bit to help others. The aid agency paid my travel costs and
Each year Kristine earns 52 × $692.74 = $36 022.48 provides my accommodation and the equipment I need. They also pay

• Investigations and Practical

me a modest stipend. As a volunteer I’m making a difference in this community.

A stipend (pronounced ‘sty-pend’) is similar to a salary but it is usually for a relatively small amount. People in
religious orders and some volunteers receive a stipend.

4 NCM 11. Mathematics General (Pathway 1) ISBN 9780170238946 ISBN 9780170238946 1. Earning money 5
activities explore the syllabus in more
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detail, through group work, discovery and

modelling activities.
• Spreadsheets and Weblinks promote
ICT in the classroom.
• It’s true! contains interesting facts and
applications of the mathematics learnt in
the chapter.

SAMPLE CHAPTER
x NCM 11. Mathematics General (Pathway 1) ISBN 9780170238946

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 languagE aCtivity solution to
tHE

CHaptEr proBlEm
At the end of
each chapter
Word matCH
Match each word in the first column to its correct meaning in the second column.
Hugo earns $17.04 per hour for a 37-hour week in his job in a wholesale plant
nursery. He is paid time-and-a-half for the first 5 hours of overtime per week and
Word Meaning
double time after that. If he is required to work any unscheduled overtime he
1 Allowance A Yearly receives a $10.68 meal allowance per shift. In addition he receives a $1.60 allowance
2 Annual leave loading B Pay based on the number of hours worked per hour when he is required to work in wet areas.
3 Bonus C Pay based on the number of items made or Last week he worked 43 hours, which included one unscheduled overtime shift and
processed 6 hours working in a wet area. His payslip for that week is shown below.
4 Double time D 1.5 times the normal rate of pay

• Language activity focuses on the

5 Income E A payment to authors, artists or others who create PAYSLIP
items Employee: Hugo Mendozia Pay Period: 29 May
6 Overtime F Extra amount paid for holidays, usually 17.5% Pay Cycle: Weekly
of 4 weeks’ pay
Normal Pay $630.48
7 Per annum (pa) G Extra pay for doing good work

mathematical language and terminology learnt in

Overtime $153.36
8 Piecework H A fixed amount paid per year
Allowances $20.28
9 Royalty I Twice the normal rate of pay Gross Pay $804.12
10 Salary J Additional payment for work under difficult
conditions or for doing unpleasant tasks

the chapter.
11 Time-and-a-half K Money that is received or gained, usually regularly Hugo thinks his pay is wrong. Is his gross pay correct?
12 Wage L Working more hours per day or week than
normally solution
Hugo worked 37 hours normal time, 5 hours overtime at time-and-a-half, and one
hour at double time.

• Solution to the chapter problem revisits

Normal pay 37 × $17.04 $630.48
Time-and-a-half 5 × 1.5 × $17.04 $127.80
Double time 1 × 2 × $17.04 $34.08
Total overtime $127.80 + $34.08 $161.88

the problem introduced at the start of the chapter

Wet area allowance 6 × $1.60 $9.60
Meal allowance $10.68
Total allowances $9.60 + $10.68 $20.28

The calculations for Hugo’s normal pay and allowances are correct but the overtime

and presents a solution to the problem.

calculation is wrong. Hugo has been underpaid by $161.88 – $153.36 = $8.52.

At the end of the book

30 NCM 11. Mathematics General (Pathway 1) ISBN 9780170238946 ISBN 9780170238946 1. Earning money 31

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• Instructional glossary describes

Glossary
some common symbols

+ plus the square root of

3
− minus the cube root of

mathematical ‘doing’ words.

× multiplied by (times) P(E) the probability of event E occurring
~
÷ divided by P( E ) the probability of event E not occurring
% per cent ∠ABC angle ABC
Mathematical ‘doing’ words hence find/prove To find an answer or prove a () parentheses, round brackets ABC triangle ABC
result using answers found previously. [] (square) brackets −3 negative 3
calculate To find the value of a numerical .

• Mathematical glossary is a comprehensive

expression. See also evaluate. increase To make larger. {} braces 0.6 the recurring decimal 0.666 666 …
= is equal to 3(4) 3 multiplied by 4, 3 × 4
classify To sort into categories or types. interpret To find meaning in the mathematical
≈ is approximately equal to 3x 3 multiplied by x, 3 × x
result. x
complete To fill in detail that makes a statement or ≠ is not equal to __ x divided by 2, x ÷ 2
diagram correct or finished. justify To support your argument or conclusion. 2
< is less than
x2 x squared, x × x
compare To show how things are similar or measure To determine the size of something. For > is greater than x3 x cubed, x × x × x

dictionary of course terminology.

different. example, to determine length using a ruler. ≤ is less than or equal to x the mean (average)
≥ is greater than or equal to π pi (3.141 59 …)
construct To draw a geometrical figure accurately. prove/show that In questions where the answer
∴ therefore q theta
is given, to use mathematical methods or reasoning to
convert To change from one form to another. For prove that the answer is true. a alpha
example, convert a fraction to a decimal, or convert µ micro- (one millionth)
simplify To give the answer in its simplest, shortest,

• Answers and Index included.

dollars to cents.
neatest form.
decrease To make smaller.
sketch To draw a rough diagram. Less accurate than angle of elevation The
describe To state characteristics or features. to construct. a angle between the horizontal and of
gle n
estimate To make an educated guess for a number
the line of sight, looking up. an evatio
solve To find the value of the unknown pronumeral el
or measurement; to find roughly or approximately. in an equation or inequality. adjacent side In a right-angled
triangle, the side ‘next to’ the given annual leave loading Extra payment to a worker
evaluate To find the value of an expression. For substitute To replace a variable with a number and angle, leading to the right angle. based on a percentage (usually 17.5%) of 4 weeks
example, evaluate 3 × 82, or evaluate 4x + 1 when x = 5. evaluate.
θ annual leave.
expand To remove the grouping symbols (brackets) verify To show that a statement or result is correct,
in an algebraic expression. Expanding 3(2y + 1) gives adjacent side appreciation Increase in the value of an object (for
usually by substituting back. (adjacent to θ)

NelsonNet TEACHER
6y + 3. example, a work of art, a piece of jewellery or antique
write/state To write an answer, formula or result allowable (tax) deduction A part of a person’s furniture) over a period.
explain To describe why or how. without showing any working or explanation. (This yearly income that is not taxed, such as work-related at least A number equal to or greater than the given
give reasons When solving a problem, to show usually means that the answer can be found mentally, expenses or donations to charities. All deductions are value (for example ‘at least 2’ means 2 or more).
the mathematical rules or thinking used. or in one step.) subtracted from yearly income to determine taxable
income.
graph To display on a number line, number plane
B
or statistical graph. allowance, government Money paid by the
government to support individuals for specific
purposes (for example to support the aged, base (of a prism)

website
unemployed, disabled, students and parents). One of the parallel end
faces of a prism.
allowance, worker’s Money paid to a worker
for expenses incurred as part of his or her job (for base
example, for travel, for special clothing, or for working
in isolated or dangerous areas). base
angle of depression The an bias In statistics, an unwanted influence that stops a
angle between the horizontal de gle of
pres sample from being representative of a population.
and the line of sight, looking sion
down.

420 NCM 11. Mathematics General (Pathway 1) ISBN 9780170238946 ISBN 9780170238946 Glossary 421
Margin icons indicate resources that can be
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downloaded from the NelsonNet teacher website,

7 Sam is a casual junior baker at the hot bread shop. A casual junior baker earns $8.32 per
hour. From midnight Friday to midnight Saturday all bakers receive their normal pay
plus 50%. From midnight on Saturday to midnight on Sunday casual bakers receive 98%
Briana – Vet nurse
proFilE www.nelsonnet.com.au.
There are lots of different things for vet nurses to do in a
more than their normal pay per hour.
busy surgery. Most days I take care of hospitalised animals
a The table shows the times Sam worked last week. Find the missing values i to xii. and I help the vets during consultations and surgery.

Worksheet Skillsheet Spreadsheet Weblink

Sometimes I do lab tests and sterilise equipment, but my
Shutterstock.com/

Number
Unpaid of hours Pay per favorite activity is running puppy preschool classes.
Tyler Olson

Shift Starting time Finishing time breaks worked hour Pay

1 Thursday 10 p.m. Friday 6:30 a.m. 30 minutes i v ix
2 Friday midnight Saturday 8 a.m. 1 hour ii vi x
3 Saturday 8 p.m. Saturday midnight 0 iii vii xi ExamplE 7
4 Sunday 6:30 p.m. Sunday midnight 30 minutes iv viii xii
Briana earns $750 per week as a vet nurse. When she takes her 4 weeks annual holiday
b Calculate Sam’s total pay. she receives an extra 17 12 % of 4 weeks pay as a holiday loading in addition to her normal
4 weeks pay.

WS
a Calculate Briana’s holiday loading.
invEstigation b Determine the total value of Briana’s holiday pay before she has to pay tax.
my FuturE CarEEr
solution
Earning an income can occupy a lot of your time, so it’s important to find a job that you are
going to enjoy. In this investigation you are going to complete some online questionnaires a Briana’s pay for 1 week = $750
to help you determine the type of occupation that suits your skills and interests. Briana’s pay for 4 weeks = $750 × 4
1 Use the link at NelsonNet to open the ‘My future’ website: www.myfuture.edu.au = $3000
2 The first time you enter the ‘My Guide’ section you will need to log on as a new Briana’s holiday loading = 17 12 % of $3000
My future user. Remember your password. You’ll need to use your password each time you
log on.
= 0.175 × $3000
= $525
0.175 × $3000 means
17 21 % of $3000. Budget grid Percentage Holiday pay My Future
calculations
3 In the ‘Identifying section’ of the website there are some online questionnaires. Briana’s holiday loading is $525.
Complete a questionnaire and then explore the careers that the website suggests
b Briana’s holiday pay before tax = $3000 + $525
might interest you in the ‘career fields’ or ‘occupations’ section of the website. You
may be unfamiliar with some of the careers to which you may be suited. Take the = $3525
time to learn about these careers. It could be the best hour you ever spend!

1-04 annual leave loading

summary
Exercise 1-04 annual leave loading
1 Calculate 17 12 % of each amount.
a $350 b $1264 c $3325 d $6895
• Worksheets are write-in enabled PDFs
• Skillsheets of examples and exercises
Percentage
calculations
Example
2 The Edmondson Park Motel pays its employees a 17 12 % holiday loading on their 4 weeks 7
annual leave loading or holiday loading is an extra payment to employees annual leave.
given at the start of their holidays. It is usually calculated as 17 12 % of 4 weeks’ pay. a Vicki, the chef, earns $695 per week. Calculate her holiday loading.
Mental
percentages
b James earns $565 per week as a barman at the hotel. How much will James be paid

that allow practice of prerequisite skills and

for his 4-week annual holiday?

knowledge
14 NCM 11. Mathematics General (Pathway 1) ISBN 9780170238946 ISBN 9780170238946 1. Earning money 15

• Weblinks direct students to other websites for

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4
Angus earns $743 per week and for his holidays he receives a loading of 17 12 % of 4 weeks
pay. Calculate the total value of his 4-week holiday pay.
As a result of a wage claim based on an increase in the cost of living, all workers were
granted a 4.2% increase in their pay.
1-05 Commission, piecework and royalties
Not all workers are paid according to the number of hours they work.
Percentage
calculations
investigation and study
• Spreadsheets: Excel files
a Liam works as a data processing manager on a salary of $58 200 p.a. Calculate his summary
new salary.
Workers who sell items are often paid by commission, which is a percentage of the Mental
b How much will Liam be paid for 4 weeks work after the wage rise? percentages
value of the items they’ve sold.
c Calculate Liam’s new holiday loading.
piecework is a type of work where a worker is paid per item produced or processed.
5 Phillipa‘s annual salary is $72 320. She receives a loading of 17 12 % of 4 weeks pay with
A royalty is a payment to an author, singer or artist for each copy
her holiday pay. Calculate the total value of Phillipa’s holiday pay.
of their work sold. Usually a royalty is a percentage of the total

The teacher website also contains:

6 Linda earns $890 per week. She receives 6 weeks holidays at the end of each year but her sales amount.
holiday loading is only 17 12 % of 4 weeks pay. Calculate Linda’s holiday pay.
7 Jon’s wage increased from $620 to $700 per week. By how much will his 4-week holiday
pay, including 17 12 % loading, increase? proFilE
8 P.L. Insurance had a very successful year. In addition to the normal 17 12 % holiday sarina – sydney artist

• Teaching program, in Microsoft Word and

loading, they decided to pay their employees a ‘thank-you’ bonus based on the number of It’s great to be able to work doing something you love, but it
Photo: Sue Thomson

years of service. They paid this bonus at the same time as the holiday loading. hasn’t always been easy. In the beginning, as an unknown artist,
I had to work nights as a waitress because my art didn’t pay very
‘Thank you’ bonus as a much. If I sold the same painting now as I did 10 years ago I’d get
Completed years of service percentage of annual salary a lot more money for it. My current work involves commissions where people ask me

PDF formats
1–5 0.4% to paint something specific. My agent negotiates a fixed price for commissions. I also
6–8 0.65% earn royalties when my artwork is used
sarina
Over 8 0.9% on commercial items like placemats, ‘Commission’ has several quite different
drink coasters, plates, cups, serviettes, meanings. To an artist a ‘commission’ is
an order for an original piece of artwork.
calendars and T-shirts.

• Chapter PDFs of the textbook

When we earn a commission we receive
Katrina is paid $2152 per fortnight and she has worked for the company for 7 years.
Use the link at NelsonNet to view some a percentage of the value of the items that
a How much is Katrina’s ‘thank you’ bonus? of Sarina’s work: www.sarina.net we sell.

b Calculate the total amount Katrina was paid , before tax, for her 4 weeks holiday,
including the bonus.
9 Katherine earns $640 per week. At the end of the year she receives 5 weeks of holidays ExamplE 8

• Resource Finder: search engine for

with a 17 12 % loading on 4 weeks. How much more does Katherine get paid for taking
5 weeks of holidays than for working 5 weeks? Sarina receives a 5% royalty on the wholesale price of serviettes featuring her art.
10 Use the link at NelsonNet to open the ‘Holiday pay’ spreadsheet to answer this question. Packets of serviettes wholesale for $3.20 each and sell for $5.80. Calculate Sarina’s
Sally earns $11.25 per hour for a 35-hour week. If the holiday leave loading increases royalty for the sale of 8000 packets of serviettes.

SAMPLE CHAPTER
from 17 12 % to 22 12 % of 4 weeks pay, by how much will Sally’s 4 week holiday pay

NelsonNet resources
holiday pay

increase?
solution
b What spreadsheet formula could be used to determine the value of the following The wholesale value of the serviettes = 8000 × $3.20
amounts? = $25 600
i Normal pay for 1 week. Sarina’s royalty = 5% of $25 600 When we’re calculating a percentage
ii Normal pay for 4 weeks. of an amount, for example 5% of
= 0.05 × $25 600
$200, we can either do 100
5
× 200 or
iii Leave loading for 4 weeks. = $1280 0.05 × 200.

16 NCM 11. Mathematics General (Pathway 1) ISBN 9780170238946 ISBN 9780170238946 1. Earning money 17

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ISBN 9780170238946 user’s guide xi

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 SAMPLE CHAPTER

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 1
Financial mathematics

Earning money
Earning a living is an important part of life. In this chapter we’re going to look at some of the
ways we can earn or receive money.
By the end of this chapter, you should know how to:
• calculate wages, salaries, overtime, bonuses and allowances
• calculate annual leave loading
• calculate earnings based on commission, piecework and royalties
• calculate government allowances and pensions
• prepare a budget for managing income and expenses
How are we ever going to use this?
• Checking that pay is correct
• Checking holiday loading
• Applying for Centrelink payments

Chapter PAYSLIP
Employee: Hugo Mendozia Pay Period: 29 May
problem Pay Cycle: Weekly

Normal Pay $630.48

Hugo earns $17.04 per hour for a
37-hour week in his job in a wholesale Overtime $153.36
plant nursery. He is paid time-and-a- Allowances $20.28
half for the first 5 hours of overtime Gross Pay $804.12
per week and double time after that. If

SAMPLE CHAPTER
he is required to work any unscheduled
overtime he receives a $10.68 meal allowance per shift. In addition, he receives a $1.60 allowance
per hour when he is required to work in wet areas.
Shutterstock.com/JohnKwan

In the week ending 29 May he worked 43 hours, which included one unscheduled overtime shift
and 6 hours working in a wet area. His payslip for that week is shown above.
Hugo thinks his pay for the week ending 29 May is wrong. Is his gross pay correct?

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 WS
1-01 Wages and salaries
Wages and salaries are different ways that we can be paid for the work we do for
Wages and
salaries
an employer.

Summary

A wage is an amount paid for each hour worked. Only people who work for a wage are
paid for overtime.
A salary is a fixed amount per year that does not depend upon the
number of hours worked. Teachers and other professionals
earn a salary.

Profile
Kristine – Child care worker
When I was at school I earned money by babysitting. It was

iStockphoto/Miodrag Gajic
a job and it was fun. When I left school I decided to go into
childcare. There are lots of jobs in childcare because most mums
need to go to work. I did Certificate III in Childcare at TAFE and
now I have a job I love. The best part of my job is helping children learn.

Example 1

Kristine earns $18.23 per hour working in a long day care centre. She works a 38-hour
week.
a How much does Kristine earn per fortnight?
b Calculate the amount Kristine earns per year.

Solution
a Amount Kristine earns per week = 38 × $18.23
= $692.74
One fortnight = 2 weeks
Each fortnight Kristine earns 2 × $692.74 = $1385.48.
b There are 52 weeks in a year.
Each year Kristine earns 52 × $692.74 = $36 022.48

SAMPLE CHAPTER
4 NCM 11. Mathematics General (Pathway 1) ISBN 9780170238946

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 Example 2

Madeleine is a social worker. Her annual salary is $59 000. Calculate:

a her monthly pay
b her fortnightly pay.

Solution
a There are 12 months in a year.
Monthly pay = Annual salary ÷ 12
= $59 000 ÷ 12
= $4916.666...
≈ $4916.67
b There are 26 fortnights in a year.
Fortnightly pay = Annual salary ÷ 26
= $59 000 ÷ 26
= $2269.2307...
≈ $2269.23

Summary

1 year = 12 months Watch out! A common error is using 1 year =

48 weeks rather than 52 because some students
1 year = 52 weeks
think 1 month = 4 weeks so 1 year = 12 × 4
1 year = 26 fortnights weeks, but 1 month is not exactly 4 weeks.

Profile
Paul – An Australian
VOLUNTEER abroad
I completed a building apprenticeship when I left school
but when I finished my trade I wasn’t ready to settle down.
I wanted to travel and see the world. I saw a show about
iStockphoto/GYI NSEA

volunteers helping in developing countries and I decided to do

my bit to help others. The aid agency paid my travel costs and
provides my accommodation and the equipment I need. They also pay
me a modest stipend. As a volunteer I’m making a difference in this community.

SAMPLE CHAPTER
A stipend (pronounced ‘sty-pend’) is similar to a salary but it is usually for a relatively small amount. People in
religious orders and some volunteers receive a stipend.

ISBN 9780170238946 1. Earning money 5

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 Exercise 1-01 Wages and salaries
Example

1 1 Scott is a qualified ambulance paramedic. He is paid $35 per hour for a 38-hour week.
a How much does Scott earn per week?
b How much is Scott paid per fortnight?
c Calculate Scott’s annual pay.
Example

2 2 Suzanne is a solicitor. Her salary is $82 500 p.a. p.a. = per annum = per year
a How much does Suzanne earn per month?
b Calculate Suzanne’s fortnightly pay.
c How much does Suzanne earn per week?
3 Lance is paid a salary for the work he completes in an office. Each week he earns
$1300.
a Calculate Lance’s annual salary.
b Explain why Lance’s monthly pay is not $1300 × 4.
c Divide Lance’s annual salary by 12 to determine his monthly pay.
d Lance’s salary is based on 7 hours work per day, 5 days per week and 52 weeks per
year. Calculate the pay rate per hour that is the basis of Lance’s salary.
4 Xian earns $9.61 per hour at the Chinese takeaway.
a Last week Xian worked 16 hours. How much did he earn?
b Today Xian earned $43.25. How long did he work?
5 Ulla receives a stipend of $22 860 from the university to assist her with her postgraduate
study and research.
a How much does Ulla receive per fortnight from the stipend?
b The stipend isn’t enough to cover all of Ulla’s living expenses. She also works as a
waitress for 4 hours per night, two nights per week. She earns $18.20 per hour as a
waitress. Calculate Ulla’s total fortnightly income.
6 The minimum wage for a beginning pest inspector is $595.70 for a 38-hour week. What
is the minimum pay per hour for a beginning pest inspector?
7 Carlos earns $300 per day as a relief teacher. The table shows the number of days he
worked during May.

Dates Number of days worked in May

30 April– 4 May 2

7 May–11 May 1

14 May–18 May 5

21 May– 25 May 3

28 May–1 June 2

SAMPLE CHAPTER
How much did Carlos earn in May as a relief teacher?

6 NCM 11. Mathematics General (Pathway 1) ISBN 9780170238946

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 8 Ashok is a casual office worker. He is paid $178 per day irrespective of the number of
hours he works. Usually he works about 12 days per month.
a How much did Ashok earn for working from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. on Monday?
b During February Ashok earned $1958. How many days did he work in February?
c The company where Ashok does casual office work offered him a permanent
38-hour-a-week job at $16 per hour. Do you think he should take the permanent
job? Why or why not?
9 Thomas is trying to decide which one of three jobs to take.

Conditions Pay

Job 1 38 hour week, 5 days per week, $19/hour

possibility of overtime

Job 2 75 hours per fortnight, work 9 days $1450 per fortnight

per fortnight

Job 3 Salary, based on a 35-hour week $38 800 p.a.

a Ignoring any overtime, which job pays the most per year?
b If you were Thomas, which job would you take? Why?

Investigation

Award wages
Log onto the Fair Work website www.fairwork.gov.au, then select the ‘A–Z Modern
Awards’ to complete this investigation. Fair Work

• Research the annual minimum wage for three jobs that interest you.
• Calculate the minimum weekly pay in each job.

Shutterstock.com/michaeljung

SAMPLE CHAPTER
ISBN 9780170238946 1. Earning money 7

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 Investigation

Wages by spreadsheet
Spreadsheets are common tools in the workplace. Open the ‘Wages’ spreadsheet from
Wages the NelsonNet website.

1 Jessica doesn’t work on Mondays or Tuesdays. Each day from Wednesday to Sunday
she works from 7 a.m. to 2.30 p.m. and she has an unpaid, 30 minute lunch break.
Jessica’s wage is $11.60 per hour. Enter the information about Jessica’s job in the
spreadsheet and determine her total weekly pay.
2 a  One of the formulas used in the spreadsheet is =SUM(F10:F16). What is this
formula calculating?
b What spreadsheet formula in cell F18 could be used to determine the total
amount that Jessica is paid each week?
3 The following table shows the hours worked during the first week in February and
the corresponding pay rates for the employees in a small office.

Number of hours
Employee Pay rate per hour worked Pay
Imran $12.51 20
Sofia $15.25 35
Cathy $10.70 35
Mike $11.30 40
Anita $11.30 32
Total wages bill

a The hours each employee works per week and their hourly rate of pay could
change. Construct a spreadsheet that will allow you to calculate each employee’s
wage and the total office wage bill when the number of hours worked and the
rates of pay could change.
b During the second week in February each employee received a $2 per hour wage

SAMPLE CHAPTER
increase; Imran worked 32 hours and the other employees worked for the same
number of hours as in the previous week. Use the spreadsheet you constructed to
determine the total wages bill for the second week in February.

8 NCM 11. Mathematics General (Pathway 1) ISBN 9780170238946

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 1-02 Working overtime
Profile
Alyssa – An aged care worker
I helped my mum look after my grandfather who has

iStockphoto/Dean Mitchell
dementia when I couldn’t get a job after I left school. When
we took Pa for a one-week holiday in a respite centre the
centre manager told me that I had the right attitude and I should
consider working in the care service industry. I didn’t need any special training
because the employer provided on-the-job training and, with Australia’s ageing
population there’s lots of jobs to choose between if I want to change jobs. The best
thing about my job is the variety. I deal with different clients and do different things
every day.

Example 3

Alyssa’s normal rate of pay is $16.81 per hour. She is paid time-and-a-half on Saturdays
and double time on Sundays.
a How much does Alyssa earn per hour on Saturdays?
b Calculate the amount Alyssa will earn for working 4 hours on a Sunday.

Solution
a When she works on a Saturday Alyssa is paid 1 12 times her normal rate.
Pay per hour at time-and-a-half = 1.5 × $16.81
= $25.22
b When Alyssa works on Sunday she earns 2 × $16.81, or $33.62 per hour.
Pay for 4 hours on Sunday = 4 × $33.62
= $134.48

Summary

Time-and-a-half is 1 12 times normal pay.

Double time is 2 times normal pay.

SAMPLE CHAPTER
ISBN 9780170238946 1. Earning money 9

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 Example 4

Hasid earns $18 per hour.

a How much will he earn for working a 35-hour week?
b When Hasid works for more than 7 hours per day he is paid overtime. For the first
3 hours he works overtime he is paid time-and-a-half. Any additional overtime
hours are paid at double time. How much will Hasid earn for working 12 hours in
one day?

Solution
a Pay for a 35-hour week = 35 × $18
= $630
b When Hasid works more than 7 hours in one day his time is broken into 7 hours
normal + 3 hours at time-and-a-half + the remaining hours at double time.
Hasid worked 12 hours = 7 hours normal + 3 hours at time-and-a-half + 2 hours at
double time.
Hasid’s pay = 7 × $18 + 3 × 1.5 × $18 + 2 × 2 × $18
= $279

Exercise 1-02 Working overtime

Example

3 1 Complete the missing values in the table.

Normal pay Pay per hour at Pay per hour at

per hour time-and-a-half double time

$17.20 a b

$14.36 c d

$24.60 e f

$31.25 g h

2 Jane’s normal pay is $16.40 per hour. How much will she earn when she works 5 hours at
time-and-a-half?
3 Mike’s normal pay is $15.30. How much will he earn when he works for 4 hours on a
Sunday at double-time?
4 How much will Sally earn when she works 3 hours at time-and-a-half and 4 hours at
double time? Her normal pay is $21.80 per hour.
Example

4 5 Tuan is a plumber’s assistant. He works a 35-hour week at $22.80 per hour. His overtime
is paid at time-and-a-half for the first 5 hours overtime in a week and double time for any
hours after that. This week Tuan worked 42 hours.
a
b
SAMPLE CHAPTER
How many hours did Tuan work at double time?
Calculate Tuan’s pay for the week.

10 NCM 11. Mathematics General (Pathway 1) ISBN 9780170238946

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 6 Mercia has a holiday job supervising children in a resort. She earns $19 per hour Monday
to Friday, time-and-a-half on Saturday and double time on Sunday.
a The table shows the times Mercia worked during one week in January. What are the
missing values in the table?

Day Hours worked Pay rate per hour Pay

Weekdays 21 i iv

Saturday 4 ii v

Sunday 6 iii vi

b Calculate Mercia’s pay for the week.

7 a 
Darryl earned $72 when he worked for three hours at double time. What is Darryl’s
normal pay per hour?
b How much will Darryl earn when he works for 3 hours at time-and-a-half?
8 Elise earned $120 when she worked on Sunday for 4 hours at double-time. How much
does Elise earn for a normal 7-hour day?
9 Callum works for the council. He looks after the grass in parks and at sporting venues.
Callum doesn’t work any overtime Monday to Friday. All hours he works on Saturday are
paid at time-and-a-half and Sunday work is at double-time. For Callum’s time and pay
sheet below, find the values of a, b, c, d, e and f.

Time and pay calculation sheet

Callum Normal pay per hour $16.90

Day Start Finish Unpaid breaks Pay

Monday 7 a.m. 3:30 p.m. 30 minutes a

Tuesday b 5:30 p.m. 1 hour $152.10

Wednesday – –

Thursday 8 a.m. 4 p.m. c $118.30

Friday 6:30 a.m. d 1 hour $135.20

Saturday 7 a.m. 11 a.m. Nil e

Sunday 8 a.m. f Nil $101.40

1-03 Bonuses and allowances

Some jobs include allowances for doing unpleasant work, for working under difficult
conditions, or to cover expenses such as uniform and travel.
Some jobs pay bonuses (extra pay) for doing good work, meeting targets or deadlines.

SAMPLE CHAPTER
ISBN 9780170238946 1. Earning money 11

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 profile
Mark – Cook in the
Australian Navy
I joined the navy because 1 didn’t want a 9-to-5 job and I
wanted to travel. I get good pay and conditions as well as
job security. I’m a fully qualified cook and the navy provided
all my training and arranged my TAFE qualifications. I’ve got

Alamy/© Stephen Barnes/Military

good mates in the navy and I’ve been around the world. I was
surprised at the variety of jobs in the navy; jobs I’d never considered
like being a waiter or a chaplain. The navy even has permanent jobs for musicians in the
navy bands!

Example 5

Mark’s basic salary in the navy is $43 434 and he receives an annual $12 128 service
allowance as well as an annual $419 uniform maintenance allowance. When he’s at sea he
receives an additional $11 758 annually.
a Calculate Mark’s weekly pay when he is working on land.
b How much does Mark earn per fortnight when he’s at sea?

Solution
a Mark’s annual salary on land = basic salary + service allowance + uniform allowance
= $43 434 + $12 128 + $419
= $55 981
Mark’s weekly pay on land = $55 981 ÷ 52
= $1076.5576...
≈ $1076.56
b Mark’s annual pay at sea = basic salary + service allowance + uniform allowance +
sea allowance
= $43 434 + $12 128 + $419 + $11 758
= $67 739
Mark’s pay per fortnight at sea = $67 739 ÷ 26
= $2605.3461...
≈ $2605.35

Example 6

Sonia is paid $15.48 per hour for her work as a security guard. Each week she receives an
additional $61.05 for her guard dog and $6.75 for her torch. She receives $14.15 per shift

SAMPLE CHAPTER
as a travel allowance.
Sonia works a 4-hour shift, six nights per week. How much is she paid per week?

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 Solution
Sonia’s wages = 4 × 6 × $15.48
= $371.52
Sonia’s travel allowance = 6 × $14.15
= $84.90
Sonia’s total weekly pay = wages + allowances + dog + torch
= $371.52 + $84.90 + $61.05 + $6.75
= $524.22

Exercise 1-03 Bonuses and allowances

Example
1 Sophie’s base salary as an air force trainee is $37 485 p.a. In addition she receives the 5
Australian Defence Force annual allowance of $12 128 and an annual $419 uniform
allowance. She also receives $9531 p.a. when she is deployed overseas.
a Calculate Sophie’s weekly pay when she is working in Australia.
b Determine Sophie’s fortnightly pay when she is deployed overseas.
Example
2 Zoran works for a pest control company. He is paid $14.93 per hour and he receives an 6
extra $2.81 per day for handling poisons. Zoran works for 8 hours per day, 5 days per
week. Calculate his weekly pay.
3 Ryan earns $721 per week as a mobile mechanic. In addition he receives $29 per week for
work-related mobile phone calls and $0.60 per kilometre for work-related kilometres he
drives in his truck. Calculate Ryan’s pay for a week in which he drove 420 km in his truck
for work.
4 Kate is the manager of a fast food shop. She is paid $28 per hour for a 35-hour week
plus a $8.30 per week laundry allowance. In addition she receives a $30 bonus for every
accident-free week at the shop and another $95 bonus if the shop sells $100 000 or more
worth of hamburgers.
Last week the shop was accident-free and the total hamburger sales were $110 000. How
much was Kate paid last week?
5 Zack drives a furniture removal truck. He is paid $15.12 per hour Monday to Friday,
time-and-a-quarter on Saturday and double time on Sunday. In addition he receives a flat
fee of $2.59 per day for handling heavy furniture. Calculate Zack’s pay for a week when
he delivered furniture for 33 hours Monday to Friday, 6 hours on Saturday and 3 hours
on Sunday.
6 Raina has a job driving disabled children to school. She is paid $16.20 per hour
plus $3.65 per day for assisting children. In addition she receives 65 cents for every
work-related kilometre she drives in her car. Calculate Raina’s pay for a week when
she worked 4 hours each day from Monday to Friday and she used her car for 360

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work-related kilometres.

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 7 Sam is a casual junior baker at the hot bread shop. A casual junior baker earns $8.32 per
hour. From midnight Friday to midnight Saturday all bakers receive their normal pay
plus 50%. From midnight on Saturday to midnight on Sunday casual bakers receive 98%
more than their normal pay per hour.
a The table shows the times Sam worked last week. Find the missing values i to xii.

Number
Unpaid of hours Pay per
Shift Starting time Finishing time breaks worked hour Pay
1 Thursday 10 p.m. Friday 6:30 a.m. 30 minutes i v ix
2 Friday midnight Saturday 8 a.m. 1 hour ii vi x
3 Saturday 8 p.m. Saturday midnight 0 iii vii xi
4 Sunday 6:30 p.m. Sunday midnight 30 minutes iv viii xii

b Calculate Sam’s total pay.

Investigation

My future career
Earning an income can occupy a lot of your time, so it’s important to find a job that you are
going to enjoy. In this investigation you are going to complete some online questionnaires
to help you determine the type of occupation that suits your skills and interests.
1 Use the link at NelsonNet to open the ‘My future’ website: www.myfuture.edu.au
2 The first time you enter the ‘My Guide’ section you will need to log on as a new
My future user. Remember your password. You’ll need to use your password each time you
log on.
3 In the ‘Identifying section’ of the website there are some online questionnaires.
Complete a questionnaire and then explore the careers that the website suggests
might interest you in the ‘career fields’ or ‘occupations’ section of the website. You
may be unfamiliar with some of the careers to which you may be suited. Take the
time to learn about these careers. It could be the best hour you ever spend!

1-04 Annual leave loading

Summary
Percentage
calculations

Annual leave loading or holiday loading is an extra payment to employees

given at the start of their holidays. It is usually calculated as 17 12 % of 4 weeks’ pay.
Mental
percentages

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 Profile
Briana – Vet nurse
There are lots of different things for vet nurses to do in a
busy surgery. Most days I take care of hospitalised animals
and I help the vets during consultations and surgery.
Sometimes I do lab tests and sterilise equipment, but my

Shutterstock.com/
favorite activity is running puppy preschool classes.

Tyler Olson
Example 7

Briana earns $750 per week as a vet nurse. When she takes her 4 weeks annual holiday
she receives an extra 17 12 % of 4 weeks pay as a holiday loading in addition to her normal
4 weeks pay.
a Calculate Briana’s holiday loading.
b Determine the total value of Briana’s holiday pay before she has to pay tax.

Solution
a Briana’s pay for 1 week = $750
Briana’s pay for 4 weeks = $750 × 4
= $3000
Briana’s holiday loading = 17 12 % of $3000
0.175 × $3000 means
= 0.175 × $3000
17 21 % of $3000.
= $525
Briana’s holiday loading is $525.
b Briana’s holiday pay before tax = $3000 + $525
= $3525

Exercise 1-04 Annual leave loading

1 Calculate 17 12 % of each amount.
a $350 b $1264 c $3325 d $6895
Example
2 The Edmondson Park Motel pays its employees a 17 % holiday loading on their 4 weeks
1
2 7
annual leave.
a Vicki, the chef, earns $695 per week. Calculate her holiday loading.
b James earns $565 per week as a barman at the hotel. How much will James be paid

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for his 4-week annual holiday?

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 3 Angus earns $743 per week and for his holidays he receives a loading of 17 12 % of 4 weeks
pay. Calculate the total value of his 4-week holiday pay.
4 As a result of a wage claim based on an increase in the cost of living, all workers were
granted a 4.2% increase in their pay.
a Liam works as a data processing manager on a salary of $58 200 p.a. Calculate his
new salary.
b How much will Liam be paid for 4 weeks work after the wage rise?
c Calculate Liam’s new holiday loading.
5 Phillipa‘s annual salary is $72 320. She receives a loading of 17 12 % of 4 weeks pay with
her holiday pay. Calculate the total value of Phillipa’s holiday pay.
6 Linda earns $890 per week. She receives 6 weeks holidays at the end of each year but her
holiday loading is only 17 12 % of 4 weeks pay. Calculate Linda’s holiday pay.
7 Jon’s wage increased from $620 to $700 per week. By how much will his 4-week holiday
pay, including 17 12 % loading, increase?
8 P.L. Insurance had a very successful year. In addition to the normal 17 12 % holiday
loading, they decided to pay their employees a ‘thank-you’ bonus based on the number of
years of service. They paid this bonus at the same time as the holiday loading.

‘Thank you’ bonus as a

Completed years of service percentage of annual salary
1–5 0.4%
6–8 0.65%
Over 8 0.9%

Katrina is paid $2152 per fortnight and she has worked for the company for 7 years.
a How much is Katrina’s ‘thank you’ bonus?
b Calculate the total amount Katrina was paid , before tax, for her 4 weeks holiday,
including the bonus.
9 Katherine earns $640 per week. At the end of the year she receives 5 weeks of holidays
with a 17 12 % loading on 4 weeks. How much more does Katherine get paid for taking
5 weeks of holidays than for working 5 weeks?
10 Use the link at NelsonNet to open the ‘Holiday pay’ spreadsheet to answer this question.
Sally earns $11.25 per hour for a 35-hour week. If the holiday leave loading increases
Holiday pay from 17 12 % to 22 12 % of 4 weeks pay, by how much will Sally’s 4 week holiday pay
increase?
b What spreadsheet formula could be used to determine the value of the following
amounts?
i Normal pay for 1 week.

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ii Normal pay for 4 weeks.
iii Leave loading for 4 weeks.

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 1-05 Commission, piecework and royalties
Not all workers are paid according to the number of hours they work.
Percentage
calculations

Summary

Workers who sell items are often paid by commission, which is a percentage of the Mental
percentages
value of the items they’ve sold.
Piecework is a type of work where a worker is paid per item produced or processed.
A royalty is a payment to an author, singer or artist for each copy
of their work sold. Usually a royalty is a percentage of the total
sales amount.

Profile
Sarina – Sydney artist
It’s great to be able to work doing something you love, but it

Photo: Sue Thomson

hasn’t always been easy. In the beginning, as an unknown artist,
I had to work nights as a waitress because my art didn’t pay very
much. If I sold the same painting now as I did 10 years ago I’d get
a lot more money for it. My current work involves commissions where people ask me
to paint something specific. My agent negotiates a fixed price for commissions. I also
earn royalties when my artwork is used
Sarina
on commercial items like placemats, ‘Commission’ has several quite different
drink coasters, plates, cups, serviettes, meanings. To an artist a ‘commission’ is
an order for an original piece of artwork.
calendars and T-shirts.
When we earn a commission we receive
Use the link at NelsonNet to view some a percentage of the value of the items that
of Sarina’s work: www.sarina.net we sell.

Example 8

Sarina receives a 5% royalty on the wholesale price of serviettes featuring her art.
Packets of serviettes wholesale for $3.20 each and sell for $5.80. Calculate Sarina’s
royalty for the sale of 8000 packets of serviettes.

Solution
The wholesale value of the serviettes = 8000 × $3.20
= $25 600
Sarina’s royalty = 5% of $25 600 When we’re calculating a percentage
of an amount, for example 5% of

SAMPLE CHAPTER
= 0.05 × $25 600
$200, we can either do 100
5
× 200 or
= $1280 0.05 × 200.

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 Example 9

Jordan is a used car salesman. He is paid a $170 monthly retainer plus 5% commission
on the amount of his monthly sales over $50 000. Calculate his pay for a month when his
sales totalled $80 000.

Solution
Sales over $50 000 = $80 000 – $50 000
= $30 000
Commission = 5% of $30 000
= 0.05 × $30 000
Retainer: = $1500
An amount
of money a Total earnings = retainer + commission
salesperson is
= $170 + $1500
paid that does
not depend on = $1670
his sales.

Example 10

Judy earns commission for selling cosmetics, at the following rates.

Commission on Judy’s monthly sales

First $1000 of sales 5%
On the next $2000 4%
Remainder of sales 3.5%

In June, Judy’s sales totalled $5200. Calculate her June commission.

These different
rates are Solution
sometimes
called a Judy’s sales are $1000 + $2000 + $2200 = $5200
‘sliding scale’.
Commission on the first $1000 = 0.05 × $1000
= $50
Commission on the next $2000 = 0.04 × $2000
= $80
Commission on the remaining $2200 = 0.035 × $2200
= $77
Judy’s total commission = $50 + $80 + $77
= $207

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 Example 11

Jan enjoys craftwork and she decided to make some embroidered hand towels to sell at a
charity street stall. To embroider the towels she bought:
• 10 plain hand towels at $8.25 each
• 8 metres of embroidery ribbon at 95 cents per metre
• 2 skeins of embroidery thread at $1.95
It took her 2 12 hours to make the towels and she values her time at $15 per hour.
How much should Jan charge for her towels?

Solution
Cost of the materials = 10 × towels + 8 × ribbon + 2 × thread Remember to
change the
= 10 × $8.25 + 8 × $0.95 + 2 × $1.95
95 cents into
= $94 $0.95.

The value of Jan’s labour = 2.5 × $15

= $37.50
Total cost = materials + labour
= $94 + $37.50
= $131.50
Price of each towel = total cost ÷ number of towels
= $131.50 ÷ 10
= $13.15
A sensible price for Jan to charge for her towels should be a round number to avoid the
need to give a lot of change.
Jan should charge $13.50 or $14 per towel.

Exercise 1-05 Commission, piecework and royalties

1 Calculate each percentage amount.
a 9% of $25 000 b 5% of $800
c 2% of $300 000 d 2 12 % of $500 000
e 3 43 % of $175 200 f 0.95% of $60 000
2 Marco earns 7% commission on all his sales. Find his commission on a sale of $1675.
Example
3 Sarina receives a 3% royalty on the wholesale price of calendars featuring her art. How 8
much royalty will she receive for 15 500 calendars with a wholesale price of $9.90?
Example
4 Andrew is a door-to-door salesperson who is paid a retainer of $120 per week to cover 9
his expenses, plus a commission of 15% of all sales he makes. Andrew’s sales for the first

SAMPLE CHAPTER
week in April totalled $2896. Calculate his pay for the first week in April.

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 5 In her job as a real estate agent Pauline is paid a retainer of $600 per month plus a
commission of 2% of her sales over $800 000. How much did Pauline earn for a month
when her sales totalled $1 300 000?
Example

10 6 Tanika sells cosmetics. She earns commission at the following rates.

Commission on Tanika’s monthly sales

First $500 of sales 5%
On the next $1000 4%
Remainder of sales 3.5%

Calculate Tanika’s commission for each of the following monthly sales.

a $360 b $1400 c $4200
7 Emily earns monthly commissions when she sells perfumes. The table shows her
commission rates.

Monthly sales Commission

$800 5% of sales
$801 to $1200 $40 plus 4.5% of sales over $800
$1201 and over $58 plus 4% of sales over $1200

Calculate Emily’s commission in a month when her total sales were valued at:
a $ 360 b $998 c $5100.
8 Trevor told Monique she required
6 m2 of tiles for the kitchen walls, Trevor’s Tiling Service
Bathrooms, Kitchens
48 m2 of slate for the lounge room
floor and 7 m2 of slate for the stairs.
How much will Trevor charge All Quality Work
Monique to lay the tiles and slate? * Tiles $32 per m2
* Slate $36 per m2
* 25% extra for stairs

Example

11 9 Kelly makes crystal pendants which she sells at the markets. To make 20 pendants it
costs her:
• $48 for the crystals
• $55 for the chains
• $10 for the clasps
Kelly values her time at $18 per hour and it takes her 3 hours to make 20 pendants.
What price should Kelly charge for each pendant?
10 Holly enjoys cooking the scones she sells at the local Devonshire Tea shop. She buys her
ingredients in bulk and it costs her $12 to make 5 dozen scones in 2 hours. She values

SAMPLE CHAPTER
her labour at $16 per hour. How much should Holly charge the Devonshire Tea shop for
10 dozen scones?

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 11 Basam is selling his house for $420 000. The real estate agent’s commission is 2% on the
first $200 000 and 1 12 % on the balance of the sale price. How much will Basam receive
from the sale of his house?
Example
12 Dagma writes books with a recommended retail price of $56 each. Her royalties are 8
based on the recommended retail price of the books. Each year she receives 10% royalty
on the first 4000 copies and 12 12 % royalty on the remaining sales of books she has
written. Calculate the royalty Dagma will receive when:
a 3650 copies of books she has written are sold in one year
b 7000 copies of books she has written are sold in one year.
13 Milan puts letters in envelopes and attaches postage stamps for a marketing company.
He is paid 24 cents per letter. Milan can process 70 letters per hour.
a How much does Milan earn per hour?
b How much will he earn for processing 260 letters?
c How many letters does Milan need to process in order to earn over $100?
14 Renuta is a self-employed antique furniture auctioneer. On every item she sells she
charges 15% commission on the first $2000 of the sale price and 12 12 % of the amount
over $2000. How much will Renuta charge for selling an antique dining room suite for
$22 600?
15 Melissa receives a copyright payment to compensate her when people photocopy pages
of books she has written. The payment rates are shown in the table.

Type of copies Payment rate

Page of text $7.86
Artistic work $30.96
Overhead transparency $87.89

The copyright statement showed that 7258 pages of text, 60 artistic works and
12 overhead transparencies were copied. Melissa receives 30% of the copyright payment.
The remainder goes to the books’ publisher. Calculate the amount Melissa and her
publisher will receive from the copyright payment.
16 The table shows the rates of royalty Sarina receives when her art is used on plates. The
wholesale price of the plates is $3.40.

Number of plates sold Royalty rate

First 2000 4% of the wholesale price
From 2001 to 10 000 $272 plus 3% of the wholesale price for the number of plates sold in
excess of 2000
10 001 or more $1088 plus 2.5% of the wholesale price for the number of plates sold
in excess of 10 000

Calculate Sarina’s royalty for the sale of the following numbers of plates.
a 1500
SAMPLE CHAPTER
b 8600 c 25 000

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 WS
1-06 Government allowances
Earning
and pensions
money
Profile
If someone you
Ben – Student
know is caring I have to look after my mum because there’s just the two
for someone, of us and she’s got bi-polar 1 disorder. When she takes her

Corbis/Klaus Tiedge
visit the
Commonwealth medication she’s OK but I still need to do the shopping, cook
Respite and our food and do all our housework. It’s really hard when I’ve got
Carelink Centre assignments and assessments, especially if Mum’s unwell. I can’t get a job because I have
website to
access help
no spare time. Centrelink gives me a carer’s pension and a carer’s allowance. Mum
for carers, receives sickness benefits and rent assistance.
or call 1800
052-222. They
will provide
information
about support
and assistance
Example 12
in your local
area. Income and assets tests are applied to pensions. Joan is a single, aged pensioner who
owns her own home. She is allowed to have assets up to $186 750 and retain a full
pension of $695.30 per fortnight. For every $1000 over $186 750 that Joan has in assets
her fortnightly pension reduces by $1.50. At present Joan’s assets are valued at $145 000
and she is about to inherit $70 000. What affect will inheriting $70 000 have on her
pension?

Solution
Joan’s assets after her inheritance = $145 000 + $70 000
= $215 000.
The value of Joan’s assets over $186 750 = $215 000 – $186 750
= $28 250
The number of thousands of dollars over $186 750 = $28 250 ÷ $1000
= 28.25
Amount Joan’s pension will decrease per fortnight = 28.25 × $1.50
= $42.38
Inheriting $70 000 will decrease Joan’s pension by $42.38 per fortnight.

SAMPLE CHAPTER
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 Exercise 1-06 Government allowances and pensions
1 Cameron receives $194 per fortnight in Youth Allowance. He pays his mother $36 per
week for board and his fortnightly public transport costs to travel to TAFE are $40.
How much of his Youth Allowance is left each fortnight after Cameron pays his board
and transport expenses?
2 The maximum fortnightly Age pension, payable to eligible people over the age of 65 is
$695.30 for singles and $524.10 per person for couples. How much less does a couple
receive per fortnight than two single people sharing accommodation?
3 Senior Health Care Card holders and people who receive pensions are entitled to a
government telephone payment. Every 3 months they receive $25.10 towards the cost of
having a telephone. Calculate the annual value of the telephone payment.
4 Jim receives a disability pension and he lives in a government housing, rent subsidised
unit. Jim has to pay 15% of his pension in rent. His pension is $540 per fortnight. How
much rent does Jim pay per year?
5 Gail receives a disability pension because she is too sick to work. Her fortnightly pension
is $562.10.
a Calculate Gail’s annual pension.
b Gail’s pension includes $5.80 per fortnight for medications and she receives her
prescription medicines for $3 per script. Gail has a lot of prescription medications
but after she has paid for 58 prescriptions per year all further prescriptions are
provided free. How much more than her fortnightly medication allowance does Gail
have to pay for her medications each year?
6 The Government pays people who have babies a baby bonus. The baby bonus is paid in
13 installments. The first installment is $879.77 and then there are 12 installments of
$379.77.
a What is the total value of the baby bonus?
To be eligible for the baby bonus the family’s total income for the six months following
the child’s birth must be less than $75 000. Kate and Jon are expecting a baby. Jon earns
$1500 per week and Kate’s weekly wage is $1600.
b How many weeks does Kate have to work to earn an amount equivalent to the baby
bonus?
c How much will Jon earn in the six months following the birth of the baby?
d Kate plans to return to work after the baby is born. What is the maximum number
of weeks she can work before the baby is 6 months old and still qualify for the baby
bonus?
Example
7 The maximum Age pension payment for a single person is $562.10, but for every dollar 12
the person earns over $138 per fortnight the pension reduces by 40 cents. Agnes is a
single Age pensioner and she earns $250 per fortnight. Calculate the value of Agnes’
fortnightly Age pension.

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 Investigation

Financial support through Centrelink

The Australian Government provides financial support and assistance to Australian
Human citizens through social security. The staff at Centrelink are trained to assist Australians
Services
when they are in need.
In this activity you are going to find out about your social security entitlements.
If you need
1 Go to the Centrelink website: www.humanservices.gov.au
advice or
financial 2 Click on ‘Students and trainees’, then select the appropriate option to research the
assistance answers to the following questions.
contact
Centrelink 3 a What is the maximum fortnightly Youth allowance that Centrelink will pay a
on 131 021 person who is under 18 years of age and living at home?
to make an
appointment. b What are ‘approved activities’?
Centrelink c Do you have to be involved in approved activities to receive a Youth allowance?
services are
provided free. d What other assistance can someone receiving a Youth allowance receive?
e Is there an income or an asset test for Youth allowance?
4 a If you are single with no dependent children what is the maximum amount of
rent assistance you can receive from Centrelink per week?
b If you are single and share a residence but have no dependent children, can you
get rent assistance if your fortnightly rent is $190? If so, how much?
5 a Who can receive an ABSTUDY payment?
b Jake is an 18-year-old student who is going to live away from home to study at
university. He is qualified to receive an ABSTUDY payment. How much will
his fortnightly ABSTUDY payment be?
c Can Jake get any money from Centrelink in advance of his ABSTUDY
payments? Explain your answer.

1-07 Budgeting
WS
Have you ever wondered what happens to your money? It’s a good idea to have a plan so
Budgeting that you don’t waste it. A budget lists what you expect to be your income and expenses and
scenarios
can help you to manage your money.
WS Income covers all the money you might earn.
Budget grid There are different types of expenses.

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 • Fixed expenses are costs that are essential and must be paid. Some are the same
amount each time, such as rent. Others aren’t always the same, such as food.
• Discretionary expenses are amounts that you often spend but which aren’t essential,
such as entertainment or magazines.
In a budget you need to balance your income and expenses so that you have enough money
for everything you require and have some left over to put towards special items, such as a car
or holiday.

Example 13

Jan works part-time while studying. She receives an allowance from her parents of
$100 per week and she earns $120 from her job. She pays $80 per week in rent and spends
$30 per week on food. She averages $10 per week for her mobile phone and $20 per week
on clothes. She divides the remainder equally between entertainment and savings.
a Draw up a budget for Jan for a week.
b Jan’s rent is increased by $25 per week. How would she need to adjust her budget
for this increase?

Solution
a Income Expenses
Allowance $100.00 Rent $80.00
Earnings $120.00 Food $30.00
Mobile phone $10.00
Clothes $20.00
Total fixed expenses $140.00
Entertainment $40.00
Savings $40.00
Total income $220.00 Total expenses $220.00

Total of fixed expenses = $140

Remainder = 220 – 140
= 80
Divided equally between entertainment and savings = 80 ÷ 2
= 40
b Jan’s fixed expenses will now total $140 + $25 = $165. This means she only has $55
to divide between entertainment and savings. She could still divide this amount
equally between the two or she could decide to spend less on entertainment so that
she can continue to save $40 per week. This would depend on what she is saving for
and how soon she needs the money. If she divides the amount equally she will have
$27.50 for each.

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 Exercise 1-07 Budgeting
1 Francine owns a car and has the following expenses each year: registration $349,
greenslip insurance $795, comprehensive insurance $1110 and maintenance bills of $790.
She spends $53 per week on petrol.
a How much does Francine spend on her car each year?
b How much should Francine set aside in her weekly budget to cover her car expenses?
Example

13 2 Michael works in an office during the week and behind the bar at the local club on
weekends. He earns $620 per week from the office job and $215 from his shifts at the
club. He pays $280 per week in rent and spends an average of $60 per week on food.
His smartphone costs him $20 per week and travel expenses are $60 per week. The
remainder of his income has to be divided between entertainment, clothes and savings.
a Draw up a budget for Michael for one week.
b Michael is considering buying a car. He would no longer have travel expenses but he
would need to allow $100 per week to pay off a loan and $75 for expenses. Draw up a
new budget for Michael.
3 Chris is an apprentice mechanic. His take-home pay is $790 per fortnight. This table
shows his fortnightly expenses.
a How much does Chris save each fortnight? Item Amount
b Calculate his net annual income. Board $120
c How much is Chris able to save each year? Mobile phone $21
Clothes $65
Car $112
Entertainment $72
Other expenses $88
Savings
Total $790

4 This table shows Shania’s monthly budget.

Income Expenses
Part-time job $290 Clothes $140
Baby sitting $130 School needs $32
Entertainment $50
Mobile phone $55
Fares $23

a Calculate Shania’s monthly income and expenses.

b Calculate the amount Shania is able to save each year.
c Shania would like to increase her savings so she can go on an end-of-year holiday.
Suggest three ways she could do this.

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 5 Andrew has taken a casual job in order to save up for a new car. His budget for a week is
shown below.

Income Expenses
Wages $750 Rent $225
Casual wages Travel $56
Food $117
Clothes $55

iStockphoto/ adrian beesley

Entertainment $75
Bills $157
Savings
Total $908 Total $908

a Calculate how much Andrew earns at his casual job.

b Calculate how much Andrew can save each week.
c If the car Andrew wants to buy costs $25 000, how long will it take him to save this
money?
d Suggest ways Andrew could save more per week in order to buy his car sooner.
Make up a new budget for Andrew.

Investigation

My budget
WS
In this investigation you are going to prepare two budgets – one for a typical school
leaver and one for yourself based on your own choice of job when you leave school. My budget

Part A: Typical school leaver

Income:
• You have finished school.
• After school you enrolled in a TAFE course for a year.
• You are now working and earn $24 960 p.a.
• So far you have no partner and no children. You need to move out of home.
• Your new home will be 4 km from where you work (fast 50-minute walk).
1 Use the link at NelsonNet to download the Tax tables, Budget Guidelines
and the Lifestyle Costs provided for this activity.
2 Copy and complete this budget form based on the information, or use the link at
NelsonNet to print out the form.

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 Weekly income $
Gross weekly income = yearly wage ÷ 52 weeks
Deduct tax (weekly) from table (tax-free threshold, no leave loading)
Net weekly income

Regular weekly expenses $

Housing Mortgage, Rent, or Share
Transport Car, running costs, rego, CTP etc. OR
train or bike or walking
Personal Spending Clothing
Hair / grooming / etc.
Food Groceries, include pet food
Utilities Phone connection + landline calls, and/or mobile
Electricity
Total regular expenses

Discretionary weekly expenses $

Insurance Home and/or contents
Insurance Car – Comprehensive
Insurance Health
Entertainment Pay TV, books, magazines, music, movies etc.
Recreation Sport, holidays
Miscellaneous Internet, Laptop
Total discretionary expenses

Net weekly income

Total weekly expenses (regular + discretionary)
BALANCE

Part B: Yourself in your preferred occupation

Use the above table again to create a budget based on the occupation you chose in this
chapter (or choose a career now).
• The aim of a good budget is not just to maximise savings.
• It is more to do with having expenses that reflect the lifestyle you want and ensuring
these are within your income.
• Your budget needs to cover the costs of the essentials of living (for example, food,
shelter).
• Under discretionary expenses, weekly amounts should allow you to afford the extra

SAMPLE CHAPTER
non-essential activities you want, such as entertainment, holidays, fashion, a more
expensive car.

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 • Consider carefully the advantages and disadvantages of taking out different types of
insurance, whether you can afford them and explain the decisions you make.
• Assume you are in the job you have chosen. You have left home and have bought or
are renting your accommodation. You have no partner and no children. Your new
home will be 4 km from where you work (fast 50-minute walk).
1 Write down your preferred occupation and determine the gross wage for that
occupation as follows:
• go to www.myfuture.edu.au
• click on the facts → occupations, then find your occupation
• select earnings, then View text version of earnings
• write the Weekly Income into your budget My future

2 Find the tax to be deducted from gross pay, using ATO weekly tax tables. These can
WS
be found on the My budget worksheet or downloaded directly from
www.ato.gov.au/businesses. Use the column for tax-free threshold with no leave My budget

loading.
3 Income and Weekly Expenses (regular) must have an amount in the last column.
4 Weekly Expenses (discretionary) can be left blank as a means of saving money, but ATO

you must explain and justify your decision.

5 For this exercise, you are not to make up your own figures; you must use the prices
listed in the Budget Guidelines and Lifestyle Costs.
6 Some of the prices/costs are per week, others are per fortnight, per month, or per
year. You must convert all amounts to a weekly cost.
For every cost category (both regular and discretionary), you will need to show:
• a short explanation of what choice you have made and why
• the calculations/working you have done to arrive at the amount you have used.

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 Language activity

Word match
Match each word in the first column to its correct meaning in the second column.

Word Meaning
1 Allowance A Yearly
2 Annual leave loading B Pay based on the number of hours worked
3 Bonus C Pay based on the number of items made or
processed
4 Double time D 1.5 times the normal rate of pay
5 Income E A payment to authors, artists or others who create
items
6 Overtime F Extra amount paid for holidays, usually 17.5%
of 4 weeks’ pay
7 Per annum (pa) G Extra pay for doing good work
8 Piecework H A fixed amount paid per year
9 Royalty I Twice the normal rate of pay
10 Salary J Additional payment for work under difficult
conditions or for doing unpleasant tasks
11 Time-and-a-half K Money that is received or gained, usually regularly
12 Wage L Working more hours per day or week than
normally

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 Solution to
the

Chapter problem
Hugo earns $17.04 per hour for a 37-hour week in his job in a wholesale plant
nursery. He is paid time-and-a-half for the first 5 hours of overtime per week and
double time after that. If he is required to work any unscheduled overtime he
receives a $10.68 meal allowance per shift. In addition he receives a $1.60 allowance
per hour when he is required to work in wet areas.
Last week he worked 43 hours, which included one unscheduled overtime shift and
6 hours working in a wet area. His payslip for that week is shown below.

PAYSLIP
Employee: Hugo Mendozia Pay Period: 29 May
Pay Cycle: Weekly

Normal Pay $630.48

Overtime $153.36
Allowances $20.28
Gross Pay $804.12

Hugo thinks his pay is wrong. Is his gross pay correct?

Solution
Hugo worked 37 hours normal time, 5 hours overtime at time-and-a-half, and one
hour at double time.

Normal pay 37 × $17.04 $630.48

Time-and-a-half 5 × 1.5 × $17.04 $127.80
Double time 1 × 2 × $17.04 $34.08
Total overtime $127.80 + $34.08 $161.88
Wet area allowance 6 × $1.60 $9.60
Meal allowance $10.68
Total allowances $9.60 + $10.68 $20.28

The calculations for Hugo’s normal pay and allowances are correct but the overtime
calculation is wrong. Hugo has been underpaid by $161.88 – $153.36 = $8.52.

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