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Theory of natural transform

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Fethi Bin Muhammad Belgacem Rathinavel Silambarasan

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 MATHEMATICS IN ENGINEERING, SCIENCE AND AEROSPACE
MESA - www.journalmesa.com
Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 105-135, 2012
⃝
c CSP - Cambridge, UK; I&S - Florida, USA, 2012

Theory of natural transform

⋆
Fethi Bin Muhammed Belgacem1 , R.Silambarasan 2

1 E-mail :[email protected]
2 E-mail :silambu [email protected]
⋆ Corresponding Author. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. Nature of the Natural transform is,it converges to Laplace and Sumudu transform.The
theme of this paper is to give detailed study of Natural transform.The Natural transform is derived
from the Fourier Integral.We showed it to the theoretical dual of Laplace and Sumudu transforms.This
work includes Natural-multiple shift theorems,Bromwich contour integral and Heviside’s Expansion
formula for Inverse Natural transform.

1 Motivation

Differential equations (ordinary,partial) solving by integral transform method is most gifted technique
in the mathematics world.For the function f (t) with t in (−∞, ∞) the general integral transform is
defined by ∫ ∞
I [ f (t)](s) = K(s,t) f (t)dt (1.1)
−∞

Here K(s,t) is the kernel of the transform,s the real (or) complex number is independent of t.When
the K(s,t) is e−st , tJn (st) and t s−1 (st) the (1.1) gives the respective Laplace,Hankel and Mellin trans-
forms.With these integral transforms various differential equations with initial and boundary condi-
tions are solved.For the same function consider the integral transforms defined by
∫ ∞
I [ f (t)](u) = K(t) f (ut)dt (1.2)
−∞
∫ ∞
I [ f (t)](s, u) = K(s,t) f (ut)dt (1.3)
−∞

The kernel K(t) = e−t in (1.2) gives the new integral Sumudu transform,where the parameter s is
replaced with u.And (1.3) is the combination of integral transforms (1.1) and (1.2) with the kernels
already defined.For the any value of n the generalised Laplace and Sumudu transforms are defined
respectively by,for the function f (t) > 0,
2010 Mathematics Subject Classification:
Keywords: .
106 Fethi Bin Muhammed Belgacem, R.Silambarasan
∫ ∞
e−s
n+1 t
L [ f (t)] = F(s) = sn f (snt)dt (1.4)
0
∫ ∞
e−u t f (tun+1 )dt
n
S[ f (t)] = G(u) = un (1.5)
0
with n = 0 in (1.4) and (1.5) the respective Laplace and Sumudu transform obtained which is in
literature.With this interesting group of integral transforms the need for study of some more integral
tranforms arised.

2 Introduction
Z.H.Khan et al. gave some properties and applications of Natural transform ”in the name of N trans-
form” in [1].Along with the properties they solved the unsteady fluid flow problem over a plane
wall.They highlighted,the transform converges to Laplace and Sumudu transform.Elementary prop-
erties such as first shift,change of scale,transform of derivatives (first and second) and integrals,and
table of N (Natural) transforms of certain functions are given in [1].
Laplace transform is the simplest,well known and widely used integral transform in the mathe-
matical and engineering community.Enough of the about Laplace transform are referred to [14, 15,
16].Enlarged list of Laplace transform of functions are given in [14].Application of Laplace transform
in particular to the fractional partial differential equations,summation of series are found in [15].
Sumudu transform new to this century was first introduced by G.K.Watugala in 1993,and the
paper here referred was his 1998’s [2],control engineering problems were solved with Sumudu trans-
form.Complex inverse formula for Sumudu transform was given by S.Weerakoon.[3].M.A.Asiru
gave application of Sumudu transform to integral equations in [4],discrete dynamical system (differ-
ence and differential-difference) equations in [6] and more in [5].Papers on Sumudu transform after
2002 were referred to F.B.M.Belgacem et al.In [7] F.B.M.Belgacem et al. showed Sumudu trans-
form is theoretical dual of Laplace transform (Laplace-Sumudu Duality,abbrevation LSD) and ap-
plied Sumudu transform to convolution type integral equation.The wide range of properties,multiple
shift theorem,and comprehensive list of Sumudu transform of functions are given in [8].Still more
about Sumudu can be seen in [9].The new characterization for Sumudu transform given in [10] by
F.B.M.Belgacem and derived the Bilateral Laplace Sumudu Duality (BLSD).More applications of
Sumudu transform are seen in A.Kilicman et al.[11, 12, 13].
When the real function f (t) > 0 and f (t) = 0 for t < 0 is sectionwise continuous,exponential order
and defined in the set
t
A = { f (t)|∃M, τ1 , τ2 > 0, | f (t)| < Me τ j , if t ∈ (−1) j × [0, ∞)} (2.1)
The N (hereafter Natural transform throughtout the paper) transform of the function f (t) > 0 and
f (t) = 0 for t < 0 is defined by [1]
∫ ∞
N+ [ f (t)] = R(s, u) = e−st f (ut)dt; s > 0, u > 0 (2.2)
0
Where s and u are the transform variables.When u ≡ 1 in eqn (2.2) converges to Laplace transform
[14, 15, 16] and s ≡ 1 in eqn (2.2) converges to Sumudu transform [7, 8] respectively defined by
∫ ∞
L [ f (t)] = F(s) = e−st f (t)dt (2.3)
0
∫ ∞
S+ [ f (t)] = G(u) = e−t f (ut)dt; u ∈ (−τ1 , τ2 ) (2.4)
0
 Theory of natural transform 107

G.K.Watugala in [2] defined the Sumudu transform for the function

∞
f (t) = ∑ ant n
n=0
as
∞
S+ [ f (t)] = G(u) = ∑ n!an un (2.5)
n=0

Next we give the systematic derivation of Natural transform from Fourier integral.For the function
f (t) that are piecewise continously differentiable in every finite interval and is absolutely integrable
on the whole real line,the following integral equations holds true in the domain −∞ < t < ∞
∞ ∫
1
F [ f (t)] = f (k) = √ e−ikt f (t)dt
2π −∞
∫ ∞
−1 1
F [ f (k)] = f (t) = √ eikt f (k)dk
2π −∞
The operators F [ f (t)] and F −1 [ f (k)] are respective Fourier and Inverse Fourier transform.And the
product of F [ f (t)] and F −1 [ f (k)] defined by f (x) gives
∫ ∞ ∫ ∞
1
f (x) = ikt
e dk e−ikt f (t)dt
2π −∞ −∞

The f (x) is the Fourier integral formula in the domain −∞ < x < ∞.For −∞ < x < 0 , f (x) ≡ 0.And
setting for x > 0 f (x) = f (x)H(x)e−cx where H(x) is the Unit step function defined H(x) = 1; x ≥ 0
and 0; x < 0
∫ ∫
1 ∞ ikt ∞
f (x)H(x)e−cx = e dk e−(c+ik)t f (t)dt
2π −∞ 0
∫ ∫ ∞
1 ∞ (c+ik)t
f (x)H(x) = e dk e−(c+ik)t f (t)dt
2π −∞ 0
s ds
substituting = c + ik; = idk
u u
∫ c+i∞ ∫
1 st 1 ∞ −st
f (x)H(x) = e u ds e u f (t)dt
2πi c−i∞ u 0
Here
∫ ∞
1 −st
N+ [ f (t)] = R(s, u) = e u f (t)dt (2.6)
u 0
∫ c+i∞
1
N−1 [R(s, u)] = f (t) =
st
e u R(s, u)ds (2.7)
2πi c−i∞

The eqn (2.6) is Natural transform (see below theorem 2.1,eqn (2.10)) of function f (t) ∈ A and eqn
(2.7) is the Inverse Natural transform R(s,u) and both are linear operators. The LSD given in [7] now
be obtained by substituting n = −1 in eqns (1.4) and (1.5) of motivation section
∫ ( )
1 ∞ −t ( t ) 1 1
L [ f (t)] = F(s) = e f dt = G (2.8)
s 0 s s s
∫ ( )
1 ∞ −t 1 1
S [ f (t)] = G(u) =
+
e u f (t)dt = F (2.9)
u 0 u u
108 Fethi Bin Muhammed Belgacem, R.Silambarasan

Next we derive the relationship between Natural and Laplace,Sumudu transform in successive theo-
rems.
Theorem 2.1. Natural-Laplace Duality (NLD).If R(s,u) is Natural transform and F(s) is Laplace
transform of function f (t) ∈ A then,
∫ ∞
1 1 (s)
e− u f (t)dt = F
st
N+ [ f (t)] = R(s, u) = (2.10)
u 0 u u
Proof. Substituting w = ut in eqn (2.2) and replacing limits and dummy variable the result (2.10)
follows.

Theorem 2.2. Natural-Sumudu Duality (NSD).If R(s,u) and G(u) are respective Natural and Sumudu
transforms of function f (t) ∈ A then,
∫ ∞ ( ut )
1 1 (u)
N+ [ f (t)] = R(s, u) = e−t f dt = G (2.11)
s 0 s s s
Proof. Substituting w = st in eqn (2.2) and performing similar operations as theorem 2.1 the result
(2.11) obtained.

For any value of n the generalised Natural transform of function f (t) > 0 is defined by
∫ ∞
e−su t f (un+1t)dt
n
N+ [ f (t)] = R(s, u) = un (2.12)
∫ 0∞
e−s
n+1 t
N+ [ f (t)] = R(s, u) = sn f (sn ut)dt (2.13)
0

Substituting n = −1 in eqns (2.12) and (2.12) gives the dualities NLD and NSD eqns (2.10) and (2.11)
respectively.In the light of eqn (2.11) to the eqn (2.5),For the function f (t) Natural transform may be
defined by
∞
n!an un
N+ [ f (t)] = R(s, u) = ∑ n+1
(2.14)
n=0 s

Throughout this paper we assume the functions are defined in positive axis (0, ∞), thus f (t) > 0
and f (t) = 0 for t < 0,and use the Natural transform definitions eqns (2.2) (2.6) (2.11) and (2.14)
for proving various properties wherever necessary.And it is worth to mention t is time variable,s
is frequency variable and u is again time variable.Having background to Natural transform certain
analytical properties are proved in next section.

3 Analytical properties

Theorem 3.1. Weight Shift property.Let the function f (t) belongs to set A be multiplied with weight
function e±t then, [ ]
+ ±t s su
N [e f (t)] = R (3.1)
(s ∓ u) s ∓ u
 Theory of natural transform 109

Proof. From the defining eqn (2.2)

∫ ∞ ∫ ∞
±t −st ±ut
N [e f (t)] =
+
e e f (ut)dt = e−(s∓u)t f (ut)dt
0 0

(s∓u)t sw sdw
Sub w = s t= s∓u dt = s∓u
∫ ∞ [ ] ∫ ∞ [ ] [ ]
s −sw usw s −st ust s su
= e f dw = e f dt = R
s∓u 0 s∓u s∓u 0 s∓u (s ∓ u) s ∓ u

which ends the proof of theorem 3.1.

Theorem 3.2. Change of Scale property.Let the function f (at) in setA,where a is non zero constant
then,
1 [s ]
N+ [ f (at)] = R , u (3.2)
a a
Proof. Using the definition,eqn (2.6)
∫ ∞
1 −st
N [ f (at)] =
+
e u f (at)dt
u 0
w dw
w = at → t =
; dt =
∫
a a
1 ∞ −sw dw
= e au f (w)
u 0 a
∫
1 ∞ −st 1 [s ]
= e au f (t)dt = R , u
au 0 a a
√
For the Natural transform of cosh 7t,(entry 13,table 3) we have
( )
√ 1 1 s
N [cosh 7t] = √ N[cosh at]s→ √s = √
+
7 7 7 s2 − u2 s→ √s
( s ) 7
√
1 s
=√ 7
= 2 = R(s, u)
7 s2
−u 2 s − 7u2
7
(t )
The similar counterpart of theorem 3.2 for the function f a is
[ ( t )]
N+ f = a.R[as, u] (3.3)
a
Theorem 3.3. Natural transform of derivative.If f n (t) is the nth derivative of function f (t) w.r.t.’t’
then its Natural transform is given by
n−1 n−(k+1)
sn s
N+ [ f n (t)] = Rn (s, u) =
u n
R(s, u) − ∑ u n−k
f k (0) (3.4)
k=0

Proof. For n = 1 and 2 in eqn (3.4) gives the Natural transform of first and second derivatives of f (t)
respectively [1].
110 Fethi Bin Muhammed Belgacem, R.Silambarasan

′ s f (0)
N+ [ f (t)] = R1 (s, u) = R(s, u) − (3.5)
u u
2 R(s, u) − s f (0) ′
′′ s f (0)
N+ [ f (t)] = R2 (s, u) = − (3.6)
u2 u
To proceed the induction process,assuming eqn (3.4) true for n and prove it for n + 1,using eqn (3.5),
′ s 1
N+ [ f n+1 (t)] = N+ [( f n (t)) ] = Rn+1 (s, u) = Rn (s, u) − f n (0)
[ u ] u
n n−1 n−(k+1)
s s s 1
= R(s, u) − ∑ f k (0) − f n (0)
u un k=0 u n−k u
n
sn+1 sn−k
=
un+1
R(s, u) − ∑ u(n−k)+1 f k (0)
k=0

which is true for n + 1 and when n = 0 and 1 in previous relation,gives eqns (3.5) and (3.6) respec-
tively.Hence the result (3.4) follows.
Consider the integration of function f (t) in set A,w.r.t ′t ′ in the interval (0,t) as w(t) and successive
integrals as w2 (t) upto wn (t) which is
∫ t ∫ t∫ t ∫ t ∫ t
w(t) = f (t)dt, w2 (t) = f (t)(dt)2 , . . . , wn (t) = ... f (t)(dt)n (3.7)
0 0 0 0 0

Theorem 3.4. Natural transform of integrals.If wn (t) is given by (3.7) the Natural transform of wn (t)
is
un
N+ [wn (t)] = n R(s, u) (3.8)
s
Proof. From the Natural transform definition eqn (2.6)
∫ ∫ ∞ ∫ t ∫ t
1 ∞ −st n 1 −st
N+ [wn (t)] = e u w (t)dt = e u ... f (t)(dt)n dt
u 0 u 0 0 0
Applying the integration by parts
∫ t ∫ t
−st un −st
u= ... f (t)(dt)n , un = f (t)(dt); v.dv = e u , vn = (−)n n e u
s
0 0
[ n
]∞ ∫ ∞ n
u −st 1 −st u
= (−)n n e u wn (t) + e u n f (t)dt
s 0 u 0 s

The first part of the previous equation vanishes and the succeeding integral gives
∫ ∞
un 1 −st un
e u f (t)dt = R(s, u) = N+ [wn (t)]
sn u 0 sn
which ends the proof.
At the end of this section Natural transform for T-periodic function was given.
Theorem 3.5. The Natural transform of T-periodic function f (t) ∈ A such that f (t + nT ) = f (t), n =
0, 1, 2, . . . is given ∫ T
[ ]
−sT −1 1 −st
N+ [ f (t)] = R(s, u) = 1 − e u e u f (t)dt (3.9)
u 0
 Theory of natural transform 111

Proof. Writing eqn (2.6) as

∫ ∫
1 T −st 1 ∞ −st
N+ [ f (t)] = R(s, u) = e u f (t)dt + e u f (t)dt
u 0 u T
Replacing t = x + T in the second integral
dt = dx and t = T, x = 0 and t = ∞, x = ∞
thus
∫ T ∫ ∞
1 −st 1 −s(x+T )
= e u f (t)dt + e u f (x + T )dx
u 0 u 0
Noting for period function
f (x + T ) = f (x)
∫ T ∫ ∞
1 −st −sT 1 −sx
= e u f (t)dt + e u e u f (x)dx
u 0 u 0

Now replacing t for x in the second integral and after rearranging the result (3.9) obtained.

At last we can see that constants (also unit step function) have same Natural and Laplace transform
and Dirac delta function δ(t) have same Natural and Sumudu transform,given respectively

1
N+ [constant] = L [constant] =
s
1
N+ [δ(t)] = S+ [δ(t)] =
u

4 Multiple shift and Convolution theorem

When the function f (t) in set A is multiplied with some shift t then,
∞
t f (t) = ∑ ant n+1
n=0

The Natural transform of t f (t) gives

∞
(n + 1)!an un+1 u ∞ (n + 1)!an un u ∞ d n!an un+1
N+ [t f (t)] = ∑ sn+2
= ∑
s n=0 sn+1
= ∑
s n=0 du sn+1
n=0
u d ∞ n!an un u d
= u ∑ n+1 = uR(s, u).
s du n=0 s s du

The generalization of previous result is

Theorem 4.1. The function f (t) in set A is multiplied with shift function t n then,

un d n n
N+ [t n f (t)] = u R(s, u) (4.1)
sn dun
Proof. From the defining eqn (2.14)
112 Fethi Bin Muhammed Belgacem, R.Silambarasan
∞
(2n)!an u2n un ∞ (2n)!an un
N+ [t n f (t)] = ∑ s2n+1 = sn ∑ sn+1
n=0 n=0
un ∞ d n n!an u2n un d n n ∞ n!an un
= ∑ dun sn+1 = sn dun u ∑ sn+1
sn n=0 n=0
un d n n
= u R(s, u)
sn dun
Theorem 4.2. If R(s,u) is Natural transform of function f (t) in set A,and let Rk (s, u) be the kth deriva-
tive of R(s,u) w.r.t ′ u′ ie du
dk
k R(s, u).Then the Natural transform of function multiplied with shift func-
tion t n is given by

un n n k
N+ [t n f (t)] = ∑ ak u Rk (s, u)
sn k=0
(4.2)

where an0 = n!, ann = 1, an1 = n!n, ann−1 = n2 and for k = 2, 3, . . . , n − 2

k−1 + (n − k)ak
ank = an−1 n−1
(4.3)

Proof. The proof is similar to the theorem given in [8] ([8],theorem 5.2,page 18 and 19) by replacing
un
un to and Gk (u) to Rk (s, u)
sn
And the coefficents of ank eqn (4.3) for n = 0 through 6 are given by [8]

n/k 0 1 2 3 4 5
0 1
1 1 1
2 2 4 1
(4.4)
3 6 18 9 1
4 24 96 72 16 1
5 120 600 600 200 25 1
6 720 4320 5400 2400 450 36 1

Using the coefficients for ank in (4.4) the Natural transform of t 2 f (t) and t 3 f (t) are respectively given
by

u2 [ ]
N+ [t 2 f (t)] = 2
2R(s, u) + 4uR1 (s, u) + u2 R2 (s, u) (4.5)
s
u3 [ ]
N+ [t 3 f (t)] = 3 6R(s, u) + 18uR1 (s, u) + 9u2 R2 (s, u) + u3 R3 (s, u) (4.6)
s
which ends the proof.

Corollary 4.1. For the function f (t) ∈ A,multiplied with shift function t n its Natural transform is

dn
N+ [t n f (t)] = (−u)n R(s, u) (4.7)
dsn
 Theory of natural transform 113

Proof. Differentiating eqn (2.2) ’n’ times w.r.t.’s’,

∫ ∫ ∫
dn d n ∞ −st ∞ ∂n ∞
R(s, u) = e f (ut)dt = e−st f (ut)dt = (−t)n e−st f (ut)dt
0 ∂s
ds n n
ds 0 n
0
∫
1 ∞ 1
= n (−ut)n e−st f (ut)dt = N+ [t n f (t)]
u 0 (−u)n

multiplying both sides by (−u)n gives relation (4.7).

Theorem 4.3. If f n (t) is nth derivative of function f (t) w.r.t ′t ′ ,is multiplied with shift function t n
then,
dn
N+ [t n f n (t)] = un n R(s, u) (4.8)
du
Proof. Differentiating defining eqn (2.11) ’n’ times w.r.t.’u’ gives
∫ ∞ ( ut ) ∫ ∞
dn dn 1 1 ∂n ( ut )
R(s, u) = e−t f dt = e−t f dt
dun dun 0 s s 0 s ∂un s
∫ ∞ −t ( )n ( )
e t ut
= fn dt
0 s s s
∫
1 ∞ e−t ( ut )n n ( ut ) 1
= n f dt = n N+ [t n f n (t)]
u 0 s s s u
multiplying both sides by un the eqn (4.8) follows.

Theorem 4.4. The function f (t) in A is divided with multiple shift function t n its Natural transform
defined
[ ] ∫ ∫ ∞
+ f (t) 1 ∞
N = n ... R(s, u)(ds)n (4.9)
tn u s s

Proof. Integrating R(s,u) eqn (2.2) w.r.t ′ s′ in the interval (s, ∞),n times
∫ ∞ ∫ ∞ ∫ ∞ ∫ ∞∫ ∞
... R(s, u)(ds) = n
... e−st f (ut)dt(ds)n
s s s s 0
∫ ∞ ∫ ∞ ∫ ∞ ∫ ∞
−st n f (ut) −st
= f (ut)dt ... e (ds) = n
e dt
t
0 s s 0
∫ ∞ [ ]
−st f (ut) n + f (t)
=u n
e dt = u N
0 (ut)n tn

dividing both sides by un gives the (4.9).

Theorem 4.5. The nth derivative of time function f (t) in set A w.r.t ′t ′ is divided with shift function
t n ,its N transform given by
[ n ] ∫ ∞ ∫ ∞
+ f (t) 1
N = ... R(s, u)(du)n (4.10)
tn (−u)n u u

Proof. Integrating eqn (2.2) R(s,u) w.r.t ′ u′ in the interval (u, ∞),n times
114 Fethi Bin Muhammed Belgacem, R.Silambarasan
∫ ∞ ∫ ∞ ∫ ∞ ∫ ∞∫ ∞
... R(s, u)(du)n = ... e−st f (ut)dt(du)n
u u
∫u ∞ u
∫ 0∞ ∫ ∞
−st
= e dt ... f (ut)(du)n
0 u u
∫ ∞ ∫ ∞
f n (ut)
f n (ut)
= e−st dt dt = un e−st
0 (−t)n 0 (−ut)n
∫ ∞ n
[ n ]
−st f (ut) n + f (t)
= (−u)n
e dt = (−u) N
0 (ut)n tn

dividing both sides by (−u)n ends proof for eqn (4.10).

Theorem 4.6. Convolution theorem.If F(s,u) and G(s,u) are the Natural transforms of respective func-
tions f (t) and g(t) both defined in set A then,

N+ [( f ∗ g)] = uF(s, u)G(s, u) (4.11)

where f ∗ g is convolution of two functions defined by

∫ t ∫ t
f (a)g(t − a)da = f (t − a)g(a)da
0 0

Proof. Expanding the R.H.S of eqn (4.11)

∫ ∞ ∫ ∞
−sx
uF(s, u)G(s, u) = u e f (ux)dx e−sy g(uy)dy
0 0
∫ ∞∫ ∞
=u e−s(x+y) f (ux)g(uy)dxdy
0 0
substituting t = x + y
∫ ∞∫ ∞
= e−st f (ux)g(u(t − x))udxdy
0 0

setting a = ux and da = udx with ux in [0, ut] and x is in [0,t] thus

∫ ∞ ∫ t
−st
= e f (ux)g(u(t − x))d(ux)dt
0 0
∫ ∞ ∫ ut
= e−st f (a)g(ut − a))d(a)dt
0 0
= N [( f ∗ g)]
+

Corollary 4.2.
′
N+ [( f ∗ g) ] = sF(s, u)G(s, u) (4.12)

Proof. Using the Natural transform of first derivative and noting ( f ∗ g) = 0

′ s 1
N+ [( f ∗ g) ] = N[ f ∗ g] − ( f ∗ g)(0)
u u
s
= uF(s, u)G(s, u)
u
= sF(s, u)G(s, u)
 Theory of natural transform 115

We give without proof,Natural transform of certain convolution of functions.

Corollary 4.3.
′
N+ [( f ∗ f ) ] = sM 2 (s, u) (4.13)
un
N+ [( f ∗ g)n ] = n−2 F(s, u)G(s, u) (4.14)
s
N+ [(h1 ∗ h2 ∗ · · · ∗ hn )] = sun−1 H1 (s, u)H2 (s, u) . . . Hn (s, u) (4.15)
N [( f ∗ g ∗ h)] = su F(s, u)G(s, u)H(s, u)
+ 2
(4.16)

where
∫ t ∫ t
( f ∗ g)n = ... f (a)g(t − a)(da)n
0 0
∫ t
(h1 ∗ h2 ∗ · · · ∗ hn ) = h1 (a)h2 (a) . . . hn (t − a)da
0
∫ t
( f ∗ g ∗ h) = f (a)g(a)h(t − a)da
0

Definitions of inverse Natural transform is given in next section.

5 Inverse Natural transform

The inverse Natural transform was already derived from the Fourier integral eqn (2.7).Here we give
the formal definition with the Cauchy Residue theorem.Before doing so,we give the inverse transform
of Laplace [14, 14, 16] and Sumudu transforms [3, 8, 9] in respective succeeding theorems.
Theorem 5.1. Complex inverse Laplace transform
∫ γ+i∞
1
L −1 [F(s)] = f (t) = est F(s)ds,t > 0 (5.1)
2πi γ−i∞

F(s) is the Laplace transform,the integral is taken along s = γ in complex plane s = x + iy.The real
number γ is chosen so that s = γ lies on right of all singularities.

Theorem 5.2. Complex inverse Sumudu transform

( )
1. 1s G 1s is meromorphic function with singularities having Re(s) = γ and
2. there exists circular Γ with radius R and positive constants M and K with

(1)
G s
< MR−k
s
Then inverse Sumudu transform is given
∫ γ+i∞ ( )
−1 1 1 ds
S [G(u)] = f (t) = st
e G (5.2)
2πi γ−i∞ s s
116 Fethi Bin Muhammed Belgacem, R.Silambarasan

Theorem 5.3. Bromwich contour integral for complex inverse Natural transform : R(s,u) is the Natu-
ral tranform of function f (t) in A,then its inverse Natural transform is defined by
∫ γ+iT
−1 1 st
N [R(s, u)] = f (t) = lim e u R(s, u)ds (5.3)
T →∞ 2πi γ−iT

c is real constant and the integral is taken along s = γ in complex plane s = x + iy.The real number γ
is chosen so that s = γ lies on right of all (finite (or) countably infinite) singularities.
Suppose when T → ∞ then the integral over Γ tends to zero,then by Cauchy residue theorem eqn
(5.3) is defined by
∫ γ+iT
−1 1 st
N [R(s, u)] = f (t) = lim e u R(s, u)ds
T →∞ 2πi γ−iT
st
= sum of residues of e u R(s, u)at the poles of R(s, u)
= ∑ sum of residues of e u R(s, u)at the poles of R(s, u)
st

Theorem 5.4. Heaviside’s Expansion theorem.F(s,u) and G(s,u) are two polynomials in s and u,with
degree of F(s,u) is less than the degree of G(s,u),where F(s,u) and G(s,u) are respective Natural trans-
forms of functions f (t) and g(t) both defined in set A.
[ ] n
−1 F(s, u) F(αi , u) αi t
N = f (t) = ∑ ′ eu (5.4)
G(s, u) i=1 G (αi , u)

′
Here G (s, u) is the differentiation of G(s,u) w.r.t ’s’ and αi (i = 1, 2, . . . , n) are the n distinct roots of
G(s, u) = 0

Proof. Assume the leading coefficient of G(s,u) (coefficient of highest power of ’s’) is unity.then,
n
G(s, u) = ∏(s − αi ) = (s − α1 )(s − α2 ) . . . (s − αn ) (5.5)
i=1

Let
F(s, u)
P(s, u) = (5.6)
G(s, u)

The partial fraction decomposition of eqn (5.6) is

n
F(s, u) Ai
P(s, u) = =∑ (5.7)
G(s, u) i=1 s − ai
n n
P(s, u) = ∑ Ai ∏(s − αi ) (5.8)
i=1 i=1
n
P(s, u) = ∑ Ai (s − α1 )(s − α2 ) . . . (s − αi−1 )(s − αi+1 ) . . . (s − αn ) (5.9)
i=1

Substituting s = αi in eqn (5.9)

P(αi , u) = Ai (αi − α1 )(αi − α2 ) . . . (αi − αi+1 ) . . . (αi − αn ) (5.10)

 Theory of natural transform 117

Where (i = 1, 2, . . . , n) and differentiating eqn (5.5) and substituting s = αi

n
′
G (s, u) = ∑ (s − α1 )(s − α2 ) . . . (s − αi−1 )(s − αi+1 ) . . . (s − αn ) (5.11)
i=1
′
G (αi , u) = (αi − α1 )(αi − α2 ) . . . (αi − αi−1 )(αi − αi+1 ) . . . (αi − αn ) (5.12)

From eqns (5.10) and (5.12) the constant Ai is given by

F(αi , u)
Ai = ′ (5.13)
G (αi , u)
Substituting eqn (5.13) in eqn (5.7) for Ai
n
F(s, u) 1 F(αi , u)
=∑ (5.14)
G(s, u) i=1 s − αi G′ (αi , u)

Noting N+ [eat ] = 1
s−au (entry 5,table 3),so that
[ ] [ ]
−1 1 −1 1 αi t
N =N αi u = e
u
s − αi s− u

Hence the inverse Natural transform of eqn (5.14) results

[ ] n
F(s, u) F(αi , u) αi t
N−1 = f (t) = ∑ ′ eu
G(s, u) i=1 G (αi , u)

where the theorem proved.

Theorem 5.5. Lerch Theorem.Let f (t) and g(t) are the two functions in set A.If there exists any
constants s0 > 0,such that N[f(t)]=N[g(t)],F(s,u)=G(s,u) for all s0 > 0 and t > 0 except possibly at
point of discontinuity.Then the Natural transform is Unique for all s0 > 0,t > 0.

6 Applications

Applications of Natural transform of derivatives and Natural multiple shift theorem is our first exam-
ple.

Example 6.1. Consider the Bessel’s differential equation (with polynomial coefficients) and the initial
conditions.
d 2 y dy
t + + ty(t) = 0 (6.1)
dt 2 dt
′
y(0) = 1, y (0) = c (any constant) (6.2)

Proof. Applying Natural transform on both sides of eqn (6.1),

[ 2 ] [ ]
d y dy
N+ t 2 + N+ + N+ [ty(t)] = 0 (6.3)
dt dt
Using theorem 4.1,eqn (4.1)
118 Fethi Bin Muhammed Belgacem, R.Silambarasan

u d ′′ ′ u d
[u.N+ [y (t)]] + N+ [y (t)] + [u.N+ [y(t)]] = 0 (6.4)
s du s du
The Natural transform of first and second derivatives are respectively from eqns (3.5) and (3.6),
[ ( ′
)]
u d s2 R(s, u) sy(0) y (0) sR(s, u) y(0)
u 2
− 2 − + −
s du u u u u u
[ ]
u d
+ u R(s, u) + R(s, u) = 0
s du
Using initial conditions,
[ ]
u d s2 R(s, u) s sR(s, u) 1
− −c + −
s du u u u u
2
u d u
+ R(s, u) + R(s, u) = 0
s du s
[ 2 ]
u s R(s, u) s2 d s sR(s, u) 1
− 2
+ R(s, u) + 2 + −
s u u du u u u
2
u d u
+ R(s, u) + R(s, u) = 0
s du s

sR(s, u) d 1 sR(s, u) 1
− + s R(s, u) + + −
u du u u u
2
u d u
+ R(s, u) + R(s, u) = 0
s du s
After cancelling opposite signed terms,the above equation gives,

dR(s, u) u2 dR(s, u) u
s + + R(s, u) = 0 (6.5)
du
( s
) du s
2
u dR(s, u) uR(s, u)
s+ + =0 (6.6)
s du s
s2 + u2 dR(s, u) uR(s, u)
=− (6.7)
s du s
dR(s, u) udu
=− 2 (6.8)
R(s, u) s + u2
dR(s, u) udu
+ 2 =0 (6.9)
R(s, u) s + u2
Integrating
∫ ∫
dR(s, u) 1 2udu
+ =0 (6.10)
R(s, u) 2 s2 + u2
1
log R(s, u) + log(s2 + u2 ) + log constant = 0 = log 1 (6.11)
2 √
log[R(s, u) s2 + u2 constant] = log 1 (6.12)
 Theory of natural transform 119

Application of anti-logarithm on both sides of eqn (6.12),

√
R(s, u) s2 + u2 constant] = 1 (6.13)
1
constant R(s, u) = √ (6.14)
s2 + u2
Taking inverse Natural transform
[ ]
−1 1
constant y(t) = N √ (6.15)
s + u2
2

gives,(entry 66 (a=1),table 3)

constant y(t) = J0 (t) (6.16)

Using the initial condition eqn (6.2),y(0) = 1 in eqn (6.16) gives the value of constant,

constant y(0) = J0 (0) = 1; constant = 1

Thus the eqn (6.16) becomes

y(t) = J0 (t) (6.17)

which is the solution of eqn (6.1).

How the Bromwich contour integral of inverse Natural transform works is given in next example.
Example 6.2. To find the inverse Natural transform of

au2
R(s, u) = (6.18)
s(s2 + a2 u2 )

Proof. Using the Bromwich contour integral theorem 5.3 eqn (5.3)

au2
f (t) = ∑ Residues of e u
st
(6.19)
s(s2 + a2 u2 )

at the poles of eqn (6.18).

The three simple poles of eqn (6.18) are s = 0, iau and −iau.And the corresponding residues
eiat −iat
are,Res at s = 0 is 1a ,Res at s = iau is −2a and Res at s = −iau is e−2a ,whose sum of all residues are
a (1 − cos at) = f (t) which is the time function solution of eqn (6.18).
1

The last example is application of Heaviside’s Expansion theorem.

Example 6.3. For the inverse Natural transform of

2s2 − 5su − 4u2 F(s, u)

= = P(s, u) (6.20)
s + s u − 2su
3 2 2 G(s, u)
120 Fethi Bin Muhammed Belgacem, R.Silambarasan

Proof. Using the theorem 5.4 and noting deg F(s, u) < deg G(s, u),

G(s, u) = s3 + s2 u − 2su2 = s(s + 2u)(s − u) (6.21)

s = 0, −2u, u (6.22)

are the three simple poles,and differentiating G(s,u) w.r.t ′ s′

′
G (s, u) = 3s2 + 2su − 2u2 (6.23)
′
applying the poles for ’s’,eqn (6.22),in F(s,u) and G (s, u) respectively given by

F(0, u) = −4u2 , F(u, u) = 3u2 , F(−2u, u) = −6u2 (6.24)

′ ′ ′
G (0, u) = −2u , G (u, u) = 3u , G (−2u, u) = 6u
2 2 2
(6.25)

Now using the eqn (5.4) and αi = (0, u, −2u); (i = 1, 2, 3)

3
F(αi , u) αi t
f (t) = ∑ ′ eu (6.26)
i=1 G (αi , u)
−4u2 t0 3u2 tu 6u2 −2tu
f (t) = e u + 2 e u − 2 e u = 2 + et − e−2t (6.27)
−2u2 3u 6u
which is the required function.

Table 1: Brief theory of Natural transform

 Theory of natural transform 121

Property Definition

∫ ∞
Definition N [ f (t) ∈ A] =
+
e−st f (ut)dt
0

n−1 n−(k+1)
sn s
Derivative N+ [ f n (t)] =
un
R(s, u) − ∑ u n−k
f k (0)
k=0
[∫ t ∫ t ]
un
Integration N +
... n
f (t)(dt) = n R(s, u)
0 0 s

un d n n
N+ [t n f (t)] = u R(s, u)
Product shift sn dun
dn
= (−u)n n R(s, u)
ds
n
n d
Product shift and derivative N [t f (t)] = u
+ n n
R(s, u)
dun
[ ] ∫ ∫ ∞
+ f (t) 1 ∞
Division shift N = . . . R(s, u)(ds)n
tn un s s
[ n ] ∫ ∞ ∫ ∞
+ f (t) 1
Division shift and derivative N = ... R(s, u)(du)n
tn (−u)n u u

Convolution N+ [( f ∗ g)] = uF(s, u)G(s, u)

∫ γ+i∞
1 st
Complex inverse Natural transform f (t) = e u R(s, u)ds
2πi γ−i∞

n
F(αi , u) αi t
Heaviside’s expansion f (t) = ∑ ′ eu
i=1 G (αi , u)
122 Fethi Bin Muhammed Belgacem, R.Silambarasan

Table 2: Important functions and definitions

S.No Function ∫ Definition

∞
1 Gamma function Γ(n) = un−1 e−u du; n > 0
∫
0
1
B(m, n) = um−1 (1 − u)n−1 du
0
2 Beta function
ΓmΓn
=
Γ(m + n)
xn x2
Jn (x) = n × {1 −
2 Γ(n + 1) 2(2n + 2)
3 Bessel function 4
x
+ −...}
2.4(2n + 2)(2n + 4)
In (x) = i−n Jn (ix)
xn x2
= n × {1 +
4 Modified Bessel function 2 Γ(n + 1) 2(2n + 2)
x 4
+ −...}
2.4(2n + 2)(2n ∫ t+ 4)
2
e−u du
2
5 Error function er f (t) = √
π 0 ∫ ∞
2
e−u du
2
6 Complementary error function er f c(t) = 1 − er f (t) = √
∫ ∞ −u t π
e
7 Exponential integral Ei(t) = du
∫tt u
sin u
8 Sine integral Si(t) = du
∫ 0t u
cos u
9 Cosine integral Ci(t) = du
∫ 0t u
10 Fresnel Sine integral S(t) = sin u2 du
∫ 0t
11 Fresnel Cosine integral C(t) = cos u2 du
0
et d n n −t
12 Laguerre polynomial Ln (t) = t e ; n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
n! dt n
 Theory of natural transform 123

Table 3: Special Natural transforms-Entries 1-171

f (t) R(s, u)
1
1 1
s
u
2 t
s2

t n−1 un−1
3 ; n = 1, 2, . . .
(n − 1)! sn

t n−1 un−1
4 ;n > 0
Γ(n) sn
1
5 eat
(s − au)

t n−1 eat un−1

6 ; n = 1, 2, . . .
(n − 1)! (s − au)n

t n−1 eat un−1

7 ;
Γ(n) (s − au)n
sin at u
8
a s2 + a2 u2
s
9 cos at
s2 + a2 u2

ebt sin at u
10
a (s − bu)2 + a2 u2

s − bu
11 ebt cos at
(s − bu)2 + a2 u2

sinh at u
12
a s2 − a2 u2
s
13 cosh at
s2 − a2 u2

ebt sinh at u
14
a (s − bu)2 − a2 u2

s − bu
15 ebt cosh at
(s − bu)2 − a2 u2

ebt − eat u
16 ; a ̸= b (s − bu)(s − au)
b−a
124 Fethi Bin Muhammed Belgacem, R.Silambarasan

bebt − aeat s
17 ; a ̸= b (s − bu)(s − au)
b−a

sin at − at cos at u3
18
2a3 (s2 + a2 u2 )2

t sin at su2
19
2a (s2 + a2 u2 )2

sin at + at cos at s2 u
20
2a (s2 + a2 u2 )2

1 s3
21 cos at − at sin at
2 (s2 + a2 u2 )2

u(s2 − a2 u2 )
22 t cos at
(s2 + a2 u2 )2

at cosh at − sinh at u3
23
2a3 (s2 − a2 u2 )2

t sinh at su2
24
2a (s2 − a2 u2 )2

sinh at + at cosh at s2 u
25
2a (s2 − a2 u2 )2

1 s3
26 cosh at + at sinh at
2 (s2 − a2 u2 )2

u(s2 + a2 u2 )
27 t cosh at
(s2 − a2 u2 )2

(3 − a2t 2 ) sin at − 3at cos at u5

28
8a5 (s2 + a2 u2 )3

t sin at − at 2 cos at su4

29
8a3 (s2 + a2 u2 )3

(1 + a2t 2 ) sin at − 3at cos at s2 u3

30
8a3 (s2 + a2 u2 )3

3t sin at + at 2 cos at s3 u2
31
8a (s2 + a2 u2 )3

(3 − a2t 2 ) sin at + 5at cos at s4 u

32
8a (s2 + a2 u2 )3
 Theory of natural transform 125

(8 − a2t 2 ) cos at − 7at sin at s5

33
8 (s2 + a2 u2 )3

t 2 sin at u3 (3s2 − a2 u2 )
34
2a (s2 + a2 u2 )3

t 2 cos at u2 (s2 − a2 u2 )
35
2 (s2 + a2 u2 )3

t 3 cos at u3 (s4 − 6a2 s2 u2 + a4 u4 )

36
6 (s2 + a2 u2 )4

t 3 sin at u4 (s2 − a2 u2 )
37
24a (s2 + a2 u2 )3

(3 + a2t 2 ) sinh at − 3at cosh at u5

38
8a5 (s2 − a2 u2 )3

at 2 cosh at − t sinh at su4

39
8a3 (s2 − a2 u2 )3

at cosh at + (a2t 2 − 1) sinh at s2 u3

40
8a3 (s2 − a2 u2 )3

3t sinh at + at 2 cosh at s3 u2
41
8a (s2 − a2 u2 )3

(3 + a2t 2 ) sinh at + 5at cosh at s4 u

42
8a (s2 − a2 u2 )3

(8 + a2t 2 ) cosh at + 7at sinh at s5

43
8a (s2 − a2 u2 )3

t 2 sinh at u3 (3s2 + a2 u2 )
44
2a (s2 − a2 u2 )3

t 2 cosh at su2 (s2 + a2 u2 )

45
2 (s2 − a2 u2 )3

t 3 cosh at u3 (s4 + 6a2 s2 u2 + a4 u4 )

46
6 (s2 − a2 u2 )4

t 3 sinh at su4 (s2 + a2 u2 )

47
24a (s2 − a2 u2 )4
[ √ √ ]
e2 √
at
3at 3at −3at u2
48 2
3 sin − cos +e 2
3a 2 2 s3 + a3 u3
126 Fethi Bin Muhammed Belgacem, R.Silambarasan
[ √ √ ]
3at √
at
e2 3at −3at su
49 cos + 3 sin −e 2
3a 2 2 s3 + a3 u3
[ √ ]
1 −at at 3at s2
50 e + 2e 2 cos
3 2 s3 + a3 u3
−at
[ √ √ ]
e 2 3at 3at √ 3at u2
51 e 2 − cos − 3 sin
3a2 2 2 s3 − a3 u3
−at
[ √ √ ]
e 2 √ 3at 3at 3at su
52 3 sin − cos +e 2
3a 2 2 s3 − a3 u3
[ √ ]
1 at −at 3at s2
53 e + 2e 2 cos
3 2 s3 − a3 u3

1 u3
54 [sin at cosh at − cos at sinh at]
4a3 s4 + 4a4 u4

sin at sinh at su2

55
2a2 s4 + 4a4 u4

1 s2 u
56 [sin at cosh at + cos at sinh at]
2a s4 + 4a4 u4

s3
57 cos at cosh at
s4 + 4a4 u4

1 u3
58 [sinh at − sin at]
2a3 s4 − a4 u4

1 su2
59 [cosh at − cos at]
2a2 s4 − a4 u4

1 s2 u
60 [sinh at + sin at]
2a s4 − a4 u4

1 s3
61 [cosh at + cos at]
2 s4 − a4 u4
( )
e−bt − e−at 1 1
62 √ √ √
2(b − a) πt 3 u s + au + s + bu
√ √
er f at u
63 √ √
a s s + au
√ √ ( )
eat er f at u 1
64 √ √
a s s − au
 Theory of natural transform 127
[ ] ( )
1 b2 t
√ 1 1
65 eat √ − be er f c(b t) √ √ √
πt u s − au + b u
1
66 J0 (at) √
s2 + a2 u2
1
67 I0 (at) √
s − a2 u2
2

√
( s2 + a2 u2 − s)n
68 an Jn (at); n > −1 √
un s2 + a2 u2
√
(s − s2 + a2 u2 )n
69 an In (at); n > −1 √
un s2 − a2 u2
( bs √ )
( √ ) 1 e u (s − s2 + a2 u2 )
70 J0 a t(t + 2b) √
s s2 + a2 u2
√ √
J0 (a t 2 − b2 );t > b e
−b
u
s2 +a2 u2
71 √
0;t < b s2 + a2 u2
tJ1 (at) u2
72 3
a (s2 + a2 u2 ) 2
su
73 tJ0 (at) 3
(s2 + a2 u2 ) 2

s2
74 J0 (at) − atJ1 (at) 3
(s2 + a2 u2 ) 2

tI1 (at) u2
75 3
a (s2 − a2 u2 ) 2
su
76 tI0 (at) 3
(s2 − a2 u2 ) 2

s2
77 I0 (at) + atI1 (at) 3
(s2 + a2 u2 ) 2
−s
f (t) = n, n ≤ t < n + 1, 1 eu
78 s = −s
n = 0, 1, 2, . . . s(e u − 1) s(1 − e u )
[t]
∑ rk where
−s
f (t) = 1 eu
79 k=1 s = −s
s(e u − r) s(r − e u )
[t] = greatest integer ≤ t
128 Fethi Bin Muhammed Belgacem, R.Silambarasan
−s
f (t) = rn , n ≤ t < n + 1,
s
1−eu 1−e u
80 s = −s
n = 0, 1, 2, . . . s(e u − r) s(r − e u )

1 √ −au
e s
81 √ cos 2 at √
πt su
√ √ −au
1 ue s
82 √ sin 2 at √
πa s s
( t ) n2 √ −au

83 un e s
Jv (2 at)
a sn+1
√
−a
√ s
1 −a2 e
√ e 4t
u
84
πt √
su
√
a −a2 1 −a√u s
85 √ e 4t e
2 πt 3 u
( ) ( √ )
a 1 −a
√ s
86 er f √ 1−e u
2 t s
( ) ( √)
a 1 −a
√ s
87 er f c √ e u
2 t s
 √ 
( ) −a
√ s
√ a 1 e u
88 e b(bt+a)
er f c b t + √ √ √ √ 
2 t s s+b u
∫ ∞
1 −u2 √ ( )
√ un e 4a2 t J2n (2 u)du un −a
√
√ u
89 πta2n+1 0 e s
sn+1
; n > −1
e−bt − e−at 1 s + au
90 log
t u s + bu

1 s2 + a2 u2
91 Ci(at) log
2s a2 u2
1 s + au
92 Ei(at) log
s au
1[ u ]
93 logt log − γ
s s

2(cos at − cos bt) 1 s2 + a2 u2

94 log 2
t u s + b2 u2
[ ]
1 π2 ( u )2
95 log2 t + γ − log
s 6 s
 Theory of natural transform 129

logt + γ; γ = euler’s constant 1[ s]

96 log
= 0.5772156 s u

π2
(logt + γ)2 − ; 1 2 (u)
97 6 log
s s
γ = euler’s constant = 0.5772156
un [ u]
98 t n logt; n > −1 Γ′(n + 1) + Γ(n + 1) log
sn+1 s
sin at 1 −1 au
99 tan
t u s
1 −1 au
100 Si(at) tan
s s
√
(√ )
1 1 au au
101 √ e−2 at √ e s er f c √
πt su s
2a 1 s22 2 ( s )
102 √ e−a t
2 2
e 4a u er f c
π u 2au
1 s22 2 ( s )
103 er f (at) e 4a u er f c
s 2au
as (√ )
1 eu as
104 √ √ er f c √
π(t + a) su u

1 eu ( as )
as

105 √ Ei
t +a su u
1 1 [ as ( π ( as )) ( as ) ( as )]
106 cos − Si − sin Ci
t + a2
2 au u 2 u u u
t 1 [ as ( π ( as )) ( as ) ( as )]
107 sin − Si + cos Ci
t 2 + a2 u u 2 u u u
(t ) 1[ as ( π ( as )) ( as ) ( as )]
108 tan−1 cos − Si − sin Ci
a s u 2 u u u
( 2 )
1 t + a2 1 [ as ( π ( as )) ( as ) ( as )]
109 log sin − Si + cos Ci
2 a2 s u 2 u u u
( 2 ) [( ( as ))2 ( ) ]
1 t + a2 u π 2 as
110 log − Si +Ci
t a2 s2 2 u u

111 N(t) 0
130 Fethi Bin Muhammed Belgacem, R.Silambarasan

1
112 δ(t)
u
1 −as
113 δ(t − a) e u
u
1 −as
114 U(t − a) e u
s

x 2 ∞ (−1)n nπx nπt 1 sinh xsu

115 + ∑ sin cos
a π n=1 n a a s sinh as
u

( )
4 ∞ (−1)n−1 2n − 1
∑ 2n − 1
π n=1
sin
2a
πx
1 sinh xsu
116 ( )
2n − 1 s cosh as
u
× sin πt
2a

t 2 ∞ (−1)n nπx nπt 1 cosh xsu

117 + ∑ cos sin
a π n=1 n a a s sinh as
u

( )
4 ∞ (−1)n 2n − 1
1+ ∑ cos πx
π n=1 2n − 1 2a 1 cosh xsu
118 ( )
2n − 1 s cosh as
u
× cos πt
2a

xt 2a ∞ (−1)n nπx nπt u sinh xsu

119 + 2 ∑ sin sin
a π n=1 n 2 a a s2 sinh as
u

8a ∞ (−1)n
x+ ∑ (2n − 1)2
π2 n=1 u sinh xsu
120 ( ) ( )
2n − 1 2n − 1 s2 cosh as
u
× sin πx cos πt
2a 2a

t 2 2a ∞ (−1)n nπx
+ 2 ∑ cos u cosh xsu
2a π n=1 n 2 a
121 ( )
nπt s2 sinh as
u
× 1 − cos
a
 Theory of natural transform 131

8a ∞ (−1)n
t+ ∑ (2n − 1)2
π2 n=1 u cosh xsu
122 ( ) ( )
2n − 1 2n − 1 s2 cosh as
u
× cos πx sin πt
2a 2a

1 2 16a2 ∞ (−1)n
(t + x2 − a2 ) − 3 ∑
2 π n=1 (2n − 1)3 u2 cosh xsu
123 ( ) ( )
2n − 1 2n − 1 s3 sinh as
u
× cos πx cos πt
2a 2a
√
s
2π ∞ −n2 π2 t nπx 1 sinh x √u
124 2 ∑ (−1)n ne a2 sin √
a n=1 a u sinh a √ s
u

π ∞ −(2n−1)2 π2 t
√
∑
a2 n=1
(−1) n−1
(2n − 1)e 4a2 s
1 cosh x √u
125 ( ) √
2n − 1 u cosh a √ s
× cos πx u
2a

2 ∞ −(2n−1)2 π2 t
√
a ∑ (−1)n−1 e 4a2
1 sinh x √u
s
126 n=1 ( ) √ √
2n − 1 su cosh a √ s
× sin πx u
2a
√
s
1 2 ∞ −n2 π2 t nπx 1 cosh x √u
127 + ∑ (−1)n e a2 cos √ √
a a n=1 a su sinh a √ s
u

√
s
x 2 ∞ (−1)n −n22π2 t nπx 1 sinh x √u
128 + ∑ e a sin √
a π n=1 n a s sinh a √ s
u

4 ∞ (−1)n −(2n−1)2 2 π2 t √
1+ ∑ (2n − 1) e 4a
π n=1
s
1 cosh x √u
129 ( ) √
2n − 1 s cosh a √ s
× cos πx u
2a

xt 2a2 ∞ (−1)n −n2 π2 t √

+ 3 ∑ (1 − e a2 )
u sinh x √u
s
130 a π n=1 n3
√
nπx s2 sinh a √ s
× sin u
a
132 Fethi Bin Muhammed Belgacem, R.Silambarasan

x2 − a2 16a2 ∞ (−1)n √
+t − 3 ∑ s
2 π n=1 (2n − 1)3 u cosh x √u
131 ( ) √
−(2n−1)2 π2 t 2n − 1 s2 cosh a √ s
× e 4a 2
cos πx u
2a

λ2
nt
∞
e a2 J0 (λn x/a)  (√ )
1−2 ∑ √ J0 six
λn J1 (λn ) 1
(√ )
n=1 u
132
whereλ1 , λ2 , . . . are positive roots of s J √sia
0 u
J0 (λ) = 0
λ2
nt
x2 − a2 ∞
e a2 J0 (λn x/a)  (√ )
+ t + 2a2 ∑ √ J0 six
4 λ3n J1 (λn ) u
√ )
u
133 n=1
2
(
whereλ1 , λ2 , . . . are positive roots of s J √ sia
0 u
J0 (λ) = 0
u ( as )
134 Triangular wave tanh
as2 2u

1 ( as )
135 Square wave tanh
s 2u
πau ( as )
136 Rectified sine wave coth
s2 a2 + π2 u2 2u
[ ]
πau 1
137 Half sine wave rectifier
s2 a2 + π2 u2 (1 − e −asu )

[ −as
]
1 u e u
138 Sawtooth wave −
s as 1 − e −as u

1 −as
139 Heaviside’s unit step e u
s
1 −as ( −εs
)
140 Pulse e u 1−e u
s
[ ]
1 1
141 Step
s 1 − e −as
u

[ −s −2s
]
1 e u +e u
142 n2 , n ≤ t < n + 1, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
s (1 − e −su )2
[ −s
]
1 1−e u
143 rn , n ≤ t < n + 1, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
s 1 − re −su
 Theory of natural transform 133
( πt ) ( )
−as
sin ;0 ≤ t ≤ a πau 1 + e u
144 a
0;t > a s2 a2 + π2 u2
(s − u)n
145 Laguerre polynomial
sn+1
( )
1 at 1 u
146 (e − 1)
a s s − au
s
147 (1 + at)eat
(s − au)2

a sin bt − b sin at abu3

148
a2 − b2 (s2 + a2 u2 )(s2 + b2 u2 )

cos bt − cos at su2

149
a2 − b2 (s2 + a2 u2 )(s2 + b2 u2 )

a sin at − b sin bt s2 u
150
a2 − b2 (s2 + a2 u2 )(s2 + b2 u2 )

a2 cos at − b2 cos bt s3
151
a2 − b2 (s2 + a2 u2 )(s2 + b2 u2 )

b sinh at − a sinh bt abu3

152
a2 − b2 (s2 − a2 u2 )(s2 − b2 u2 )

cosh at − cosh bt su2

153
a2 − b2 (s2 − a2 u2 )(s2 − b2 u2 )

a sinh at − b sinh bt s2 u
154
a2 − b2 (s2 − a2 u2 )(s2 − b2 u2 )

a2 cosh at − b2 cosh bt s3
155
a2 − b2 (s2 − a2 u2 )(s2 − b2 u2 )

1 a2 u3
156 t − sin at
a s2 (s2 + a2 u2 )

1 a2 u3
157 sinh at − t
a s2 (s2 − a2 u2 )
1 1
158 √ √
πt su
( )
e−at 1 1
159 √ √ √
πt u s + au
134 Fethi Bin Muhammed Belgacem, R.Silambarasan
√ √
2 t u
160 √
π s2
3

√ ( )n− 1
π t 2 u2n−1
161 Jn− 1 (at)
Γ(n) 2a 2 (s2 + a2 u2 )n
√ ( )n− 1
π t 2 u2n−1
162 In− 1 (at)
Γ(n) 2a 2 (s2 − a2 u2 )n
nan 1 [√ ]n
163 Jn (at) s2 + a2 u2 − s
t un+1
nan 1 [ √ ]n
164 In (at) s− s2 − a2 u2
t un+1

ebt − eat 1 (√ √ )
165 √ 3 s − au − s − bu
2 πt 3 u2
√ √
−b( s2 −a2 u2 )
I0 (a t 2 − b2 );t > b e u
166 √
0; 0 < t < b s2 − a2 u2
[ 2 ]
2 1 s2 s
167 √ e−t
2
e er f c
4u
π u 2u
[ −as ]
[t ] 1 e u
168 ([t]; greatest integer ≤ t)
a s 1 − e −as u

[ −s
]
a[t] − 1 1 eu
169
a−1 s 1 − ae −su
−s
1−e u
170 a[t] −s
s(1 − ae u )
( )
1 a2 2a ∞ (−1)2
x +t −
2 2
− 2 ∑ u cosh xsu
2a 3 π n=1 n2
171
nπx nπt s2 sinh as
u
× cos cos
a a

7 Conclusion

Like the traditional Laplace transform and the new Sumudu transform,we have shown the worth of
Natural transform (in solving differential equations) in this work.The results here we obtained using
inverse Natural transform and Heaviside’s Expansion formula for inverse Natural transform are exact
with the results in literature.
 Theory of natural transform 135

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