A Module

in
Science Technology Society

Prepared by:
GROUP 2

1. Dominguez, Laurine Joy D.

2. Rivera, Raiza B.
3. Delos Angeles, Nicole C.
4. Madrazo, Mysa Q.
5. Paguagan, Annabelle

The compilers does not own any of the contents of this learning module. Due credits and
acknowledgment are given to the authors, internet sources, and researchers listed on the reference
page. Such sources are reserved to further explain concepts and cannot be credited to the compiler
and the school. All diagrams, charts, and images are used for educational purposes only. The sole
objective of this instructional material is to facilitate independent learning and not for monetary
gains because this is NOT FOR SALE.
 2024 Revision

This Instructional Material entitled SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY,

compiled by ROMMEL S. YNGSON JR (AY. 2024-2025), is recommended for production and
utilization by the students and faculty members of the Occidental Mindoro State College.

PANEL OF EVALUATORS

Local Evaluation Committee

Science Technology and Society

College of __________ / Subject Area/ Master of ______ (just choose one)

(ALL CAPS BOLDFACE) (ALL CAPS BOLDFACE)

Member Member

(ALL CAPS BOLDFACE)

Chairperson

Overall Instructional Materials Development Committee

VENESSA S. CASANOVA, PhD MA. IMELDA C. RAYTON, MA

Member Member

Recommending Approval:

JESSIE S. BAROLO, JR., MAEd

Chairperson

Approved:

NORMA B. MUYOT, EdD,ChE

Vice President for Academic Affairs

 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The writers would like to acknowledge with deep appreciation and gratitude in the
invaluable help of the following:

Dr. Elbert C. Edaniol, President of Occidental Mindoro State College.

Dr. Norma B. Muyot, Vice President for Academic Affairs, Occidental Mindoro State
College.

Dr. Wenceslao M. Paguia Jr, Dean , College of Business Administration and

Management, Occidental Mindoro State College.

Dr. Angela M. Galisanao, Program Head, Panel of Evaluator (Mathematics), Occidental

Mindoro State College.

Dr. Liezel C. Garcia, Panel of Evaluator (Mathematics), Occidental Mindoro State

College.

We thank all those who have encourage, supported and helped us in preparing this
instructional material with understanding and patience.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Lesson 1: Introduction
• Introduction
• Orientation

Lesson 2: General Concepts and STS Historical Development

Lesson 3: Science in Society
• Relationship between Science and Technology
• What is the History of History of Science and the Early Modern Roots
of the Ideology of Modern Science
• Intellectual Revolution that Defined Society
• Science and Nation Building
• Science and Technology and Education in the Philippines

Lesson 4: Human Flourishing

• Science Technology
• The Scientific Method
• Verification Theory
• Falsification Theory
• Science as a Social Endeavor
• Science and Results

Lesson 5: The Good Life

• Aristotle and How We all Inspire for a Good Life
• Happiness as a Gal in Good Life

Lesson 6: Biome and the Health of Society

• Introduction
• Biomes
• Methods
• Health
Lesson 7: Biodiversity, and the Health of Society
• What is Biodiversity
• Biodiversity and Ecosystem
• Threats to Biodiversity

Lesson 8: Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

• Biotechnology and genetic Engineering
 • Recombinant DNA:
• GMO’S
• Potential Benefits and Disadvantage of GMO’S

Lesson 9: History of Technology - l

• History and Impact of Technology
• History of technology
• Computers

Lesson 10: Introduction to IoT and Digital Transformation

• Digital Transformation
• Internet of Things

Lesson 11: Introduction to Cybersecurity

• The World of Cybersecurity
• Personal, Organizational and Government Data
• McComber Cube
• Cyber Attackers
• Cyber Warfare

Lesson 12: IC3 Digital Literacy Global Standard 6 (Level 2)

• Digital Library Resources
• The Seven Principles of Universal Hardware Design are the following:
• The Trust Projects Trust Indicators standards
 LESSON 1:
INTRODUCTION

TOPICS
• Orientation
• Introduction
•
• LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

• Discuss the concept of Science and Technology

• Explain the interrelationship of Science, Technology and Society
• Identify different immerging ethical dilemmas and policies issues in science
and technology
• Appreciate the importance of learning STS
• Discussion pf Orientation in STS
•

INTRODUCTION

Science, Technology, and Society Studies (STS) is the explanation and analysis of science and
technology as complex social constructs with attendant societal influences, entailing a multitude of
epistemological, political, and ethical questions. STS is an interdisciplinary field of academic
teaching and research that incorporates elements of a social movement. Therefore, it comprises
four interconnected principles or ideas that go beyond straightforward disciplinary borders and are
the foundation of STS theory and practice. Sismondi (2004), Cutcliffe and Mitcham (2001), Volti
(2001), Cutcliffe (2000), Hess (1997), Jasanoff, et al. (1995) are a few helpful introductions to the
STS field.
 Science

• The word "science" is derived

from the Latin "scientia," which means knowledge.

• A system of collecting knowledge

that makes use of systematic observation and
experimentation is known as the scientific method.

• An organized body of knowledge

obtained using the scientific method.

• A distinction exists between facts and non-facts. Facts were analyzed in

several methodical investigations.

• Whether or not practical applications were a priority, we created this body of

knowledge via methodical experimentation and observation.

Division of Science

Science is divided into two main categories:

Natural Sciences – explore the physical world and include disciplines like physics, chemistry,
biology, earth, science, and astronomy. These fields study everything from matter and energy to
living organism and universe.

Formal Science- abstract the nature, dealing with logical system and theoretical frameworks. A
branch of science that focuses on abstract systems and theoretical frameworks rather than
empirical observations of the natural world. It deals with the study of the formal languages,
structures, and logical reasoning. The key disciplines within formal science include:
Mathematics- The study of numbers, quantities, shapes, patterns, and structures.

Logic- The study of valid reasoning and argumentation, including the principles of
deduction and
inference.

Computer Science- The study of algorithms, computation, and information processing.

 Statistics- The study of data, collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation.

Theoretical- The study of language structure and its abstract properties.

Hierarchy of the Science

 • Can be understood as a conceptual framework rather than a strict
organizational structure.

Technology

• Technology is the product of science

• Technology is the practical application of scientific and other knowledge to

meet the meet the needs of the society.

• Technologists are scientists.

• Scientists produce or generate knowledge, and technologists turn it to

important products and devices such as computers, aircraft carriers,

Interaction between Science & Technology

• Science drives technology means scientific discoveries often lead to new technologies.
• Technology advances science, it is the technological innovations that often enable new
scientific discoveries.
• Science provides the knowledge that technology utilizes to create innovations, while
technology offers tools that expand the boundaries of scientific understanding.

Role of Science and Technology

• technology applies this scientific knowledge to create tools, devices, and
systems that solve practical problems, improve quality of life, and enhance
human capabilities.
• Advancement of knowledge expands our understanding of the universe, life,
and the principles governing matter and energy.
Society
• Is a structured group of individuals who share a common culture, values,
institutions, and often geographic territory.
• It evolves over time, shaped by historical, political, economic, and
technological forces. They establish systems of governance, education,
communication, and social norms that regulate behavior and promote
cooperation, allowing individuals to thrive collectively.

Meaning of STS
• Science, Technology, and Society (STS): An interdisciplinary field that
examines the interactions between science, technology, and society, exploring
how they influence each other and shape the world. STS assumes that science
and technology are essentially intertwined and that they are profoundly social
and political.
Effect of Science & Technology to the Society
• Science and Technology influence the education and learning their society
through digital learning, educational technologies like e-learning platforms,
virtual reality, and AI-driven tools have transformed the way education is
delivered, making it more personalized, accessible, and flexible.
• Science drives innovation, improves healthcare, boosts economic growth, and
enhances understanding of the natural world, but it also presents ethical
• This technology enhances communication, increases productivity, improves
living standards, and creates new opportunities, but it also raises issues of
privacy, inequality, and environmental impact.
 LESSON 2:
GENERAL CONCEPT AND HISTORICAL
DEVELOPEMENT

Introduction/Overview

The general concept of historical development refers to the study of how ideas, institutions,
technologies, societies, and cultures evolve over time. It is concerned with understanding the
factors that influence change and continuity in human history, including political, economic,
social, and cultural dimensions. Historical development involves not only tracking chronological
events but also analyzing the causes and effects of transformations that shape the modern world.
This concept recognizes that history is not static, but a dynamic process shaped by a complex
interplay of forces such as innovations, conflicts, ideologies, and environmental factors. By
studying historical development, one
gains a deeper appreciation for how
past events influence present realities
and future possibilities.

*Science is a methodical way of

acquiring knowledge. Technology is
the use of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. Science and Technology can be dangerous.
STS is the study of how science and technology shape and are shaped by social instances. STS
deals with the historical development of science and technology but does not cover their
philosophical underpinnings. The study of STS primarily concerns students of science and
technology programs, and not non-science students as much. STS is an important area of study
because science and technology permeate every aspect of everyday life Science and technology are
not crucial factors in nation building. History cannot teach people about evaluating present-day
science and technology.
*Overview Science - Comes from the Latin word scientia, meaning “knowledge.” Refers to a
systematic and methodical activity of building and organizing knowledge about how the universe
behaves through observation, experimentation, or both. Involves solving problems through the
scientific method.

John Heilbron - Famous American science historian Considered science as a discovery of

regularity in nature, enough for phenomena to be described by principles and laws. Also explained
that science required invention to devise techniques, abstractions, apparatuses, and organizations to
describe these natural regularities and their law-like descriptions.
Technology – Application of scientific knowledge, laws, and principles to produce services,
materials, tools, and machines aimed at solving real-world problems. Comes from the Greek word
techne, meaning “art, skill, or cunning of hand.” Things that fulfil our needs and desires, or
perform certain functions Involves creating and inventing things “What defines a technological
tool – one historical definition – is something that takes a human’s sense or ability and augments it
and makes it more powerful. So, for example, I wear contact lenses or glasses; that is a technology
that enhances my human ability of vision and makes it better.”

Mark Zuckerberg
Further Reading the Medawar Lecture 1998: Is Science Dangerous? (Lewis Wolpert) –
- Reliable scientific knowledge has no moral or ethical value It is meant simply to explain how
nature and the universe work and that the obligations of scientists, besides studying the nature of
the universe, is to explain the possible uses and applications of such scientific knowledge. Science
is not the same as technology. The very nature of science is that it is not possible to predict
scientific discoveries and how these discoveries may be applied

The roles of Science and Technology

So how are science and technology related?
- Provides fertile source of novel scientific question  justifies the allocation of resources needed
to address these questions in an efficient and timely manner, extending the agenda of science -
Source of otherwise unavailable instrumentation and techniques needed to address novel and more
difficult scientific questions more efficiently
Science, Technology, and Society
- A relatively young field that combines previously independent and older disciplines, such as the
history of science, philosophy of science, and sociology of science. Generally, applies methods
drawn from history, philosophy, and sociology to study the nature of science and technology and
ultimately judge their value and place in the society.

Society – came from Latin word “societas” meaning friend, ally or interaction between people.
 - A society is a group of individuals, which is characterized by common interest and may
have distinctive culture and institutions.
- Life of society becomes more convenient because of technology. Science is applied to
make technology, and technology is invented to make the lie of society easier and more
convenient.
- We need to unlock new bodies of knowledge; we need to learn more.
- Society demands more from science and technology.
- Science and Technology affects society. The present condition of society influences
Science and technology. Technology makes life easier for the society, so society benefits
from technology.

What is Science, Technology & Society (STS)?

Science, Technology, and Society Studies, or STS, is an interdisciplinary field of academic

teaching and research, with elements of a social movement, having as its primary focus the
explication and analysis of science and technology as complex social constructs with attendant
societal influences entailing myriad epistemological, political, and ethical questions. As such it
entails four interlinked tenets or concepts that transcend simple disciplinary boundaries and serve
as a core body of STS knowledge and practice. Several useful introductions to the STS field are
available (Sismondo 2004, Cutcliffe and Mitcham 2001, Volti 2001, Cutcliffe 2000, Hess 1997,
Jasanoff, et al. 1995).

The primary focus of Science, Technology, and Society Studies (STS) is the explanation and
analysis of science and technology as complex social constructs with attendant societal influences,
entailing a multitude of epistemological, political, and ethical questions. STS is an
interdisciplinary field of academic teaching and research that incorporates elements of a social
movement. Therefore, it comprises four interconnected principles or ideas that go beyond
straightforward disciplinary borders and are the foundation of STS theory and practice. Sismondo
(2004), Cutcliffe and Mitcham (2001), Volti (2001), Cutcliffe (2000), Hess (1997), Jasanoff, et al.
(1995) are a few helpful introductions to the STS field.
Earliest communities

The "Earliest Communities" refers to the first

human settlements formed during the Neolithic
period, when people shifted from a nomadic
lifestyle of hunting and gathering to settled
farming. These communities were
characterized by agriculture, permanent
villages, social structures, technological
innovations, and early forms of trade and
culture, laying the groundwork for future
civilizations.

The Neolithic Revolution

The Neolithic Revolution was a major turning point in human history, occurring around 10,000
BCE, when people transitioned from nomadic hunting and gathering to settled farming. This shift
led to the domestication of plants and animals, the development of permanent settlements, and
advancements in tools and technology, ultimately paving the way for the rise of complex societies
and civilizations.
The Urban Revolution (C. 3000–500 BCE)

The Urban Revolution refers to the process,

beginning around 4,000–3,000 BCE, in which
small agricultural communities evolved into
larger, complex urban centers or cities. This
transformation was marked by the
development of specialized labor, organized
government, social hierarchies, trade networks,
writing systems, and monumental architecture.
It laid the foundation for the rise of early
civilizations, such as those in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley.

The Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution (16th–18th centuries) was a period of profound change in the way
people understood the
natural world. It
marked the transition
from medieval
reliance on religious
explanations to a new
focus on observation,
experimentation, and
reason.

Key figures included

Copernicus, who
proposed the
heliocentric model
(Earth orbits the Sun),
Galileo, who improved the telescope and supported heliocentrism, and Isaac Newton, who
formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation. These scientists, along with others like
Kepler, Descartes, and Boyle, laid the foundation for modern science, emphasizing the scientific
method and challenging traditional views of nature and the cosmos.
The revolution changed the way humanity perceived its place in the universe and led to
advancements in physics, astronomy, biology, chemistry, and mathematics, fostering the
Enlightenment and modern scientific inquiry.

New Methods

The New Method refers to the approach developed during the Scientific Revolution, primarily
emphasizing empirical observation, experimentation, and mathematical reasoning. This method
departed from relying on ancient authorities or religious dogma for explanations of natural
phenomena.

It involved a systematic process that became known as the scientific method: forming hypotheses,
conducting experiments to test them, observing results, and drawing conclusions based on
evidence. Thinkers like Francis Bacon and René Descartes were key proponents. Bacon
advocated inductive reasoning (gathering data to form general conclusions), while Descartes
emphasized doubt and deductive reasoning (starting with clear principles to reach conclusions).
This approach became fundamental to modern science.

New Ideas

The New Ideas of the Scientific Revolution transformed how people understood the world,
challenging traditional beliefs and introducing innovative concepts across various fields:

1. Heliocentrism: Proposed by Copernicus, this idea replaced the Earth-centered

(geocentric) view with the Sun-centered (heliocentric) model, revolutionizing astronomy.
2. Laws of Motion and Gravity: Isaac Newton formulated universal laws that explained
how objects move and interact, offering a unified understanding of the physical world.
3. Scientific Method: Francis Bacon and René Descartes promoted systematic observation,
experimentation, and reasoning, laying the foundation for modern scientific inquiry.
4. Anatomy and Medicine: Andreas Vesalius advanced the study of human anatomy
through direct dissection, challenging centuries-old medical ideas from Galen.
5. Chemistry and Alchemy: Robert Boyle helped establish modern chemistry by focusing
on experiments and rejecting the mystical aspects of alchemy.
 LESSON 3:
SCIENCE IN SOCIETY

TOPICS
• Relationship between Science and Technology
• What is the History of Science and the Modern Roots of the Ideology of the Modern
Science
• Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society
• Science and Technology and Nation Building
• Science Education in the Philippines

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
• discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history;
• discuss how the scientific and technological developments affect society
and the environment;
• discuss the paradigm shifts through history;
• explain how intellectual revolution change the way how humans see the
world;
• describe the technological advancement that happened in the information
age;
• explain the role of Science and Technology in the Philippine nation
building;
• evaluate government policies pertaining to science and technology in terms
of their contributions to nation building; and
• identify actual science and technology policies of the government; and
appraise their impact on the development of the Filipino nation.

Human imagination is so limitless that even our forefathers could not have predicted that
science and technology would be as powerful as they are today. Our current view of nature and the
world is the product of a perpetual paradigm shift in which an old paradigm, such as the
Geocentric Model, is replaced with a paradigm with greater content and explanatory capacity, such
as the Heliocentric Model. This is referred to as a scientific revolution, and it has been highly
important in the growth of humans, the alteration of society, and the formulation of scientific
ideas. These are the theories that have been disputed throughout the history of science and have
helped form our society.

The advancement of science and technology not only leaves an everlasting impact on the
past, but its influence on our society and country can also be tracked. In this unit, students will
learn how science and technology have greatly influenced the development of Philippine society,
 and they will be able to understand the concept and strategies to improve the state of science
education in the country, as well as familiarize themselves with indigenous science and technology
in the Philippines that developed alternative ideas in explaining various phenomena, as well as the
indigenous knowledge system that is inextricably linked to their culture and tradition.

This unit will allow students to time travel through the antecedents of science and
technology by analyzing how the current state of science and technology came to be, as well as
explore the major turning points in the course global and national history that led to its exhilarating
and captivating development.

Topic 1: Relationship of STS

Science, technology, and Society are relationship in a way that they depend on one another for the
advancement of each interdisciplinary field. Science is responsible for the knowledge and explanation
of how things work. But technology is in control of the application of this knowledge for a specific
goal or purpose. Then society determines the necessities that must be boosted by science and
technology. It greatly gains from the invention of technologies. The interconnectedness of science,
technology, and society is observed in the field of Medicine. Medicine is a branch of science concerned
with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of injuries and diseases. When a society encounters a
problem in the health sector, science helps solve it through studying certain diseases. Then technology
applies this scientific knowledge into the creation of machines that can help in the treatment and
prevention of health problems. Furthermore, the interconnectedness of the three disciplines is also
realized in the field of transportation. A long time ago, people walked to travel from one place to
another. Thus, there is a growing need in society for transportation improvement. With that demand,
science started to work its engines to study how they can create a vehicle that can transport people to
their destination in a short time. Then, technology applied this knowledge into the production of the
vehicles itself; the cars, aircraft, ships, boats, etc. that have made the transportation of people easy and
convenient. In conclusion, science, technology, and society have a bidirectional relationship with one
another. Science seeks to improve society through providing elucidation on how the world works, then
it will inform technology so that this knowledge will be put into application. Technology then puts this
scientific knowledge into practical applications in a specific area or discipline. It also demands more
from science by allowing it to conduct further scientific research to discover and improve the potential
of an innovation. Society benefits from technological innovations, and it demands more from science
for its further development. Therefore, each interdisciplinary field evolves and improves over time to
meet the demand of the others.
 Task/Activity

Explain in your own words and discuss significance of the following questions

• What is Science?

Generally, science is a system of acquiring

knowledge based on proper methods in
order to organize body of knowledge
gained through research. One can say
that the definition given above is true, and
of course it is. I will say that science is a
language, same as others; its origin was human minds, they developed it to concentrate ideas
and imaginations of the thoughtful persons on the earth
• What is Technology?

The practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area. It refers to

tools and machines that may be used to solve real-world problems. It is a far-reaching
term that may include simple tools, such as a crowbar or wooden spoon, or more
complex machines, such as a space station or particle accelerator

Topic 2: What is the History of Science and Early Modern Roots of the
Ideology of

Modern Science?

HISTORY OF SCIENCE
The history of science is an academic discipline of
great scope, scoping, covering subjects such as
technology, mathematics, medicine, and astronomy.

Ancient Greek Philosophers

The first mathematicians and scientists of the
west. Thinkers such as Thales, Anaximander,
Pythagoras and Empedocles attempted to make sense of the world by studying the evidence they
found it. Anaximander proposed that the earth was a solitary body, floating free and unsupported in
the universe, and produced one of the first maps of the world. Empedocles was among the first to
believe that the world consisted of diverse material elements acted upon by forces of attraction and
 repulsion. The atomic theory of matter begins with the Greeks. Euclid remains one of the most
influential mathematicians of all time. His contemporary Archimedes was a famous inventor and is
also credited with discovering a geometrical technique which anticipated calculus and the fact that
the surface and volume of a sphere is 2/3 that of its circumscribing cylinder. Through early
astronomy, the Greeks developed the idea of mathematized science. In the field of medicine, they
began with case histories and folk remedies, and ended up with an understanding of the nerves, the
ability to patch up wounded gladiators, and even the ability to remove cataracts with eye surgery.
They invented the first steam engine, vending machine, automatic doors, and more. And they
sustained glorious cities with over a million inhabitants without using electricity, fossil fuels,
gunpowder or nuclear fission as sources of energy.

Topic 3: Intellectual Revolution that Defined

Society

Intellectual Revolution?

Greek speculation about ‘nature’ know as ‘Pre-Socratic’ or ‘non-theological’ or ‘first philosophy’

Three characteristics of this philosophy

• The world is natural whole

• There is natural ‘order’
• Humans can ‘discover’ those law

COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
• Aristotle, however, believed that the earth is the true center of all the orbitals
carrying the heavenly bodies and all motions are uniform and unchanging.

Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)

• Astronomer and mathematician

• Adopted the ‘heliocentric model’ suggesting the idea the sun is the center of
the solar system
• Published an essay ‘On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres’
 Darwinian Revolution
Charles Darwin, Theory of Evaluation

• Suggested that all organisms are related and have descendent from a common ancestor
• Explains that complex creatures evolved naturally from simplistic ancestor over time
• Proposed the ‘natural selection’ organisms survived due to random genetic mutations leading
to the preservation of their descendants
• ‘Survival of the fittest’, the better adapted a species is the more fitted it is to reproduce

Freudian Revolution
Sigmund Freud ‘Father of Psychoanalysis’

• Believed that when people explain their behavior, they rarely give a true account of
their motivation, not because they are deliberately lying, but because they are more
adept at self-deception.
• Freud’s structural theory of personality emphasizes the role of unconscious
psychological conflicts in shaping behavior and personality.

3 components of the mind affecting human behavior

Id It is made up of unconscious psychic energy that works to satisfy basic
needs, urges, and desire

Super Ego ego is composed of peoples internalize ideas acquired from parents and
society.
• Works to suppress the urges of the id and tries to make the ego
behave normally, rather than realistically.

Ego Ego mediates the demands of the id, the superego and the reality
• Works to satisfy the id’s desire in a manner that is
realistic and socially appropriate.
Information Revolutions
Gutenberg’s printing press in 1455
• Analytic engine by Agusta and Babbage in 1830
• First telephone during 1870
• Turnings work during World War II
• Allan Turing (1912-1954) provides a fundamentals contribution to computer
sciences by refining the concepts of algorithm and computation
• Turning machine
• Turning test

Mesoamerican civilization
Regions and cultural area in the Americas, extending to the countries in South America
• Cultivations of cacao, corn, beans, tomato, squash, and chill
• ‘Three sisters’, the main food sources including beans, corn and squash
• Domestication of turkey and dogs
• Cotton plants were used to make textiles, and rubber trees were used to make rubber balls
(for performance games and rituals)
• Combined crop rotation and slash-and-burn technique to retain soil nutrients
• Formed to use irrigation techniques
• Known to be the first to create the calendars.

Asian civilization
World’s great early Asian civilizations: one from India and from China

• Civilization arose in the Indus valley 4000 years ago

• People use weapons and utensils made of bronze and copper
• Shops are established around Mohenjo-Daro
 Two worlds known religions: Hinduism and Buddhism

• Hinduism in based on the four sacred books, Vedas. This hold the record of Indian history
and beliefs, which were written by the Aryan people.
• Caste system: priests called brahmans ranked the highest and the untouchables as lowest.

• Buddhism embraced followers who praise buddha (the enlightened one), in the person of
Siddhartha Gautama (a wonder who believed that human greed and selfishness lead to
human pain)
• Confucianism is based on teaching of Confucius
• Emphasized personal and governmental morality, Correctness of social relationship’ justice
and sincerity.
• Great wall of China was built to protect themselves from the invasions of ‘barbarians’ from
other parts of Asia
The Golden rules
Confucius says:” Do not do unto others what you would not want others to do unto you”

Middle east civilizations

• The home of the ‘cradle of civilizations’, many of the world’s oldest cultures and
civilizations were seen.
• The history started from the earliest human settlements continuing through pre-and post-
Islamic empires.
Developing the following:
• First writing system in the world
• Potter’s wheel, vehicular and mill wheel
• First generalized governments and law codes
• Foundation of astronomy and mathematics

African civilizations
• Lineage and cultural achievements include in the field of mathematics, astronomy,
metallurgy, agriculture and engineering, navigation, and medicine.
• In math, they developed the Yoruba system- based on units of 20 instead of 10 and required
impressive amount of subtraction to identify different numbers.
 • In astronomy, African Stonehenge was considered as remarkably accurate calendar.

Advances in metallurgy and tool making

Stean engines Metal chisels and saws
Copper and iron tools Weapons(bronze)
Nail Glue
Carbon Steel

New analysis suggests the design of

Stonehenge may have represented a calendar, which enabled people to track a solar year of
365.25 days based on the alignment of the sun on the solstices. The large sarsens at the site
appear to reflect a calendar with 12 months of 30 days.

African empire of Egypt developed diverse structures and great architectural monuments along the
Niles River
• Great pyramid of Giza
• Great sphinx of Giza

Used plants with salicylic acid for pain, kaolin for bacteria, and extracts to kill gram positive
bacteria.

Medicine in Africa is more advance than in Europe, which performed medicinal procedures:
Vaccination filling the dental cavities
Autopsy installation of false teeth
Limb traction anesthesia
Broken bone setting tissue cauterizations
Bullet removal brain surgery
Skin grafting
Scientific Revolution

Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas

NICALAUS COPERNICUS

• Copernicus resembled the Greek ancient

philosophers of thinker- he did not do anything
extensive such as observing heavenly bodies or
inviting people to test his idea.
• His ideas were an example of what is presently
called us thought experiment
• Copernicus was strongly influenced by a book in
titled Epitome published in 1496 by a German
author, Johannes Mueller
• The publication of his book De Revolutionibus
orbium coelestium (On the revolutions of the
heavenly spheres) in 1543 is often cited as the start
of the scientific revolution.

Copernicus Model
2 kinds of Planetary Motion:
1. the orbit of Venus and Mercury lay inside the orbit of
the Earth, thus closer to the Sun
2. the orbit of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the
Earth’s orbit, thus farther from the sun
CHARLES DARWIN

• He struggles in his study in medicine

and ministry, which his father has
imposed to him.

• He collected many significant materials

to present his theory with overwhelming
evidence.

• Johnson (2012) described Darwin as a

genius who came from a line of
intellectually gifted and wealthy family.
He developed his interest in natural
history during his time as a student at
Shrewsbury School. He went to the best
schools but was observed to be a
mediocre student.

• His book presented evidence on how

species evolved over time and presented
traits and adaptation that differentiate
species.

SIGMUND FREUD

• A famous figure in the field of

psychology.

• Rosenfels (1980) described him as a

towering literary figure and a very
talented communicator who did share to
raise the consciousness of the civilized
world in psychological matters.

• Method of psychoanalysis- is an
important observational method to
gathered reliable data to study human’s
inner life.

• This method of psychoanalysis is a

scientific way to study the human mind
and neurotic illness.
 Cradles of Early Science
Mesoamerica civilization was developed in parts of
Mexico and Central America before
the Spanish conquest in the 16th century with a great
culture. Some areas shifted from
hunting and gathering to agriculture, this happened as
the climate warmed with the end
of the Ice Age. Late Formative and Classic periods lasted until c. AD 900 which include
the Maya and the civilization centered at Teotihuacán; later societies include the Toltec,
Aztec and Inca. People from Mesoamerica have each their own education and culture,
religion, calendar and even technology that was primarily used in agriculture.

The Civilizations in Mesoamerica

The historic region of Mesoamerica comprises the modern-day countries of northern Costa Rica,
Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, Belize, and central to southern Mexico. For
thousands of years, this area was populated by groups such as the Olmec, Zapotec, Maya, Toltec,
and Aztec people. Cultural traits that define the region include the domestication of maize, beans,
avocado, and vanilla, and a common architectural style. Maya Aztec

Maya Civilization (1500 B.C.E to the sixteenth century arrival of the Spanish
conquistadors)

Mayans were the first major civilization in the Mesoamerica, they were simply the
first to develop a highly sophisticated society with art, science, architecture, and
writing. They were mostly nomadic, meaning they moved continuously rather than
lived in one place, or had small herds of animals and moved around occasionally
(Muscato, 2014).
Location

Important Maya cities include Tikal in the east (in what is today Guatemala), Palenque in

the west (what is today Mexico), and Copán in the south (in what is today Honduras). The

collapse of Maya cities in the tenth century is not fully understood but may have resulted

from complex factors including climate change (and resulting drought and crop failures),

overpopulation, and political unrest. Following this

collapse, Maya civilization continued

on the northern tip of the Yucatán Peninsula,

where Chichen Itza emerged as an
important city of the Post-Classic Period. Though
the city was abandoned by the thirteenth century, it
was the arrival of Hernan Cortés and his Spanish fleet
in the early 16th century that marked the end of the Maya civilization (Jimenez, 2020).

Agriculture
Mayans converted wetlands to farmland, the sophistication of the civilization's agricultural

systems rivalled their pyramids (Mascarelli, 2010). Using new techniques and extensive

excavations, researchers have found that the Maya coped with tough environmental

conditions by developing ingenious methods to grow crops in wetland areas. "The work

shows that this intensive agriculture is more complicated and on a par with these other

areas of intellectual development,” says Timothy Beach, a physical geographer at

Georgetown University in Washington DC, who presented his findings at the Geological

Society of America (GSA) meeting in Denver, Colorado last 2010. The Maya's home was
a tough environment replete with recurring droughts and rising sea levels, and the land

that they farmed was rough, rocky terrain intermixed with vast swamps, or wetlands. So,

one of historians' biggest questions about the Maya civilization is how they managed to

feed their huge populations (Mascarelli, 2010). At the GSA meeting, Beach presented the

results of two decades' work aimed at answering these questions. During that time, he

and his wife, Sheryl Luzzadder-Beach, a physical geographer specializing in water quality

from George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, and their colleagues, have performed

more than 60 excavations to study and map the different earth layers, or strata, in field

sites in northern Belize. Fossilized plant remains at these sites show that the Maya were
growing crops such as:

1. avocados

2.. corn or maize

Their research suggests that the Maya built canals between wetlands to divert water and

create new farmland, says Beach. As the Maya mucked out the ditches, they would have
tossed the soil onto the adjacent land, creating elevated fields which would keep the root
systems of their crops above the waterlogged soil, while allowing access to the irrigation

water. Beach says that surveys carried out using Google Earth and remote sensing

techniques suggest that this wetland system was probably around 100 kilometers across

(Mascarelli, 2010).

Astronomy

Mayan commoners mapped their cosmology and recorded their history, based on using

domestic ceramic with its color, placement, and association with other artifacts at the
minor center of Saturday Creek, Belize. Results show that hidden items served to

contextualize their place in the universe. Commoners may not have had the written word,

but they had the means to record their own history, one with which they interacted daily
4 under their feet, within walls, and under their roof (Lucero, 2010).

Mayans incorporated their advanced understanding of astronomy into their temples and

other religious structures. This allows them to use their temples for astronomical

observation. For example, the pyramid El Castillo (<the Castle=) called by Spanish

conquistadors are located at Chichen Itza in Mexico9s Yucatán Peninsula, is situated at

the location of the sun during spring and fall equinoxes. Mayan knowledge and

understanding about celestial bodies were advanced for their time, as evidenced by them
knowledge of predicting eclipses and using astrological cycles in planting and harvesting.

With its pleasing radial symmetry, tidy stepped platforms, and crowning temple, El Castillo
is one of the most recognizable Mesoamerican pyramids. It was probably built by the

Toltec-Maya between 1050 and 1300 CE when the rest of the Maya population was

dwindling. It is famous not only for the descent of Kukulcán (Mesoamerican serpent deity)

but also, for its relationship to the Maya calendar. Each of the pyramid9s four sides has a

staircase of 91 steps. The total number of steps, when combined with the temple at its

summit, equals 365 4 the number of days in the Maya solar year. The temple on top was

used exclusively by priests who performed sacred rituals at a height that brought them

closer to the gods in the sky (Zelasko, 2020).

The ancient Maya was accomplished observers of the sky. Maya animal constellations

are found in the Paris Codex. Using their knowledge of astronomy and mathematics, the
ancient Maya developed one of the most accurate calendar systems in human history.

The ancient Maya had a fascination with cycles of time. The most known Maya

cyclical calendars are the Haab, the Tzolk9in, and the Calendar Round. Aside from these,

the Maya also developed the Long Count calendar to chronologically date mythical and

historical events. The 13 baktun cycle of the Maya Long Count calendar measures

1,872,000 days or 5,125.366 tropical years. This is one of the longest cycles found in the

Maya calendar system. This cycle ends on the winter solstice, December 21, 2012.

The following are brief description of each Maya cyclical calendars (Hawkins, 2020)

1. Haab cycle - is 365 days and approximates the solar year. The Haab is a

nineteen-month calendar. The Haab is composed of 18 months made of 20 days,

and one month, made of 5 days. This 5-day month is called "Wayeb." Thus, 18 x

20 + 5 = 365 days. This image below shows the hieroglyphs corresponding to the

nineteen months of the Haab calendar. The Maya represented some of these
months using more than one glyph. These glyphs are referred to as "variants."
Variants of the same glyph are framed in a turquoise background.

The Maya farmers of the Yucatan conduct offerings and ceremonies in the same

months every year, following a 365-day Haab cycle. These ceremonies are

called Sac Ha9, Cha9a Chac and Wajikol. The Maya in the highlands of Guatemala

perform special ceremonies and rituals during the Haab month of Wayeb, the short

month of five days.

2. Tzolkins 3 is the Mayan9s sacred calendar in Yucatec Mayan and Chol Q9ij

in K9iche9 Mayan. This calendar is not divided into months. Instead, it is made from
a succession of 20-day glyphs in combination with the numbers 1 to 13 and

produces 260 unique days. Multiplying 20 x 13 equals 260 days. The image below
illustrates how the numbers 1 to 13, cycle through the 20 glyphs to form dates in

the Tzolk9in calendar. Any such combination, such as 1 Imix9, repeats only after

260 days have passed. The length of the Tzolk9in matches the nine cycles of the Moon and

and the gestational period of humans. The Tzolk9in is also related to the

movements of the zenith Sun and the growing cycle of corn.

Every 260 days, the Ajq9ijab9 in the highland areas of Guatemala, celebrate a new

year ceremony called Wajxaqib9 B9atz9, and welcome another cycle in the sacred
Chol Q9ij or Tzolk9in Maya calendar. During this ceremony, the new calendar Day

Keepers are initiated. This image shows Roberto Poz Pérez, K9iche9, a calendar
Day Keeper in a village near Quetzaltenango, Guatemala. He has been a calendar

Daykeeper for more than 30 years.

3. Calendar Round - is made from the interweaving of the Tzolk9in and Haab
calendars. In the Calendar Round, any given combination of a Tzolk9in day with a

Haab day will not repeat itself until 52 periods of 365 days have passed. The Maya believe that
when a person reaches 52 years of age, they attain the special wisdom of an elder. The image
shows a contemporary representation of the Calendar
Round, interlocking the Tzolk9in (left) with the Haab (right).
The calendar system of Mayan according to archaeological and historical evidence

clearly shows that the Lunar Series of mythical dates were calculated backward 4 that

is, they were often determined from the date on which the monument was erected using

a specific formula to calculate the age of the moon. There is a relationship between

rulers of specific sites and the lunar-month count at those sites because many cases

the month count changed after a new ruler came to the throne. Analysis of the month count

shows a relationship between the month count and the ruler who dedicated the

monument. The Lunar Series is part of the calendar calculations. The connection to

changes in Maya rulers seems to suggest that rulers initiated new calculation methods
on their accession. It is known from Classic Maya society that artists and scribes played

an important role in the Classic-period royal courts. The capture of scribes, with fingers
broken to prevent their service to their ruler, is recorded at Piedras Negras and

Bonampak (Johnston, 2015). A similar connection to the ruler can be assumed for other

members of the court, who were responsible for astronomical and calendrical

calculations (Fuls, 2007).

Inca Civilization (Flourished in South America between 1425 CE - 1532 CE)

The Inca Empire was the last native state to develop in South America before the sixteenth
century European invasions introduced foreign culture, religion, and disease (Covey,

2008 The Inca Empire was located on the western side of South America (spreading from
north to south) more specifically in the Andes Mountains. The Coastal Deserts and the

Amazon Jungle of Peru. The main city where the Incas began to build their empire was

Cuzco (located 10,000 feet above sea level) in Peru and from there they extended them

empire along many neighboring countries to what today we know as Colombia, Ecuador,
Argentina and Chile (Camilla, 2020)

Agriculture
The flat grounds made in the mountains along with the terraces for agriculture are still

used in the production of crops in the Andes mountains of Peru today and copied in similar

locations around the world. The following are their agricultural practices (Camilla, 2020):

1. Their complex irrigation systems still work to

perfection and help these crops, to

still be produced and consumed today with the same

processes used by the Incas.

2. Incas developed a freeze and dry system that

until today helps the world maintain

a constant fresh source of food supply even when it

is not the season to grow
certain crops. With the invention on this process,
many of the crops initially only

cultivated by the Incas, like potatoes and tomatoes were later taken to other parts

of the world like Europe and are now everyday products worldwide.

Astronomy

The Incas possessed considerable celestial knowledge and, as solar worshippers, they

chose to incorporate and display orientations and features of the Sun, their god, in them

many temples and shrines throughout the empire. The huacas (shrine) of this study point

to a society that was both infatuated with the Sun and possessed the technical ability to
use their celestial knowledge with any structure or carving they so desired. They marked

solar events such as sunrise and sunset at June and December solstices with orientations
in shrines and temples, and also by constructing solar pillars on the horizon. Pillars such

as these enabled them to manage crops and festivals throughout the year with a precise

calendar. These examples and more point to a society that had mastered and astronomically
related system of time management that very well suited their need (Gullberg, 2019)

Inca developed two calendars, the nighttime calendar and the daytime calendar. The

daytime calendar counted approximately 365 days and was very important for them

because it helped them keep track of their mining and agricultural activities. The night

time calendar was based on the moon9s cycles, so it only had 328 days. This calendar

was used to mark the days in which the festivals were celebrated (Camilla, 2020).

Technology

The Inca Civilization managed to surpass modern expectations in many ways, with the

limited knowledge and resources that they had, they managed to excel in many different

areas. Among many important achievements were (Camilla, 2020):

1. Architecture - One of the major contributions of the Inca Empire was architecture.

Machu Picchu, as all the other constructions made by Incas (with materials such

as stone, clay and mud layers) was a perfectly designed structure built by

combining natural landscapes with stones. The Incas cut stone with such

precision that each block fits exactly with its neighboring stone.

2. Metallurgy - Incas had the capacity to mine and work with different minerals such

as gold, silver, iron, copper and emeralds. These natural resources were used

to build temples, make jewelry, drinking cups, statues of their gods, weapons and

other tools needed in their daily life.

3. Quipus - The Inca civilization didn9t develop a writing system but they created the

quipus, an element made by knotting different colored strings allowing them to

keep track of important events that needed to be remembered or passed on.

4. Bridges and Roads - The Incas developed an advanced transportation system that allowed
them to communicate with different areas of the empire, giving them the chance to move goods
and people from side to side. The same bridges that made transportation and communication easy
for them worked as a defense mechanism against intruders because by burning the bridges down
they eliminated the possibility of an invasion.

5. Aqueducts - Due to water scarcity in the dry season, the Incas built an advanced

water system that provided them with drinkable water and that proved that they

had advanced engineering capacities.

Aztec Civilization (Flourished between 13th CE and 1521 CE)

The name Aztec most commonly refers to Nahuatl-speaking people who dominated the
Basin of Mexico, and indeed much of central and southern Mexico, in the fifteenth and

early sixteenth century (Berdan, 2016).

Location

Most Aztec towns were founded between AD 1100 and 1350 when the Aztec people

immigrated to the central Mexican highlands. They established new settlements and

dynasties leading to a system of autonomous city‐states. The construction of a royal

palace marked the official founding of a new city or town, most city‐state capitals.

In 1430, three Aztec peoples 3 the Mexica, Acolhua, and Tepanecs 3 formed a tributary
empire, known as the Triple Alliance or the Aztec Empire. Two of their capitals,
Tenochtitlan (Mexica) and Texcoco (Acolhua), became the preeminent cities of the
Valley of Mexico. By the time Spanish conquerors arrived in 1519 this empire had
conquered much of Mesoamerica, and Tenochtitlan had grown into a city of 200,000
(Smith, 2008).

Agriculture

The Aztecs had modest beginnings, serving as mercenaries or warriors for other
nations. In time, their reputation as fierce warriors grew and they built a city-state. Since

other indigenous nations had already settled around the lakes on more desirable land,

the only way for the Aztecs to accommodate a growing population was to develop

around the small island. The Aztecs expanded Mexico-Tenochtitlán by building chinampas, or
artificial islands. Though the Aztecs did not invent chinampas (they were already being used by
other native nations when the Aztecs founded their city) they made the most of them. To build

the chinampas, the Aztecs first formed rectangles of varying sizes 4 usually 91 meters
long and from 4 to 9 meters wide 4 by staking out the area and fencing it with reeds. The

fenced-off area was then filled with mud, lake sediment and various organic materials,
until it rose above the water level of the lake. Then trees were planted to <anchor=

each chinampa. Most residents of Mexico-Tenochtitlán lived on chinampas, where they

also grew their crops. Lake channels surrounded all four sides of each chinampa and

were wide enough for a canoe to navigate. These channels provided crop irrigation and

an easy way to transport products to market (Medina, 2014).

Astronomy

A new study on one of the most important remaining artifacts from the Aztec Empire, a

24-ton basalt calendar stone, interprets the stone9s central image as the death of the sun

god Tonatiuh during an eclipse, an event Aztecs believed would lead to a global

apocalypse accompanied by earthquakes. Many scientists believe the heart of the stone

to be the face of Tonatiuh (pronounced toe-NAH-tee-uh), atop which Aztecs offered

human sacrifices to stave off the end of the world. Researcher Susan Milbrath, a Latin

American art and archaeology curator at the Florida Museum of Natural History, offers

the new, ominous interpretation of this symbol in the February print edition of the journal

Mexicon. The Spanish buried the 12-foot-wide calendar stone, also known as the Sun
Stone, face down before it was uncovered in 1790. Aztecs and Mayas tracked the sun9s

movements to predict future events, such as weather patterns and astronomical cycles.

The Aztecs sacrificed a prisoner on the calendar stone on the date 4 Olin, the day they

believed the world would end. The day repeats every 260 days in their calendar cycle.

With succession of the cycle, another prisoner was sacrificed, and the sun rose again the
following day and Tonatiuh lived on (Mavrakis, 2017).
Technology

According to experts, six large regions in the world are the cradles of
civilization. In Mesoamerica, the Aztecs were one of the strong states due to their military power,

religion, and tribute system, the following were the skills and knowledge Aztecs

used in their everyday living (Calvo, 2020):

1. They developed their calendar of 18 months of 20 days each.

2. Built large cities and huge pyramids and temples.

3. Developed a farming system called chinampas that they used to grow crops on

shallow lake beds.

4. They used cacao to make chocolate as their currency.

5. Their weapons included blowguns, bows and arrows; spears flung with a spear-

thrower for greater distance, and slings made of braided yarn.

6. Scholars believe that sleds, levers, or ropes must have been used to move

heavier loads

7. Wooden drawbridges could be raised to allow boats to pass.

8. The ball game, ulama, was played with a rubber ball that could be

propelled only using the hips.

9. Aztec homes were built of adobe around a courtyard and religious shrine, and

furnished with reed mats and low tables.

10. The kitchen was equipped with a hearth fire and jars or bins for foods preserved

by salting or drying in the sun.

11. There were also grindstones for making corn flour.

12. The flour was then cooked into a porridge called atole or made into tortillas that
were cooked on a flat stone griddle. Tortillas are still central to the cuisine of the

region.

13. Aztec cloth was generally made of plant fibers, such as cotton or fiber from the

maguey cactus.

14. Incas and Aztecs were skilled at making highly decorated pottery and ceramics.

15. As fishermen, Incas and Aztecs employed a variety of techniques including

angling, nets and harpoons.

16. Aztec canoes, used for fishing and transportation, were made from hollowed-out

tree trunks.

Education and Culture

All Aztec children attended school through mandatory education, though their curricula

varied by gender and social class, the following were stated in the Aztec social structure

(Aguilar & Moreno, 2018):

1. Each calpulli (large house) had a school for commoner children known as a

telpochcalli (house of youth).

2. The purpose of the telpochcalli was to train young men to be warriors, and boys

generally began their training at the age of 15.

3. Noble children and exceptionally gifted commoner children attended the

calmecac (schools, where they received training to become priests and

government officials).
4. While military training was provided, the calmecac offered more academic

opportunities than the telpochcalli.

5. Children typically begin attending the calmecac between the ages of 6 and 13.

6. The schools imposed harsh punishments on their students for misbehavior and
the calmecac were especially strict because noble children were held to a higher

standard than commoner children.

The invention of paper greatly affects human history. Paper already existed in China since 105
A.C, however, a eunuch named Cai Lun (ca. 50 AD – 121) made significant innovation and
 helped drive its widespread adoption. His advanced paper-making technology then spread to
central Asia and the world through the Silk Road.

Gunpowder
• Gunpowder was invented by Chinese Taoist alchemists about 1000 A.D. when they tried to
find a potion to gain human immortality by mixing elemental sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter.
• A compass is a navigational instrument that shows directions. The compass was invented by
Chinese between the 2nd century BC and 1st century AD. It was first used in Feng Shui, the
layout of buildings. By 1000 AD, navigational compasses were commonly used on Chinese
ships, enabling them to navigate.

Mechanical Clock
• The world’s first mechanical clock -Water-driven Spherical Birds – was invented by Yi Xing,
a Buddhist monk in 725 A.D. It was operated by dripping water which powered a wheel that
made one revolution in 24 hours.

Silk
• Silk, one of the oldest fibers, originated in China as early as 6,000 years ago. The earliest
evidence of silk was discovered at Yangshao culture site in Xiaxian County, Shanxi Province,
China where a silk cocoon was found cut in half, dating back to between 4000 and 3000 BC.
Chinese people mastered sophisticated silk weaving tech and closely guarded secret.
 Acupuncture
• The oldest Chinese medicine book “Neijing”, also known as “The Classic of Internal
Medicine of the Yellow Emperor”, shows that acupuncture was widely used as a therapy in
China much before the time it was
written.

Middle East Countries

The Arabic contribution to science is monumentally significant. The rise of Islamic science
had its acme between the 8th to 16th centuries, in a period nominally known as the Islamic
Golden Age. Arab scientists, writing in Arabic, made staggering breakthroughs which
broadened mankind’s comprehension of the natural world. Arabic scientific inquiry flourished
into major discoveries in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, chemistry, medicine
and optics.

The Banu Musa brothers' "ingenious devices"

• These three brothers were celebrated mathematicians and engineers in ninth-century
Baghdad. Their Book of Ingenious Devices, published in 850, was a large illustrated
work on mechanical devices that included automata, puzzles and magic tricks as well as
what we would today refer to as "executive toys".

Astrolabes
• Astrolabes were astronomical instruments invented in either ancient Greece or India. The
first astrolabe in the Muslim world is attributed to the 8th century Persian mathematician
Fazari. Brass astrolabes were developed in Iran (Persia) for navigation and for finding the
quibla (the direction of Mecca).

Algebra
• Algebra is one of the Arabic contributions to mathematics. The Persian
polymath Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khawarzmi is considered the “father of
Algebra” because his book Algebra is the first treatise on the systematic
solutions of linear and quadratic equations. The word algebra is derived from
a-jabr, one of the operations used to solv quadratic equations in his book.
AlKhawarzmi also introduced the decimal positioning system in mathematics.

Medicine

• Arab scientists also helped to advance medical knowledge. For example, The
9th century Persian doctor Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (known in Latin
as Rhazes) authored an influential multi-volume encyclopedia of all known
medical knowledge at the time. His monograph on smallpox and measles was
groundbreaking. Razi had a great influence on Western medicine, and he is
considered one of the greatest scientists of the Middle East.

Astronomy
• Several Arabic words have enriched our scientific lexicon. Among the
scientific terms and star names are alchemy, alcohol, alembic, algebra,
algorithm, alkali, azimuth, elixir, nadir, zenith, Betelgeuse, Aldebaran, Mizar,
and Rigel.
 Industrial Revolution
• The second phase of technology dismantling was induced by the Industrial
Revolution, which undermined the traditional textile industries that were
firmly based in Arab countries. Steam power, machine production, chemical
sciences and technology, electrification, petroleum production and refining,
communication technologies, radio, electric power and engineering, and
countless advances in medical science, construction technologies, city
planning, and management systems all had dramatic consequences.

Task/Activity

Identity what is being asked on the following question. Write your answer on the space provided.

1. What is an Intellectual Revolution?

- A period where paradigm shifts occurred and where scientific beliefs that have been widely
embraced and accepted by the people were challenged and opposed
2. A Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who
formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center

-NICALAUS COPERNICUS

3. An English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to
evolutionary biology. His proposition that all species of life have descended from a common
ancestor is now generally accepted and considered a fundamental concept in science.

-CHARLES DARWIN
 • An Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for
evaluating and treating pathologies seen as originating from conflicts in the psyche,
through dialogue between patient and psychoanalyst, and the distinctive theory of
mind and human agency derived from it.

-SIGMUND FREUD

• Give at least 3 Civilization in Mesoamerica

-Mayan Civilization

-Inca Civilization

-Aztec Civilization

• Give at least 3 Civilization in Asia

-India Civilization
-China Civilization

-Middle East

• India gave the ingenious method of expressing all numbers by means of ten symbols

-Decimal System

9. Gunpowder was invented by Chinese Taoist alchemists about 1000 A.D. when they tried to find
a potion to gain human immortality by mixing elemental sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter.
-Gunpowder

10. Several Arabic words have enriched our scientific lexicon. Among the scientific terms and
star names are alchemy, alcohol, alembic, algebra, algorithm, alkali, azimuth, elixir, nadir, zenith,
Betelgeuse, Aldebaran, Mizar, and Rigel.
-Astronomy
Topic 4: Science and Nation
Building

The history of science and technology in the Philippines started way back before the country gained its
independence from the American colonizers. Before the coming of the Spanish colonizers, the early
inhabitants had their own culture & traditions. They had their own belief system and indigenous
knowledge system that keeps them organized and sustained their lives and communities for many
years.
In pre-Spanish Philippines, SCIENCE is embedded in the way of life of the people. Scientific
knowledge is observed: in the way they plant their crops that provide them food; in taking care of
their animals to help them in their daily tasks, and for food production.
Science is observed in the way they interpret the movement of the heavenly bodies in predicting
seasons and climates, and in organizing days into months and years. They used science in
preparing the soil for agricultural purposes and discovered the medicinal uses of plants.
Technology is used by people in building houses, irrigations and in developing tools that they can
use in their everyday life. They developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking and fishing; for
fighting their enemies during war or tribal conflicts; and for transportation. They also used
technology in creating musical instruments.
Also, trading with China, Indonesia, Japan and other nearby countries have influenced their lives
by providing opportunities for cultural and technological exchange. All of these ancient practices
in science and technology are considered now as INDIGENOUS SCIENCE OR FOLK SCIENCE.

SPANISH ERA
When the Spaniards colonized the country, they brought with them
their own culture and practices. They established schools for boys
and girls and introduced the concept of subjects and disciplines. It
was the beginning of formal science and technology in the country,
known now as school of science and technology.
Learning of science in school focuses on understanding different concepts related to the human
body, plants, animals and heavenly bodies. Technology focuses on using and developing house
tools used in everyday life.
Life during the Spanish Era slowly became modernized, adapting some Western technology and
their ways of life. The Filipinos developed ways to replicate technology brought by the Spaniards
using indigenous materials. Medicine and advanced science were introduced in formal colleges
and universities established by the Catholic orders. The Galleon Trade has brought additional
technology and development in the Philippines. Although it is only beneficial for the Spaniards,
these trades allowed other ideas, crops, tools, cultural practices, technology, and Western practices
to reach the country. Some of the Filipino students who were able to study in Europe also
contributed to the advancement of medicine, engineering, arts, music, and literature in the country.
The Philippines, being considered as one of the centers of global trade in Southeast Asia during
that time, was considered to be one of the most developed places in the region.
Although the country is blessed with these developments, the superstitious beliefs of the people
and the Catholic doctrines and practices during the Spanish era halted the growth of science in the
country.

AMERICAN ERA
The Americans have more influence in the development
of science and technology in the Philippines compared to
the Spaniards.
• Established the public education
system
• Improved the engineering works and
health conditions of the people.
• Established a modern research
university, University Of The
Philippines.
• Created more public hospitals.
• Mineral resources were explored and exploited during the American times.
• Transportation and communication systems were improved, though not
accessible throughout the country.

The Americans did everything to “Americanize” the Philippines. They reorganized the learning of
science and introduced it in the public and private schools. In basic education, science education
focuses on nature studies and science and sanitation, until it became a subject formally known as
“Science.” The teaching of science in higher education has also greatly improved and modernized.
Researches were done to control malaria, cholera, and tuberculosis and other tropical diseases.

The desire of the Americans to develop the human resources of the Philippines to serve their own
interests is somehow beneficial in the country. These allowed American scholars to introduce new
knowledge and technology in the country. The Protestant church missions in different places in the
country also brought hospitals and schools to far flung areas. Little by little, these efforts built a
stronger foundation for science and technology in the country.

MARCUS ERA

It was only during the Marcos Presidency where science

was given importance. It was clearly stated by the former
President in the Philippine Constitution, amended in 1973, that
in terms of national development, priority shall be given in the
advancement of science and technology.
 In his State of Nation Address, Marcos declared a need for science in public high school. With
the help of the Department of Education in partnership from the National Science Development
Board it aims to provide science-teaching equipment for a period of 4 years.

In 1968, he also recognized that technology was the top reason in economic development, and
gave extra funds to support projects in applied science and science education. While in 1969, he
allotted large amount of war damage funds to private universities to encourage them to courses
that focus on science and technology and research. In 1970, he emphasized that by upgrading the
science curriculum and teaching equipment is crucial to the science development program.

Furthermore, he declared Presidential Decree No.49, series of 1972 as a support for promoting
the scientific research and invention. Aside from that, one of his greatest contributions is the
establishment of PAGASA which function is to give environmental protection and utilize scientific
knowledge to ensure the nation's safety. He also established the National Academy of Science and
Technology in 1976 to have a scientist whose experts in science and technology. In 1986, he also
established campuses of Philippine Science High School in the Visayas and Mindanao. It
encourages the youth in theses area to choose a career in science and technology. It also aims to
tap the potential students on the said regions.

FIFTH REPUBLIC

After President Marcos's term, Corazon Aquino replaced

him in the presidential seat. On her term in 1986, she returned
the National Science and Technology Authority to the
Department of Science and Technology (DOST), giving the
science and technology a seat in the government cabinet.

During the Philippine Development Plan for the years

1987-1992, science and technology in the natural economy
were highlighted. In 1990, the State of Nation Address of
President Corazon Aquino said that science and technology development should be on the
government's top three priorities to implement.

During the 5thRepublic, the government provided 3,500 scholarships for students interested in
taking up courses related to science and technology. Schools became modernized and updated by
having additional high-tech equipment. It was also during this time when the government gave
science and technology personnel priority by approving the Republic Act No. 8439 in 1997, which

entitled "Magna Carta for science and technology Personnel”. Its purpose is to give incentives and
rewards to people who made an impact and influential in the field of Science and Technology

Topic 5: Science, Technology and Education in the

Philippines
 The Philippines is trying its best to improve the state of science education in the country. This
lesson will discuss the concept of science education and will identify some strategies to promote
science education in the country. One of the strategies is to establish science schools that will
encourage students to pursue their career in science and technology and to nurture their gifted
potentials in science.

Science Education focuses on teaching, learning and understanding science. Exploring

pedagogical theories and models in helping teachers teach scientific concepts and process
effectively. Learning interesting aspects which helps students understand and love science.

Importance of Science Education

• It is justified by the vast amount of scientific knowledge developed in this

area that prepares citizens in a scientifically and technologically driven world
• It provides skills and knowledge that are necessary for a person to live in what
they describe as the age of science and to develop a citizenry that will meet
the goals of science in the society
• Science education helps students learn important concepts and facts that are
related to everyday life including important skills such as: process skills,
critical thinking skills and life skills that are needed in coping up with daily
life activities.
• Science education will develop a strong foundation for studying science and
for considering science-related careers in the future. This is an investment for
the country to develop a scientifically cultured and literate citizenry.
• Deals with developing students’ understanding and appreciation of science
ideas and scientific works. This is done through offering basic science courses
in the General Education curriculum.
It also focuses on the preparation of science teachers, scientists, Engineers and other
professionals in various science related fields such as engineering, agriculture, medicine
and health sciences.

Science Schools in the Philippines

One outstanding program for science education supported by the government is the
establishment of science schools in various parts of the country. There are also several
governments programs implemented by the Department of Education and few private schools for
science educations.

• Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS)

• Special Science Elementary School (SSES) Project
• Quezon City Regional Science High School
• Manila Science High School
• Central Visayan Institute Foundation
PHILLIPINE SCIENCE HIGHSCHOOL SYSTEM

• RA 3661 establishes the

Philippine Science High School
on June 22, 1963.

• It is a government program for

gifted students.

• It is under DOST program which

offers free scholarship for the
secondary course with special
emphasis to science subjects
with an end view of preparing its
students for a science career
SPECIAL SCIENCE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PROJECT
• Provides a dormitory for students

• Continues to pursue its vision to

• In pursuant to DepEd Order No. 73s. 2008,
develop Filipino science
DepEd Order No. 51s. 2010.
scholars with scientific minds
• It started in passion
and 2007 with
for57 identified elementary
excellence.
schools as science elementary schools in the
country.

• SSES Project aims to develop Filipino children

equipped with scientific, technological
knowledge, skills and values.
QUEZON CITY REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

• Established on September 17, 1967

• Originally, it was named Quezon City Science

High School.

• Turned into a Regional Science High School for

the National Capital Region in 1999.

• Venue in providing maximum opportunities to

develop a spirit of inquiry and creativity.
 MANILA SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

• Establish on October 1, 1963 as the

Manila Science High School

• First Science High School in the

Philippines

• Humanities courses and other

electives are included in the
curriculum and students are
CENTRAL VISAYAN INSTITUTE
encouraged FOUNDATION
to participate in various
extracurricular activities.

• It is the home and pioneer of the

prominent school based innovative
known as the Dynamic Learning
Program.

• It serves as haven of learning and

formation for the youth — protecting and
developing what is good in the Filipino,
while learning from experiences of the
global community.

• the program has since been improving the

academic performance of students in more
than 1,000 public and private schools
nationwide.
Task/Activity

• Give the names of the acronyms below

• PSHS – Philippine Science Highschool System

• SSES – Special Science Elementary School Project
• QCRSHS – Quezon City Regional Science High School
• MSHS – Manila Science High School
• CVIF – Central Visayan Institute Foundation

• Answer the following questions.

• What is science education?

Science Education focuses on teaching, learning and understanding science. Exploring

pedagogical theories and models in helping teachers teach scientific concepts and process
effectively. Learning interesting aspects which helps students understand and love science.

• In your own words, what is the importance of science education in the

Philippines.

It develops students' scientific inquiry skills, values and attitudes, such as objectivity,
curiosity, and honesty and habits of mind including critical thinking.
 ******LESSON 4:
HUMAN FLOURISHING

TOPICS
1. Science, Technology, And Human Flourishing
2. Science as Method and Result
3. Verification Theory
4. Falsification Theory
5. Science as a Social Endeavor
6. Science and Result
•
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
• Identify different conceptions of human flourishing;
• Determine the development of scientific method and validity of science;
• Critic human flourishing vis-à-vis progress of science and technology to be able to
INTRODUCTION
define for themselves the meaning of a good life
Eudaimonia, literally "good spirited," is a term coined by renowned Greek philosopher Aristotle
(385-323 BC) to describe the pinnacle of happiness (happiness or welfare; "human flourishing or
prosperity" and "blessedness") that is attainable by humans. This has often been translated into
"human flourishing" in literature, arguably likening humans to flowers achieving their full bloom.

As discussed in the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristot/ human flourishing arises as a result of different
components such as phronesis, (a type of wisdom or intelligence. It is more specifically a type of
wisdom relevant to practical action, implying both good judgement and excellence of character
and habits, sometimes referred to as "practical virtue") friendship, wealth, and power. In the
Ancient of Greek society, they believe that acquiring these qualities will surely bring the seekers
happiness, which in effect allows them to partake in the greater notion of what we call the Good.

human flourishing of today proves to be different from what Aristotle originally perceived then -
humans of today are expected to become a "man of the world." He is supposed to situate himself
in a global neighborhood to be able to reach a common goal. Competition as a means of survival
has become passé (no longer fashionable; out of date.); coordination is the new trend.

• Interestingly, there exists a discrepancy betwe eastern and western conception regarding
sor and human flourishing.
• Western civilization tends to be more focused on the individual while from the east are more
community centric. This is not to discredit our kinsfolk from the east; perhaps in their view,
community has a highest regard that the individual should sacrifice himself for the sake of society.
• The Greek Aristotelian view, on the other hand, aims for Eudaimonia as the ultimate good; there
is no indication whatsoever that Aristotle entailed it instrumental achieve some other goals.

Topic 1: Sience, Technology, and Human

Flourishing
 • Every discovery, innovation, and success contribute to our pool of human knowledge.
Perhaps, one of the most prevalent themes is human’s perpetual need to locate himself in
the world by finding proofs to trace evolution. Having a particular role, which is uniquely
ours, elicits our idea of self-importance. The latter is relevant as a tool in achieving the
former or echoing Heidegger's statement, technology is a human activity that we excel in
as a result of achieving science.
• Suffice to say that the end goals of both science and technology and human flourishing

Topic 2: Science as Method and Result

• For the most part, science's reputation stems from the objectivity brought upon by an
arbitrary, rigid methodology whose very character absolves it from any accusation of
prejudice. Such infamy effectively raised science in a pedestal untouchable by the other
institutions -- its sole claim to reason and empiricism - garnering supporters who want to
defend it and its way.
• Even though the number of steps varies, its presents a general idea of how to do science •
Observe and determine if there are unexplained occurrences unfolding.
• Determine the problem and identify factors involved.
• Formulate hypothesis that could explain the said phenomenon. The goal is to reject the null
hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis for the study "to count as significant."

• Conduct experiment by setting up depen and independent variables and trying to se-ho
independent ones affect dependent ones.

• Gather and analyze results throughout and upon culmination of the experiment. Examine
the data gathered are significant enough to conclude results.

• Formulate conclusion and provide recommendation in case others would want to broaden
the study.

• The routine is basic methodology when introducing students to experimentation and

empiricism - two distinct features that give science edge over other schools of thought.
Throughout the course of history, however, there exist heavy objections on the scientific
producers; the line separating science and the so-called pseudoscience becomes more
muddled.
 Topic 3: Verification
Theory

Verification Theory is the earliest criterion that distinguishes philosophy and science. The idea
proposed that discipline is science if it can be confirmed or interpreted in the event of the alternative
hypothesis being accepted. In that regard, said theory gives premium to empiricism and only takes
into account those results which are measurable and experiments which are repeatable. For
example, the statement "It is raining" is meaningless unless there is a way whereby one could, in
principle, verify whether or not it is in fact raining. The theory has radical consequences for
traditional philosophy as it, if correct, would render most of past philosophical work meaningless.

VIENNA CIRCLE

• Logical positivists that proposed verification theory

• A movement in the early 20th century. A group of scholars who

believe only those which can be observed should be regarded as
meaningful and reject those which cannot directly accessed as
meaningless.

• Its shortcomings, however proved to be a somewhat too risky.

Several budding theories that lack empirical results might be shot down prematurely, causing
lower innovation and punishing ingenuity of newer, novel thoughts

• Einstein’s theory on the existence of gravitational waves would, following the thought, be
dismissed due to lack of evidence almost a years ago. Quantum mechanics would not have
prospered if the scientific society during the time of Edwin Schrodinger did not entertain his
outrageous thought that the cat in the box both dead and alive, which can only be determined
once you look in the box yourself.

• Aside form the above critique, this theory completely fails to weed out bogus arguments that
explain things coincidentally. A classic example is astrology whose followers are able to
employ the verification method in ascertaining its reliability

Topic 4: Falsification
Theory

Falsification Theory asserts that as long as an ideology is not proven to be false and can best
explain an phenomenon over an alternative theories, we should accept the said ideology. The shift to
this theory allowed emergence of the theories otherwise rejected be verification theory. It does not
promote ultimate adoption of one theory but instead encourages research in order to determine
which among the theories can stand the test of falsification.

KARL POPPER

He is the known proponent of this view. He known for his attempt to refute the classical
positivist account of the scientific method by replacing induction with the falsification principle.
Falsification principle is a way of demarcating science from non-science. It suggests that for a
theory to be considered scientific, it must be able to be tested and conceivably proven false.
According to Popper, scientific theory should make predictions that can be tested, and the theory
should be rejected if these predictions are shown not to be correct. He argued that science would
best progress using deductive reasoning as its primary emphasis, known as critical rationalism.

Science as a Social Endeavor

• Sciences cease to belong solely to gown-wearing, bespectacled scientist at laboratories. The new
view perpetuates a dimension which generally benefits the society.

• Far off places in South America where many of the tribes remain uncontacted, do not regard
western science as their science. Whatever their science is, it can be ascertained that it is no way
inferior to that globalized peoples science.

•Thus, it presents an alternative notion that goes beyond the boundaries of cold, hard facts of
science and instead projects it in a different light, such as a manifestation of shared experience
forging solidarity over communities.

Science and Results

• People who do not understand science are won over when the discipline is able to pertine
desiracles and garnered elowers, people are sold over the capacity of science to do stuff they cannot
fully comprehend.

• Some communities without access to science, can turn to divination and superstition and get the
same results.

• Science is not entirely too proot, such that it is correct 100% of the time. We imitatons, fheir scope
as well ibility their inability to predict disasters. The best that can be done during an upcoming
disaster is to reinforce materials to be more calamity proof and restore the area upon impact. It can
conclude that science does not monopolize the claim for definite results.
Science as Education

• There is no such thing as a singular scientific method, offering instead a variety of procedures that
scientists can experiment with to get results and call them science.

• If one is really in pursuit of human flourishing, it would make sense for them to pursue it
holistically. Simply mastering science and technology would be inadequate if we are to, say,
socialize with people or ruminate on our inner self.

• Aristotle's eudamonic person is required to be knowledgeable about science, among other things:
equal importance. They are supposed to possess intellectual virtues that will enable them to
determine truth from falsehood or good reasoning from poor reasoning.

• A true eudaimon recognizes that flourishing requires one to excel in various dimensions, such as
linguistic, kinetic, and socio civic. Thus, he understands that he should not focus on one aspect
alone.
How Much is Too Much?

• In 2000, world leaders signed the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) that targets eight
concerns, one of which states that they should be able to forge a global partnership for development.
• Growth presents an illusory notion of sustainability - the world's resources can only provide so
much, it cannot be expected to stretch out for everybody's consumption over a long period of time.

• The world is developing day by day, and human inventions in today's modern time, while it may
be of convenience to our kind, our own creations will damage the world in the long run.

• The population is growing bigger, and the resources needed to sustain such growth is getting
scarce. Instead of increasing these, it would be for the good of everyone if people let nature recover
its resources first.

• Joseph Hickel suggested that developed countries should not push forth more growth but instead
adopt "de-development."
 LESSON 5:
THE GOOD LIFE

TOPICS
• Aristotle and How we all Inspire for a Good Life
• Happiness as a Goal in Good Life

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
• Examine what is meant by a good life
The answer to the question ‘What is a good life?’ varies through time, and among different
• of philosophy
cultures, schools Identify how
and human attempts to attained what is deemed to be a good
individual.
life; and

• Recognize possibilities available to human being to attain the good life.

Topic 1: Aristotle and How we all Inspire for a Good

Life

How we all Aspire for a Good Life

Plato ARISTOTLE

Plato and Aristotle embarked on a different approach in figuring out reality.

 PLATO

• Things in this world are not real and only copies of the real world
of forms.

• Change is perplexing that it can only make sense if there are two
realities:

1. World of matter

2. World of forms

ARISTOTLE

• There is no reality over and above what the senses

can perceive.

• Claimed that this world is all there to it and this

world is the only reality we can all access.
• Declares that even human beings are potentialities
who aspire for their actuality.
Every action that emanates from a human person is a
function of purpose (telos) that a person has.

• Every human person aspires for an end. This is

end is happiness or human flourishing.

• Claims that happiness is the be all and end of

everything that we do.

• Human flourishing, a kind of contentment in

knowing that one is getting the best out of life.
 Topic 2: Happiness as the Goal of a Good Life
MATERIALISM

• The first materialists were the atomists in Ancient Greece.

• Democritus and Leucippus belief is that the world is made up

of and is controlled by tiny indivisible units in the world call
atomos or seeds.

• For Democritus and his disciples, the world including human

beings is made up of matter.

• Only material entities matter. In terms of human flourishing,

matter is what makes us attain happiness.

HEDONISM

• The hedonists, for their part, see the end of life

by acquiring pleasure.
• Life is about obtaining and indulging in
pleasure because life is limited.

• The mantra of this school of thought is the

famous “Eat, drink, and be merry for
tomorrow we die”
STOICISM

• The idea that to generate happiness, one must

learn to distance oneself and be apathetic

• For stoics, happiness can only be attained by a

careful practice of apathy.

THEISM

• The ultimate basis of happiness for theists is the

communion with God.

• The world where we are in is only just a temporary

reality where we have to maneuver around while
waiting for the ultimate return to the hands of God.

THEISM

• The freedom of man to carve his own destiny and to legislate his own
laws, free from the shackles of a God that monitors and controls.

• Humanists see themselves not merely as stewards of the creation but

as individuals who are in control of themselves and the world outside
them.
 LESSON 6:
Biome and the Health of Society

TOPICS
• Introduction of Biome
• Biome
• Methods
• Health
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

Introduction

Our current use of the term biome traces back to Schimper (1903). Although Schimper did not use
the word biome, his concept that plant growth forms are distributed across the globe in accordance
with the availability of light, water, nutrients and heat underpins current use of the term.
Schimper’s premise that climate and soils shape vegetation at global scales has prevailed as a
system for understanding and comparing ecosystem dynamics (Mucina, 2019) and evolutionary
processes (Crisp et al., 2009; Donoghue & Edwards, 2014) in different parts of the world. There
is, however, no universal truth when it comes to biomes. Biomes are simplifications of reality that
can serve in the process of testing hypotheses and thereby revealing ecological truths (Higgins et
al., 2016). The implication is that the ecological and evolutionary questions that a study aims to
answer will define what kind of biome concept is needed. For example, when biomes are defined
as vegetation units with contrasting phenological response to climate parameters, they can serve as
useful constructs for monitoring changes in terrestrial ecosystems using satellite remote sensing
(Higgins et al., 2016). Other biome concepts may be appropriate for organising our knowledge on
how ecosystems function. For example, global syntheses of ecosystem productivity, plant function
or biodiversity patterns are organised by biomes that are defined by the dominant plant growth
form (e.g. evergreen needle leaf forest, deciduous broadleaf forest) (Churkina & Running,
1998) or by a combination of vegetation physiognomy and climate descriptors (e.g. tropical rain
forest, temperate grassland) (Whittaker, 1975; Reich et al., 1997; Schultz, 2005; Echeverría-
Londoño et al., 2018). Alternatively, if a study aims at comparing or projecting ecosystem
responses to external drivers, a functional definition of biomes may be more appropriate. For
example, if effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations are assessed, the photosynthetic
pathways of the dominant plant growth forms may be considered as a criterion for defining biomes
(Higgins & Scheiter, 2012). The various demands on biome maps necessitate a flexible,
transparent and repeatable method for constructing fit-for-purpose biome maps.

Biome is a large geographic area characterized by specific climate conditions, plant communities,
and animal species. Examples include forests, deserts, and tundras. Each biome supports distinct
ecosystems. Biomes are constructs for organizing knowledge on the structure and functioning of the
world’s ecosystems and serve as useful units for monitoring how the biosphere responds to
anthropogenic drivers, including climate change. The current practice of delimiting biomes relies on
expert knowledge. Recent studies have questioned the value of such biome maps for comparative
ecology and global-change research, partly due to their subjective origin. Here we propose a
flexible method for developing biome maps objectively. The method uses range modelling of
several thousands of plant species to reveal spatial attractors for different growth-form assemblages
that define biomes. The workflow is illustrated using distribution data from 23 500 African plant
species. In an example application, we create a biome map for Africa and use the fitted species
models to project biome shifts. In a second example, we map gradients of growth-form suitability
that can be used to identify sites for comparative ecology.

Existing biome maps are constructed in different ways (for a recent review see Mucina, 2019).
The frequently used WWF biome map (Olson et al., 2001) for example uses expert knowledge and
regional vegetation maps (in turn created by experts) to construct a global biome map. Such expert-
based maps are influenced by the mappers’ conception of what, for example, a Mediterranean
shrubland, boreal forest or savanna is. Therefore, expert-based maps are not repeatable because
different experts may group and delimit vegetation units differently. Moreover, climatic thresholds
are often used to delineate biome boundaries. In such cases, the analysis and prediction of biome
distributions in response to climate are confounded (Moncrieff et al., 2016). A solution may be to
use satellite-based biome maps, which are more objective in this regard. The MODIS land cover
type map (Friedl et al., 2010), for example, classifies pixels with different remotely sensed
reflectance patterns using a supervised classification algorithm. The algorithm is trained with pixels
assigned to biomes by experts. The MODIS map, although trained by expert knowledge, is
repeatable if one agrees with the a priori biomes assigned to pixels for training of the algorithm.

This method provides a flexible framework that allows:

1. a range of biome types to be defined according to user needs.

2. enables projections of biome changes that emerge purely from the individualistic responses of
plant species to environmental changes.
Health

Is a word which has been used to express a certain thought or concept, such as "a state or condition
of well-being." It is used to represent an idea that could be effective to solve problems. But, like
many words, it fails to provide sufficient specificity and accuracy, because the meaning of health is
dependent in large measure on the different purposes and Circumstances which govern its use in a
variety of contexts. For many, health is an instrumental value, that is, an essential means to the
attainment of many ends. Although a state of health has long been a concern of many individuals
and groups, certain inherent difficulties and problems arise in the utilization of the word health. The
versatility of the term often leads to confusion. Much of this confusion results from the varying
interpretations which have been applied to the basic concept. According to the World Health
Organization (WHO), health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Public health includes health protection, disease
prevention and health promotion. Simply put, public health is the prevention of disease, injury,
disability and life expectancy, provided that a healthy lifestyle is maintained in a healthy
environment and living conditions for present and future generations. When we talk about public
health, it is primarily about preventing disease, increasing life expectancy and promoting health
through the organized efforts of society. So public health is a collective responsibility. Public health
is about health first and only then about treatment. Controlling the condition of your body is much
cheaper and more useful than treating it. So, the focus of our attention is a person as such and a
person as a member of society. It should be clearly understood that accessibility and quality are
strategic goals and key concepts in the organization of medical care for the population, regardless of
its economic and social status, place of residence, gender and age. The country’s health care system
faces a key challenge-to provide the most efficient medical care for the population with the existing
resources and to achieve the highest possible level of medical care and medical services.
 LESSON 7:
BIODIVERSITY AND THE HEALTH OF
SOCIETY

TOPICS
• What is Biodiversity
• Biodiversity and Ecosystem
• Threats to biodiversity
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
• Determine the interrelatedness of society, environment, and health.
• Create a diagram that would show the relatedness of species of forming up
a diverse and health society without compromising one another; and
• Identify everyday task and evaluate whether they contribute to the wellness
and health of biodiversity and society or not.

Topic 1: What is Biodiversity

The term Biodiversity refers to every living thing – plant, animal, bacteria, human - those lives in a
region or area. Importance of Aquatic Biodiversity

Biodiversity and health

Biodiversity provides many goods and services essential to life on earth. The management of
natural resources can determine the baseline health status of the community.

Biodiversity supports human and societal needs, including food and nutrition security, energy,
development of medicines and pharmaceuticals and freshwater, which together underpin good
health. It also supports economic opportunities, and leisure activities that contribute to overall
wellbeing.

Human health and well-being are influenced by the health of local plant and animal communities,
and the integrity of the local ecosystems that they form.
Biodiversity Loss

A decrease in biodiversity within a species, an ecosystem, a given geographic area, or Earth as a

whole. The loss of biodiversity happens both as a natural and man-made process.

Natural Biodiversity Loss

An area’s biodiversity increases and decreases with natural cycles. Seasonal changes, such as the
onset of spring, create opportunities for feeding and breeding, increasing biodiversity as the
populations of many species rise.

Consequences of Biodiversity Loss

Even with the improvement of technology and science at present, we still have a lot to learn about
biodiversity, more so about the consequences of biodiversity loss. However, the basic concept
about biodiversity loss was from Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace.

Intact ecosystems function best since the organisms composing them are specialized to function in
that ecosystem to capture, transfer, utilize and, ultimately, lose both energy and nutrients. The
species making up an ecosystem determine its productivity, affect nutrient cycles and soil contents,
and influence environmental conditions such as water cycles, weather patterns, climate, and other
nonbiotie aspects. The loss of biodiversity has many consequences that we understand, and many
that we do not. It is apparent that humankind is willing to sustain a great deal of biodiversity loss if
there are concomitant benefits to society; we hope they are net benefits. In many cases, the
benefits seem to accrue to a few individuals only, with net societal loss. However, it is extremely
difficult to estimate the future costs of losses in biodiversity or of environmental damage
(Rainforest Conservation Fund, 2017).

Topic 2: Biodiversity and Ecosystem

Biodiversity is defined as the vast variety of life forms in the entire Earth. It encompasses
all kinds of life forms, from the single-celled organisms to the largest multi-celled organisms. Its
definition is in the structural and functional perspective and not as individual species,

Another definition of biodiversity is "the variability among living organisms from all
sources, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatie ecosystems and the ecological complexes
of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems.
Biodiversity is the source of the essential goods and ecological services that constitute the source
of life for all and it has direct consumptive value in food, agriculture, medicine, and in industry."
(Villaggio Globale, 2009)

Understanding biodiversity within the concept of ecosystem needs a thorough study on

the relationship of the biotic, the living organisms and the abiotic, nonliving organisms. An
interdisciplinary approach is needed to study the ecosystem. Biodiversity plays a major role in
these natural dynamics. For example, a large number of golden snails in a certain area of a rice
field can help predict a low production of rice harvest, since eggs of the golden snails are
considered pest for rice plant. On a positive view, the larger number of different species in a
certain area can be a predictor of sustainable life in that area. Sustainability of the ecosystem
ensures a better survival rate against any natural disaster. Therefore, we, as human inhabitants of
the ecosystem, must preserve and conserve the biodiversity of all creatures.

Topic 3: Threats to Biodiversity

There are major threats to biodiversity that were identified by the United Nations'
Environment Programmed (WHO, n.d.). These are the following:

1. Habitat loss and destruction. Major contributing factor is the inhabitation of human beings
and the use of land for economic gains.rate against.

2. Alterations in ecosystem composition. Alterations and sudden changes, either within species
groups or within the environment, could begin to change entire ecosystems. Alterations in
ecosystems are a critical factor contributing to species and habitat loss.

3. Over-exploitation Over-hunting, overfishing, or over-collecting of species can quickly lead

to its decline. Changing consumption patterns of humans is often cited as the key reason for this
unsustainable exploitation of natural resources.

4. Pollution and contamination. Biological systems respond slowly to changes in their

surrounding environment. Pollution and contamination cause irreversible damage to species and
varieties.

5. Global climate change. Both climate variability and climate change cause biodiversity loss.
Species and populations may be lost permanently if they are not provided with enough time to
adapt to changing climatic conditions.
 LESSON 8:
GENETIC ENGINEERING AND
BIOTECHNOLOGY
TOPICS
• Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
• Recombinant DNA: Using E. coli for the production of human insulin
• GMO’s
• Potential benefits and disadvantages of GMO’s
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
• Know the basics about Biotechnology
• Discuss the Benefits and Risk of GMO products
• Ethical issues of Biotechnology

Nearly all the fruits and vegetables found in your local market would not occur naturally. In fact,
they exist only because of human intervention that began thousands of years ago. Humans created
the vast majority of crop species by using traditional breeding practices on naturally occurring,
wild plants. These practices rely upon selective breeding (human assisted breeding of individuals
with desirable traits). Traditional breeding practices, although low-tech and simple to perform,
have the practical outcome of modifying an organism’s genetic information, thus producing new
traits.

The development of a new strain of crop is an example of biotechnology: a range of tools that
include both traditional breeding techniques and more modern lab-based methods. Traditional
methods date back thousands of years, whereas biotechnology uses the tools of genetic
engineering developed over the last few decades. Genetic engineering is the name for the methods
that scientists use to introduce new traits to an organism. This process results in genetically
modified organisms, or GMO.

Topic 1: Biotechnology and genetic

engineering

• Biotechnology: The modern forms of industrial

production that use living organisms, especially
microorganisms.
 • Some biotechnology processes involve naturally occurring organisms, but others involve
organisms that have been produced by genetic engineering.
• Genetic engineering is a group of techniques, which allow genes to be transferred between
species (genetic modification). This is possible because the genetic code is
• Recombinant DNA technology is the set of laboratory techniques that combines genes
from different sources into a single DNA moleculemake or modify products or processes
for specific use.”

Manipulating DNA

Gene Transfer

• Plasmid: A small extra circle of DNA used to exchange genes.

• Restriction enzymes: Endonucleases, are enzymes that cut DNA molecules at specific base
sequences. Some restriction enzymes can cut the two strands of DNA at different points, leaving
single-stranded sections called "sticky ends". Sticky ends can be used to link together pieces of
DNA by hydrogen bonding between the bases.

• DNA ligase: Enzyme that joins DNA molecules together firmly by making sugar-phosphate
bonds between nucleotides.
 Gene Transfer

• A copy of the gene being transferred is needed, and can be obtained from messenger RNA
transcripts using reverse transcriptase that can make DNA copies of RNA molecules (cDNA)

Examples of genetic modification

• "Golden rice": The introduction of 3 genes, two from daffodil plants and one from a bacterium,
so that B-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, is produced in the rice grains. The development of
golden rice was intended as a solution to the problem of vitamin A deficiency. • The economic
benefits of genetic modification to biotechnology companies is considerable, but there is also the
possibility of harmful changes to local economies and inequalities in wealth may become greater.

Topic: Recombinant DNA

Recombinant DNA: Using E. coli

to produce human insulin

Cloning recombinant DNA

Libraries of cloned genes

• By cloning recombinant DNA, as in the example of E. coli bacteria, the procedure produces
many different clones, each containing a different portion of the source DNA.

• The procedure captures a large number of additional genes because the restriction enzyme makes
cuts all over the source DNA.
• The result is that many genes are cloned in addition to the target gene. The complete collection of
cloned DNA fragments from an organism is called a genomic library.

• A typical plasmid contains a DNA fragment

big enoug to carry only one or a few genes.
Together, the differem recombinant plasmids
in a genomic library contain the entire
 genome of the organism from which the DNA was derived.

Once a genomic library is created for an organism, how does a biologist find a specific gene in that
library? • One method requires knowing at least part of the gene's nucleotide sequence. • For
example, suppose that the gene for protein V contains the base sequence TAGGCT. Knowing this,
a biologist can use nucleotides labeled with a radioactive isotope to build a complementary single
strand of DNA with the sequence ATCCGA. • This complementary, radioactively labeled nucleic
acid molecule is called a nucleic acid probe. Video: A green light for biology

Mini research

• Prepare a short presentation (5 minutes) about a useful product using genetically modified
microorganisms.

• Examples: Escherichia coli that produces human insulin.

• Work in pairs

• Important issues to address name and source of the organism, name and source of the gene,
technique used for the mass production of the product.

Topic 3: GMO’s

GMO's

• Genetic engineering is replacing traditional methods of plant breeding in many situations. It is

used most often when a plant's useful traits are determined by one or only a few genes.

• A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism that has acquired one or more genes by
artificial means.

• Biologists often use a plasmid from the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens to introduce
new genes into plant cells.
Figure 13-11To genetically modify a plant, researchers insert a plasmid containing the desired
gene into a plant cell. There, the gene is incorporated into the plant cell's DNA. The engineered
plant cell then grows into a genetically modified plant.

GM animals

• Genetically modifying animals is more difficult than producing GM plants.

• It usually takes many attempts before an egg incorporates the DNA. If the embryo develops
successfully, the result is a GM animal. The offspring contains a gene or genes from a third
"parent" that may even be of another species.
 •http://learn.genetics.utah.edu

Topic 4: Potential benefits and disadvantages of GMOs

Potential benefits and disadvantages of GMOs

• Class discussion:

• In groups find arguments in favor of and against the relative importance of various factors
concerning the modification of genes

• The advantages and disadvantages of GMOs is a controversial topic with wide political,
environmental, health and social effects.
Benefits of GMOs

• Increased yields particularly in regions of food shortage.

• Yields of crops with specific dietary requirement such as vitamins and minerals.
• Crops that do not spoil so easily during storage.

• GM animals produce similar effect including hidher meat yields.

Disadvantages

• The foods (animal and plant) are considered un-natural and unsafe for human consumption.

• There is a risk of the escape of 'genes' into the environment where they may be passed to other
organisms with unknown effects.

• Disruption of local economies

The risks of cloning

• 1. High failure rate

• Cloning animals through somatic cell nuclear transfer is simply inefficient. The success rate
ranges from 0.1 percent to 3 percent, which means that for every 1000 tries, only one to 30 clones
are made

. • Why is this?
• The enucleated egg and the transferred nucleus may not be compatible
• An egg with a newly transferred nucleus may not begin to divide or develop properly

• Implantation of the embryo into the surrogate mother might fail the pregnancy itself might fail

2. Problems during later development

• Cloned animals that survive tend to be much bigger at birth than their natural counterparts.
Scientists call this "Large Offspring Syndrome" (LOS). Clones with LOS have abnormally large
organs. This can lead to breathing, blood flow and other problems = Dolly

• Because LOS doesn't always occur, scientists cannot reliably predict whether it will happen in
any given clone. Also, some clones without LOS have developed kidney or brain malformations
and impaired immune systems, which can cause problems later in life.
3. Abnormal gene expression patterns

• Are the surviving clones really clones? The clones look like the originals, and their DNA
sequences are identical. But will the clone express the right genes at the right time?

• One challenge is to re-program the transferred nucleus to behave as though it belongs in a very
early embryonic cell.

• In a naturally created embryo, the DNA is programmed to express a certain set of genes. Later
on, as the embryonic cells begin to differentiate, the program changes. For every type of
differentiated cell - skin, blood, bone or nerve, for example - this program is different. In cloning,
the transferred nucleus doesn't have the same program as a natural embryo. It is up to the scientist
to reprogram the nucleus, like teaching an old dog new tricks. Complete reprogramming is needed
for normal or near-normal development. Incomplete programming will cause the embryo to
develop abnormally or fail.

4. Telomeric differences
• As cells divide, their chromosomes get shorter. This is because the DNA sequences at both ends
of a chromosome, called telomeres, shrink in length every time the DNA is copied. The older the
animal is, the shorter its telomeres will be, because the cells have divided many, many times. This
is a natural part of aging.

• So, what happens to the clone if its transferred nucleus is already pretty old? Will the shortened
telomeres affect its development or lifespan?

• When scientists looked at the telomere lengths of cloned animals, they found no clear answers.
Chromosomes from cloned cattle or mice had longer telomeres than normal. These cells showed
other signs of youth and seemed to have an extended lifespan compared with cells from a naturally
conceived cow. On the other hand, Dolly the sheep's chromosomes had shorter telomere lengths
than normal. This means that Dolly's cells were aging faster than the cells from a normal sheep. To
date, scientists aren't sure why cloned animals show differences in telomere length.

Therapeutic cloning in humans Done

• HOMEWORK

• The discussion is about the creation of an embryo to supply stem cells for medical use.

• Research what is meant by therapeutic cloning.

• Decide what the ethical issues are in therapeutic cloning.

• What is an embryo?
• Where would they be obtained from? Alternatives?
• Try to make yourself aware
PCR

• Polymerase Chain Reaction

• PCR is the cloning of DNA (amplification).

• Copies are made, and the amount of DNA can be rapidly increased. Useful if the source of DNA
is small. • Temperature is used instead of enzymes like helicases (95°C

• DNA polymerase is thermostable to protect it against the reaction temperatures.

• This is an automated process and can produce sufficient DNA in 20 cycles

• http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/pcr/

DNA profiling and forensics

• PCR and gel electrophoresis are techniques commonly used for finding the identity of a person,
determining the source of a sample of DNA, determining paternity, forensic investigations, animal
breeding, disease detection.

• Satellite (Tandem repeating) DNA are highly repetitive sequences of DNA from the non coding
region of DNA

. • Different individuals have a unique length to their satellite regions.

• These can be used to differentiate between one individual and another.

• There are different types of 'DNA fingerprinting' for different circumstances

Animal Cloning
• In cloning an entire animal, the nucleus from a single cell of that adult animal replaces the
nucleus of an unfertilized egg cell from another animal of the same species.

• In livestock, an egg can be fertilized in vitro and allowed to develop into a multicellular embryo.
Cells can be separated while they still are pluripotent (capable of developing into all types of
tissue) and transplanted into surrogate mothers.

• Somatic cell nuclear transfer video

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

• It's a technique that can be used to amplify small quantities of DNA. This is especially useful
when samples are limited as are fossil samples or small samples used for forensic investigations.

• 1. The first stage involves denaturing the DNA sample using heat (separating the two strands)

• 2. The second stage involves annealing with a primer that matches a particular target within the
DNA.

• The final stage involves the extension of the primer using a DNA polymerase from bacteria such
as Thermophilus aquaticus.
 LESSON 9:
HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY

TOPICS
• History and impact of Technology
• History of Technology
• Computers
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

Topic 1: History and impact of Technology

WHAT IS TECINOLOGY?

In ancient times, technology was defined by Homer and Hesiod as the spoken word of manual
craft or cunning skill (Luna, 1994). By 330 BC, Aristotle coined the Greek term technologia and
split scientific knowledge into three parts: theoretical science, practical science, and productive
science (technology).

Technology is systematic, purposeful manipulation of the material world. It is a process: power is

applied through a tool or machine to a certain material by employing a certain technique. The term
technology, meaning the study of technics. The purposeful application of information in the
design, production, and utilization of goods and services, and in the organization of human
activities
HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY

Era

Pre-History Paleolithic Age Stone Age

* Fire, stone tools and weapons, Clothing

Stone Age

*Cultures developed music outrigger canoe technology

The later Stone (Neolithic period)

*Agricultural technology and polished stone tools were made from a variety of hard rocks such as
flint, jade, jadeite and greenstone

lnventor Invention

Chinese Greek

• seismological detectors, matches, paper, cast iron, the iron plough, the multi-tube seed drill,
the suspension bridge, the parachute natural gas as fuel, the magnetic compass, the raised-
relief map, the propeller, the crossbow, the South Pointing Chariot, and gunpowder.
• Watermill wind power
• earliest steam engine (the aeolipile)

Inventor Invention

Greek Engineers
• automaton such as vending machines, suspended ink pots, automatic washstands and doors,
primarily as toys, which however featured many new useful mechanisms such as the cam
and gimbals. • items were spiral staircases, the chain drive, sliding calipers and showers.

Inventor Invention

Roman

• Road Buildings
 • Different machines like the Gallic reaper
• book (Codex),
• glass blowing

Date Invention

1901 - Hubert Booth invents a compact and modern vacuum cleaner.

1902- The lie detector or polygraph machine is invented by James Mackenzie.

1903- The Wright brothers invent the first gas motored and manned airplane

1907- The very first piloted helicopter was invented by Paul Cornu

1923- The television or iconoscope (cathode-ray tube) invented by Vladimir Kosma Zworykin.

1925- The mechanical television a precursor to the modern television, invented by John Logie
Baird.

Computers

• Health Technology
• Automobile

• Telephone

• Airplane
• Air Conditioning and Petrochemical

• Water supply and Refrigeration Technologies Distribution

• Highways
• Laser and Fiber Optics

• Electronics

• Spacecraft

• Radio and Television

 LESSON 10:
INTRODUCTION TO IoT AND DIGITAL
TRANSFORMATION
TOPICS
• Digital Transformation
• Internet of Things

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

• Learn how the current digital transformation is creating unprecedented

economic opportunity
• Understand how the IoT is bridging the gap between the operational and
information technology system
• Discover how standard business processes are being transformed
• The security concerns that must be considered when implementing Iot
solutions.

QUESTIONS:

• How many of you are IT team, staff or leadership?

• How many of you are business? (Marketing, Operations, Sales, Finance, etc.)
• How many of you can define or think you can define digital transformation?
• How many of you have led a digital transformation initiative?
• How many of you are in the midst of a digital transformation initiative?

DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

The term 'digital transformation' has been used to describe anything from creating a
fully responsive mobile website to developing a social media strategy, but in reality true
transformation needs to involve much more than just the end product.

Terms
• Business Innovation

• Digital Experience

• Digital Strategy

• Digital Disruption

• Disruptive Innovation

• Disruptive Technologies

Business Innovation

• Business innovation is an organization's process for introducing new ideas, workflows,

methodologies, services or products.

• Business innovation should enable the achievement of goals across the entire organization,
with sights set on accomplishing core business aims and initiatives.
• Innovation often begins with idea generation, wherein ideas are narrowed down during
brainstorming sessions after which leaders consider the business viability, feasibility and
desirability of each idea.

Digital Experience

• A digital experience is the way in which a user interacts with content on the web and how a user
can achieve a goal on the web.

• Digital experience not only means reading and consuming content but interacting with web
content.
• A good digital experience is when a user feels connected to the content and tools that they use on
the web. Also, nowadays digital experiences are spread across a multitude of devices and
platforms.

Digital Strategy

• A digital strategy is a form of strategic management and a business answer or response to a

digital question, often best addressed as part of an overall business strategy.

• A digital strategy is often characterized by the application of new technologies to existing

business activity and/or a focus on the enablement of new digital capabilities to their business
• Formulation often includes the process of specifying an organization's vision, goals,
opportunities and related activities in order to maximize the business benefits of digital initiatives
to an organization.
Digital Disruption

• Digital disruption is the change that occurs when new digital technologies and business models
affect the value proposition of existing goods and services.

• The rapid increase in the use of mobile devices for personal use and work, has increased the
potential for digital disruption across many industries.

• A powerful example is the way Amazon, Netflix and Hulu Plus have disrupted the media and
entertainment industries by changing how content is accessed by customers and monetized by
advertisers.

• It is often confused with the term disruptive technology.

Disruptive Innovation

• A disruptive innovation is an innovation that creates a new market and value network and
eventually disrupts an existing market and value network, displacing established market leading
firms, products and alliances.
• example, the twist sure deceive, he late the century Wie not For disruptive innovation, because
early automobiles were expensive luxury items that did not disrupt the market for horse-drawn
vehicles.

• The market for transportation essentially remained intact until the debut of the lower-priced Ford
Model T in 1908. The mass-produced automobile was a disruptive innovation, because it changed
the transportation market, whereas the first thirty years of automobiles did not.

Disruptive Technologies
• Term coined by Harvard Business School professor Clayton M. Christensen to describe a new
technology that displaces an established technology

• A disruptive technology is one that displaces an established technology and shakes up the
industry or a ground-breaking product that creates a completely new industry.

• Here are a few examples of disruptive technologies:

• The personal computer (PC) displaced the typewriter and forever changed the way we work and
communicate.

• The Windows operating system's combination of affordability and a user-friendly interface was
instrumental in the rapid development of the personal computing industry in the 1990s. Personal
computing disrupted the television industry, as well as a great number of other activities.

• Email transformed the way we communicate, large displacing letter-writing and disrupting the
postal and greeting card industries.

Digital Transformation is the profound and accelerating transformation of business activities,

processes, competencies and models to fully leverage the changes and opportunities of digital
technologies and their impact across society in a strategic and prioritized way.

Digital Transformation

• Cap Gemini Consulting was one of the first to come up with the concept of digital transformation
and a digital transformation framework.

• They did so in collaboration with the 'MIT Center for Digital Business' during a three-year study
which defined an effective digital transformation program as one that looked at the what and the
how.

Five Domains of Digital Transformation

• Customers
• Competition

• Data
• Innovation

• Value Across these five domains, digital technologies are redefining many of the underlying
principles of strategy and changing the rules by which companies must operate in order to succeed.
Many old constraints have been lifted, and new possibilities are now available.

Digital Transformation

Four digital transformation realities to emphasize: • Business/IT relationship is key (closing the
gap between both, focusing on the same goals and NOT overlooking the role of IT). • There is a
common DNA among digital leaders and the path to digital transformation shows common traits
(even if context matters). • As said, each industry is impacted, including your industry. Customers,
employees, partners, nor competitors or new, disruptive players, will wait for business to catch up,
regardless of industry. • Digital transformation is led from the top (or at least requires firm buy-in
from the top - and all stakeholders).

Myths vs. Facts

Myth Reality Digital is primarily about the customer experience Huge opportunities exist also in
efficiency, productivity and employee leverage Digital primarily matters only to technology or
B2C companies Opportunities exist in ALL industries, NO exceptions Let a thousand flowers
bloom; bottom up activity is the right way to change Digital transformation must be led from the
top If we do enough digital initiatives we will get there Transformation management intensity is
more important for driving overall performance Digital transformation will happen despite our IT
Business / IT relationships are key, and in many companies they must be improved Digital
transformation approaches are different

for every industry and company Digital leaders exhibit a common DNA In our industry, we can
wait and see how digital develops There are digital leaders outperforming their peers in every
industry today.
Questions

• Have many of you think you can define or understand IT?

• How many of you work in an organization gathering data from multiple sensors?

• How many of you work in an environment using HDInsight, HADOOP or other big data
products?

• How many of you work in an environment where you are doing advanced predictive analytics?

• How many of you are working in an environment where you are doing an IOT project or Proof of
Concept?

What is this thing called Internet of Things (IOT)

We gather up your data, then we shake it all about, we do the hokey pokey and we turn ourselves
around
Myths and Realities

Myth Reality IOT is only machine to machine centered communication that can de not only
between machines. but from a variety of other hosts and systems IOT is only about "things" The
real magic is in the data, and how data is ana gazed and used IOT is just about sensors or big data
Main chance and management or lot devices and other devices that communicate with them is also
internet of things. 101 Standards is nonexistent There are many standards that control and restrict
the development or on applications. Internet of Things security concern will always remain the
development of new loT standards like communication protocol ls are actively addressing these
issues. loT Devices will be part of one family. Most of the devices will be standalone or will have
accompanying cloud-based services from the same vendor. Wireless connectivity is a must for lot
devices Not necessarily all lol devices should be wireless they can also be linked through Ethernet
or USB connections. 10 development is easier. Getting your device do and tunning is just up on the
iceberg that can be achieved with any loT development kit in few hours. However, the real
challenge is to get your device connect with other devices, monetize its operation and all or this
while maintaining security and reliability.

Sensors

• Digital Nervous System

• Eyes & Ears Connectivity

• Inputs are digitized

• Put onto networks People & Processes

• Inputs combined into bi-directional systems

• Integrate data, people, processes & systems

• Better decision making

Analytics

• Descriptive Analytics
• Diagnostic Analytics

• Prescriptive Analytics

• Predictive Analytics Reporting

• Ad Hoc Reporting

• Power BI

• Dashboards

Top Ten Technologies (Gartner)

• IOT Security

• IOT Analytics
• IOT Device (Thing) management

• Low-Power, Short Range IOT Networks

• Low-Power, Wide-Area Networks

• IOT Processors

• IOT Operating Systems

• Event Stream Processing

• IOT Platforms

• IOT Standards and Ecosystems

Gartner Hype Cycle Emerging Technologies 2016

• Gartner added 16 new technologies to the Hype Cycle this year, including blockchain, machine
learning, general purpose machine intelligence, smart workspace for the first time.

• Smart machine technologies will be the most disruptive class of innovations over the next 10
years due to their computational power, scalability in analyzing large-scale data sets, and rapid
advances in neural networks.

• Gartner clients are seeing machine learning deliver benefits, scale across their enterprises, and
create high expectations of future value which contribute to its position on the Hype Cycle this
year.
IOT Business Value

The Internet of Things is quickly becoming one of the most-hyped technologies in IT circles - the
big data term of the moment. But as the concept of the loT becomes more familiar, how businesses
can derive value from it is a question that needs to be answered. And increasingly, analytics is seen
as the key to making investments in loT technology worthwhile.

IOT Business Value

Much of the talk about the Internet of Things (loT) focuses on the "things" themselves - wearables,
sensors, iBeacons, and other network-connected machines. However, the greatest value for
organizations comes from combining the data generated by these devices with other customer or
operational data to uncover insights and establish predictive models. This is the incredible promise
of loT, but without the ability to link data from the smart, networked "things" with other business
data, its value is limited.

Maturity Model IoT Maturity Model (IoTMM)

Advanced management Reliable anility of Tentative connected devices communicated Ovnamic

•Smart decision Howl age and Optimized

•Converged tech

• Unified intelligent Primitive

• Siloed sensors applications

 LESSON 11:
INTRODUCTION TO CYBERSECURITY

TOPICS
• The World of Cybersecurity
• Personal, Organizational and Government Data
• McComber Cube
• Cyber Attackers
• Cyber Warfare

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
• Stay up to date with the latest cyber security news and trends and make sure you
are implementing adequate cyber security measures in your organization using
suitable hardware and software.
• Avoid the risks of phishing attacks by adhering to ethical security behavior
• Understanding cloud computing and how it can help your business is vital for the
success of your venture.
• Understand the legal requirements, privacy policies, and auditing process of your
cloud environment.
Learn about cyber

Topic 1: The World of Cybersecurity

What is Cybersecurity?

• The term cyber security is used to refer to the security offered through on-line services to
protect your online information. • With an increasing amount of people getting connected
to Internet, the security threats that cause massive harm are increasing also.
Meaning of the Word CYBER it is a combining form relating to information technology, the
Internet, and virtual reality.

Major security problems • Virus • Hacker • Malware • Trojan horses • Password cracking
Solution Install a security suite that protects the computer against threats such as viruses and
worms.

Hackers

In common a hacker is a person who breaks into computers, usually by gaining access to
administrative controls.

Types of Hackers

White Hat Hacker • Grey Hat Hacker • Black Hat Hacker

How To prevent hacking

• It may be impossible to prevent computer hacking, however effective security controls including
strong passwords, and the use of firewalls can helps.
Malware

The word "malware" comes from the term "MALicious softWARE." Malware is any software that
infects and damages a computer system without the owner's knowledge or permission.

To Stop Malware Download an anti-malware program that also helps prevent infections. Activate
Network Threat Protection, Firewall, Antivirus.

Trojan Horses W Trojan horses are email viruses that can duplicate themselves, steal
information, or harm the computer system. These viruses are the most serious threats to computers
How to Avoid Trojans Security suites, such as Avast Internet Security, will prevent you from
downloading Trojan Horses.

Password Cracking

Password attacks are attacks by hackers that are able to determine passwords or find passwords to
different protected electronic areas and social network sites.

Securing Password
• Use always Strong password.

• Never use same password for two different sites.

 LESSON 12:
IC3 DIGITAL LITERACY GLOBAL STANDARD 6
(LEVEL 2)

TOPICS
• Digital Library Resources
• The Seven Principles of Universal Hardware Design are the following:

• The Trust Project's Trust Indicators' standards

•
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

IC3 Digital Literacy Global Standard 6 (GS6) is the latest version of the IC3 Digital
Literacy program. This program has been restructured to address current computing concepts,
including cloud and mobile technologies; to align closely with educational requirements and
ensure learners of all ages can validate their understanding of Digital Literacy. IC3 Digital
Literacy allows candidates to demonstrate their ability to select and use the appropriate research,
productivity, collaboration, and communications tools, to find reliable information, create content,
communicate safely, and identify credibility and bias in modern digital environments.

Digital Library Resources

Content Creation
 • Create, Modify and manage print and online material and tools.
• Limited knowledge of programming or multimedia skills.
• We are the users, consumers, and producers.

Cloud computing

computing refers to storing and accessing data over the internet rather than on the local
computing device.

Advantages to cloud computing:

Cost saving, backup and restore, reliability, mobility, unlimited storage capacity, collaboration,
rapid deployment

Disadvantages to cloud computing:

Security, internet connectivity, lower bandwidth, lack of desktop support.

What browser settings can be changed to meet individual needs and preferences?

Adding browser extensions and disabling cookies. Basic extensions are usually free and
easy to install and remove.
Automaton

the use of software to create repeatable instructions and processes to replace your dish human
reaction (for example, using kiosk to take customer orders in order to reduce the number of
employees needed at a fast-food restaurant).

The Seven Principles of Universal Hardware Design are the following:

1 Equitable use: the design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities.
2. Flexible and use: The design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and
abilities.

3. Simple and intuitive use: You said the design is easy to understand, regardless of the user's
experience, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level.
4. Perceptible information: The design communicates necessary information effectively to the
user regardless of ambient conditions or the user sensory abilities.
5. Tolerance for error: The design minimizes hazards in the adverse consequences of accidental
or unintended actions.
6. Low physical effort: The design can be used efficiently and comfortable lately and with a
minimum of fatigue.
7. Size and space for approach and use: Appropriate size and space is provide for approach,
Rach, manipulation, and use, regardless of users body size, Pastor, for Mobility.

differences between inkjet and Laser Printers

An inkjet printer uses ink, is suitable for low-volume printing, and is the traditional choice of
home users. A laser printer uses, is ideal for high-volume printing, and is mostly utilized in office
settings.

How to confirm that you have a successful connection

For network printer, ping the print device. For a local printer, confirm the ready status and the
operating systems print queue.

How to set a printer as default

Varies depending on your computer and device and operating system, but each one will be similar.
For example, in the Windows operating system, go to Settings > Choose Devices > Printers &
Scanners. Select a printer and choose Manage. Then select Set as Default.

Processing device
any component in a computer that handles the intermediate stage of processing incoming data
before formatting the data into output.

High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)

Transmits both HD video and sound. This cable is commonly used to connect computing device
with television or monitor.

Category 6 (CAT6)

connects network devices together, such as computer to a switch.

Universal Serial Bus or USB

Has become the most common connecting cable for many devices

Storage devices

Flash drive, external hard drive, external optical drive.

Input devices

Keyboard, mouse, camera, scanner, Gamepad.

Output devices

Printer, all-in-one office machine.

You have been instructed by your teacher to demonstrate good digital etiquette during a
digital field trip for your science class to visit an aquarium. Good digital etiquette in this
situation would be the following

Enable your webcam and focus on your screen so the speaker, your classmates, and your teacher
can see that you are being attentive.

Use the race hand icon when appropriate to ask questions.

Your microphone, and only unmute it when you are called upon to discuss.

Double Quotes ("")

forces Google to search for the exact words or phrase mentioned within the quotes, for example,
"fox and crane" will return all pages containing this phrase. Google also uses synonyms of the
words within the quotes. In this example, Google would also return pages containing "fox and
stork."
Range or Double Dots (..)

represents a range operator to find all relevant results within the specified range. For example,
search quotation mark TV "$1000..$2000" to get all the TV products advertised between $1,000 to
$2,000 range.

Tilde Symbol (~)

searches for synonyms. For example, giving ~tutorial also displays results for the synonyms that
guide, manual, reference, etc.

OR as a Boolean value

using the or operator and a Google search between two keywords will return either one or both
keywords in the results. For example, searching "C# OR Java" will return all pages with the
keywords C# or Java or both.

left-wing bias

favor social equality, liberalism, and revolutionary ideas.

right-wing bias

favors free enterprise, private ownership, and socially conservative ideas.

The Trust Project's Trust Indicators' standards:

Expertise, type of work labels, references, local, diverse voices, actionable feedback, methods, and
best practices.
Steps you should take to create a slide presentation - Step #1: create a structured outline

Steps you should take to create a slide presentation - Step #2 important outline into the
presentation

Steps you should take to create a slide presentation - Step #3 choose a design

Steps you should take to create a slide presentation - Step #4 trade a title page
Steps you should take to create a slide presentation - Step #5 apply slide layout to content

Steps you should take to create a slide presentation - Step #6 add graphics, charts, and
animations

Steps you should take to create a slide presentation - Step #7 applied transitions
REFERENCES

https://www.studuco.com/ph/document/zamboanga-state-college-of-marine-sciences-and-
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https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/sts-human-flourishing/236632188

https://www.sribd.com/document/568842243/STS-Chapter-4-Summary

https://www.studuco.com/ph/document/university-of-the-east-philippines/sciene-technology-and-
society/sts-chapter-4/50262723

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312921786_RELATIONSHIP_BETWEEN_SCIENCE_
TECHNOLOGY_AND_SOCIETY

https://www.coursesidekick.com/english/6370376

https://www.studuco.com/ph/document/kalinga-state-university/enthomology/sts-module-2-
general-concepts-and-historical-events-in-science-technology-and-society/48641171

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https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/cyber-security-introductionpptx-255143441/255143441

https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/introduction-to-cyber-security-77057753/77057753

https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/digital-transformation-and-iot-67504832/67504832

https://www.sribd.com/presentation/459884331/Science-Technology-Society-PPT-1pptx

https://www.slideshare.net/MaryRoseNaboa1/01-biodiversity-and-the-healthy-societypptx
https://learne.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/whatiscloning/
https://learne.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/clickandclone/

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=biome+definitions&oq=biome+de -
d=squabs=1727190017391&u=%23p%3DQPTLmTegDH4J

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=healthy+society+module&btnG= -
d=squabs=1727191412159&u=%23p%3DPzRgkUENoLwJ