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9.2 Using the nth term

Taki’s method Miyo’s method

Work out the terms in the sequence: Make an equation and solve it
n = 1, 12 + 9 = 10 to find n:
n = 2, 22 + 9 = 13 n 2 + 9 = 263
n = 3, 32 + 9 = 18, etc. n 2 = 263 – 9
so the sequence is 10, 13, 18, 25, 34, 45, 58, n 2 = 254
73, 90, 109, 130, 153, 178, 205, 234, 265, … n 2 = √254 = 15.93...

E
No, 263 is not in the sequence. 234 and 265 No, 263 is not in the sequence,
are consecutive terms in the sequence and because the value for n is not
263 is between these terms. a whole number.

c
a
b

PL
Critique Taki’s and Miyo’s methods.
Can you think of a different method? If you can, explain this
method.
Which method do you prefer? Explain why.
d Use your favourite method to work out the answers to these
questions.
i The nth term rule for a sequence is n2 − 76. Is the number
93 a term in this sequence?
M
ii The nth term rule for a sequence is n3. Is the number 4896
a term in this sequence?
11 Arun and Marcus are looking at this number sequence:
4, 3 1 , 3, 2 1 , 2, …
2 2
SA

Read what they say.

I think the nth term I think the nth term

rule is 4 − 1 n. rule is 4 1 − 1 n.
2 2 2

Is either of them correct? Explain your answer.

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9 Sequences and functions

12 Work out an expression for the nth term for each sequence.
a 9 1 , 9, 8 3 , 8 1 , ... b 20, 19.8, 19.6, 19.4, …
4 4 2
c −1 1 , − 2, − 2 1 , − 3, ... d −5, −6.5, −8, −9.5, …
2 2

Summary checklist
I can use the nth term rule for a number sequence.
I can work out the nth term rule for a number sequence.

E
9.3 Representing functions
In this section you will …
•
•
•
PL
work out output values of function machines that use indices
work out input values of function machines that use indices
write a function as an equation.
M
You have already worked with one-step and two-step function machines
and you have used input and output numbers which are integers,
decimals and fractions. In this section, you will use function machines
that include indices.

Worked example 9.3

SA

a Copy and complete the table of values for this two-step function machine.
2 x 0 1 2 3
x +1 y
y

b Draw a mapping diagram to show the function in part a.

c Write the function in part a as an equation.

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9.3 Representing functions

Continued
Answer
a x 0 1 2 3 To work out the y-values, square the x-values,
then add 1.
y 1 2 5 10
02 + 1 = 1, 12 + 1 = 2, 22 + 1 = 5, 32 + 1 = 10
b 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Draw a line connecting each x-value to its y-value.
x
Draw an arrow on each line to show that 0 maps to 1,
1 maps to 2, 2 maps to 5 and 3 maps to 10.

E
y
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

c x2 + 1 = y, so y = x2 + 1 Write the equation with the ‘y =’ on the left.

Exercise 9.3
1

x
x

0 1 2 3
2
PL
a Copy and complete the table of values for each one-step function machine.
i
y
ii

x 0 1
x

2
3
y
M
y y
b Draw a mapping diagram for each function in part a.
c Write each function in part a as an equation.
2 a Copy and complete the table of values for each two-step function machine.
i ii
SA

2 3
x +3 y x −3 y

x 2 5 9 11 x 1 3 5 10
y y
b Write each function in part a as an equation.

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9 Sequences and functions

Think like a mathematician

3 Work with a partner to answer these questions.
a Copy and complete the table of values for each two-step function machine.
i
2
ii 2
x ×2 y x ×2 y

1 1 1 1
x −3 3 2 x −5 4 2

E
y y
iii
3
x +2 y

c
d
x
y
−4

PL 0 3

Discuss your answers to part a with other learners in your class.

Did you all get the same y-values? Do you think it is easier to work out the
fraction answers as fractions or decimals? Explain why.
Write each function in part a as an equation.
Discuss your answers to part c with other learners in your class. Did you all write
M
the function equations in the same way? If not, decide which is the best way to
write them.

4 a Copy and complete the table of values for each two-step function machine.
i ii
SA

2 2
x +5 y x ×3 y

x −8 −4 15 x −2
1 1
3 2
y
y
ii
3 1
x + y
2

1 1
x −2 4 2
y
b Write each function in part a as an equation.

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9.3 Representing functions

5 a Draw a function machine for the equation y = 4x2.

1 1 1
Tip
b Draw a table of values for x = 4 , 3 , 2 and 1.
Which step
Work out the values of y for the function y = 4x2. comes first,
multiplying by 4
or squaring?

Think like a mathematician

6 Work with a partner to answer these questions.

E
a i Copy and complete the table of values for this function machine.

2
x −4 −3 3 4
x y
y

x
2
PL
ii What do you notice about the y-values in your table?
iii Will the y-values for +x and −x be the same for all values of x?
Compare and discuss your answers with other learners in the class.
b i Copy and complete the table of values for this function machine.

×5 y Tip
Remember to
M
use inverse
x
operations to find
y 5 20 80 500 the x-values.
ii What do you notice about the values for x in
your table?
iii What could you add to the question to make sure you have only one
SA

x-value for each y-value?

Compare and discuss your answers with other learners in the class.

7 Work out the missing values in the tables for these function machines.
The x-values are all positive.
i ii
2 2
x ×2 y x −3 y

x 2 x 7
y 32 50 288 y 49 64 100

b Write each function in part a as an equation.

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9 Sequences and functions

Activity 9.2
a On a piece of paper draw two function machines of your own, similar to those in
Question 7.
Draw tables for the function machines and give two x-values and two y-values.
On a different piece of paper, write the missing x-values and y-values.
Swap functions machines with a partner and work out their missing x-values and
y-values.
b Swap back and mark each other’s work.

E
Discuss any mistakes.

8 This is part of Lara’s classwork.

Question

x PL
i Write the equation for this function machine.

÷3
2
y

ii Work out the reverse equation for the function machine.

iii Show how to check your equations are correct.
Answer
M
i The function machine is:

2
x ÷3 y
SA

so the equation is y =  x3 
2

 
ii Reverse the machine:

x ×3 √ y

The reverse equation is √y × 3 = x or x = 3√y

iii Check: Using the machine → when x = 6, 6 ÷ 3 = 2 and 22 = 4
Using the equation → when x = 6, y =  63  = 2 2= 4 ✓
2
 
Using the reverse equation → when y = 4,
x = 3√4 = 3 × 2 = 6 ✓

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9.3 Representing functions

For each of these function machines, use Lara’s method to

i write the equation
ii work out the reverse equation
iii check your equations are correct.
a b
2 3
x y x y

c d
2 2

E
x ÷2 y x +3 y

e f
2 3
x −4 y x ×2 y

A x
2
PL
Match each function equation with the correct reverse equation.
You can draw function machines to help you if you want to.
The first one has been done for you: A and iii.

−6 y → equation is y = x2 − 6
M
iii x √ +6 y → equation is x = y + 6

(6)
2 3
A y = x2 − 6 B y= x C y=x
6
SA

y = (x + 6) y = ( 6x )
2 3
D y = 6x 2 E F

3 y
i x=6 y ii x= iii x = y+6
6

iv x = y −6 v x = 3 6y vi x= y
6

10 Sofia and Zara are looking at this function machine and table of values.
x −2 3 5
x ... ... y
y 16 36 100

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9 Sequences and functions

Sofia says: Zara says:

I think the I think the

equation for equation for
this function is this function is
y = 4x 2 . y = ( 2x ) .
2

E
Is either of them correct? Explain your answer. Show all your working.
11 Copy and complete this function machine, its equation and table of values.
1 1
x
2

PL
× ...

Explain how you worked out your answer.

y

12 Arun is looking at the two functions y = 2x4 and y = 12 x3.

Arun makes this conjecture.
x

y
4
1
2
2

72
M
I think that in both of
these functions, whatever
values I use for x, my
y-values will always be
positive.
SA

Is Arun correct? Show working to justify your answer.

How well do you think you understand functions that include indices?

Summary checklist
I can work out output values of function machines that use indices.
I can work out input values of function machines that use indices.
I can write a function as an equation.

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9 Sequences and functions

Check your progress

1 Work out the first four terms of these sequences.
a first term 3 term-to-term rule is square, then subtract 5
b first term −3 term-to-term rule is add 2 and square
c first term is 5 term-to-term rule is add 1, add 3, add 5, …
d first term is 40 term-to-term rule is subtract 2, subtract 4, subtract 6, …
2 Work out the first three terms and the 10th term of the sequences with the given

E
nth terms.
a n b n2 + 7
2
3 Work out the nth term rules for these sequences.
1 2 1 4 5 2
a 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, … b −1, 2, 7, 14, 23, … c , , , , , ,...
4

5 a

x
PL
Work out the missing values in the tables for these function machines.
The x-values are all positive.
i
2
÷2 y
x −2

y
5
9 9 3 9 9 3
The nth term rule for a sequence is n2 + 32. Is the number 178 a term in this sequence?
Show your working.

8 40 1
2
M
ii
2 x −15 −8 21
x +8 y

y 81 144
SA

b Write each function in part a as an equation.

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10 Graphs
Getting started
1 The cost of hiring a van is $35 plus $20 per day.
a Work out the cost of hiring the van for 6 days.

E
It costs c dollars to hire the van for d days.
b Write a function for c.
2 Here is a function: y = 2x − 1
a Copy and complete this table of values.

3
c

a
x −2 −1
y −5
0

PL 1 2
3

Write the gradient of the graph.

d Write the y-intercept.
3

b Use the table to draw a graph of y = 2x − 1

This graph shows the temperature of a cup of coffee.

Find the initial temperature of the coffee.
Temperature (°C)
40
35
M
b Find the temperature after 10 minutes. 20
c When is the coffee cooling most quickly? 10
0
0 5 10 15 20
Time (minutes)
SA

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10 Graphs

Here are some examples of linear graphs.

Population of a country f Fuel in a vehicle
P 60
Population (millions) 25 50
f = 60 – 0.08d

Fuel (litres)
20 40
P = 0.5t + 20
15 30
10 20
5 10
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 t 0 200 400 d
Years Distance (km)

E
l
T Temperature 50 Rectangle with
Temperature (°C)

2000 of an engine Length (cm) 40 perimeter 1 m

30
T = 1000 + 25s l = 50 – w
1000 20

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 s
Time (seconds)

You can use the equation to make a table of values. The values give you
coordinates of points to plot. In a linear graph, the points will be in a
straight line.
Often a graph is not a straight line.
The ‘Population of a country’ graph might not continue in the same
PL 10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 w
Width (cm)
M
way in the future. The population might increase more quickly or more
slowly or it might decrease in future years. What will the graph look like
if this happens?
In this unit you will look in more detail at linear graphs. You will also
look at some simple graphs that are not linear.
SA

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10 Graphs

10.1 Functions
In this section you will …
• describe situations either in words or using functions
• use functions of two different types.

Ali and Bella both have some money. The total amount is $37.

E
Ali has a dollars and Bella has b dollars. You can write a + b = 37
For example, when Ali has $25, a = 25 and b = 12 because 25 + 12 = 37

Worked example 10.1

PL
Fatima buys some pens and pencils.
Pencils cost $2 and pens cost $6.
Fatima spends $30.
a Show that Fatima could buy 9 pencils and 2 pens.
b Suppose Fatima buys c pencils and k pens.
Write a function to show what she spends.

Answer
M
a 9 × 2 + 2 × 6 = 18 + 12 = 30 which is correct. One pencil costs $2, so 9 pencils cost
9 × 2 = $18. One pen costs $6, so 2 pens
cost 2 × 6 = $12.
b 
The pencils cost 2c dollars and the pens
cost 6k dollars.
SA

Fatima spends $30, so 2c + 6 k = 30

Exercise 10.1
1 The cost of hiring a ladder is a fixed charge of $10 plus $3 per day.
a Work out the cost of hiring the ladder for one week.
b Explain why y = 3x + 10 where x is the number of days’ hire and
y is the total cost in dollars.
2 The cost of hiring a chainsaw is a fixed charge of $15 plus $10 per day.
a Aran pays $45. For how many days does he hire the chainsaw?
b If t is the total cost in dollars for n days, write a function to show
the cost.

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10.1 Functions

3 A boy’s mass is 3 kg less than twice his sister’s mass.

a His sister’s mass is 15 kg. Work out the boy’s mass.
b If the boy’s mass is b kg and his sister’s mass is g kg, write a
function to show the relationship between b and g.
4 Shen is s years old and his father is f years old.
The total age of Shen and his father is 50.
a Write a function to show this.
b Write a function to show the relation between their ages after
one year.

E
c Write a function to show the relation between their ages after
5 years.
5 Kasia has some $5 notes and $10 notes. She has a total of $90.
a Show that she could have 6 notes of each type.

6
c

PL
b Suppose Kasia has f $5 notes and t $10 notes. Write a function
to show that she has $90.
What is the largest number of $10 notes Kasia could have?
There are large and small tables in a restaurant. Large tables have
6 seats and small tables have 4 seats.
M
There is a total of 120 seats.
a Show that there could be 12 tables of each type.
SA

b There are l large tables and s small tables. Write a function

connecting l and s.
c Suppose the number of small tables is double the number of
large tables. Write a function to show this.
7 Erin has a 2-cent coins and b 5-cent coins.
a She writes 2a + 5b = 80. What does this tell you?
b Erin is given some more 5-cent coins. Now she writes
2a + 5b = 100. How many 5-cent coins was she given?
8 There are two types of sofa in a lounge. x sofas have 3 seats and y
sofas have 2 seats.
There is a total of 50 seats.
a Write a function to show this.
b Explain why x cannot be 7.

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10 Graphs

Think like a mathematician

9 Work with a partner to answer this question.
Here is a function: s = 5t + 12
a Write a possible interpretation of s and t.
b Write another possible interpretation of s and t.
Here is another function: 3h + 4k = 48
c Write a possible interpretation of h and k.

E
d Write a different interpretation of h and k.

10 In a collection of tiles, there are two shapes: triangles and squares.

a Work out the total number of edges of 4 triangles and

f
5 squares.

PL
The total number of edges is 100.
b There are r triangles and q squares. Write a function to show

c
that there are 100 edges.
There are 20 triangles. Work out the number of squares.
d Work out the largest possible number of triangles.
e Can there be an equal number of triangles and squares?
Give a reason for your answer.
The number of squares is 5 less than the number of triangles
M
multiplied by 3. Write a function to show this.

Here is a function: x + 2y = 20
Can you write the function in a different way?
SA

Summary checklist
I can understand a relationship written either in words or as a function.
I can interpret functions such as y = 3x + 12 or 4x + 3y = 24.

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10.2 Plotting graphs

10.2 Plotting graphs

In this section you will … Key words
• use a function to complete a table of values linear function
• use a table of values to draw a graph
• draw straight-line graphs and simple curves.

E
y = 2x + 3 and 2x + 3y = 12 are examples of linear functions. The graph y
of a linear function is a straight line. 9
8
You know how to find coordinate pairs for y = 2x + 3. Choose some
7
values for x and use them to find values of y. Put them in a table.
x
y

plotted.
−2 −1
−1 1
0
3
1
5

PL
2
7
3
9
Plot the points (−2, −1), (−1, 1), (0, 3) and so on. Draw a straight line
through the points. The line continues beyond the points you have

For a function such as 2x + 3y = 12, you can choose a value for x or y

and then work out the corresponding value of y or x.
6
5
4
3
2
1

–2 –1 0
–1
–2
y = 2x + 3

1 2 3 x
M
Worked example 10.2
a Copy and complete this table of values for 2x + 3y = 12.
x 0 3
y 3 0
SA

b Draw a graph of 2x + 3y = 12

Answer
a When x = 0, then 0 + 3y = 12 so y = 4 Substitute each value of x or y into the
When y = 3, then 2x + 9 = 12 so 2x = 3 equation to find the corresponding value of y
and x = 1.5 or x.
When x = 3, then 6 + 3y = 12 so 3y = 6
and y = 2
When y = 0, then 2x = 12 so x = 6
x 0 1.5 3 6
y 4 3 2 0

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10 Graphs

Continued
b y
5
2x + 3y = 12
4
3
2
1

–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
–1

E
It is a good idea to use x = 0 for one point and y = 0 for another point.
This allows you to find the intercepts on the axes.

Worked example 10.3

a

y 6
PL
For other types of function, the graph might not be a straight line.

Copy and complete the table of values for y = x2 − 3.

x −3 −2 −1 0
−3
1

b Use the table to draw a graph of y = x2 − 3.

2
1
3
M
Answer
a  hen x = −3, then y = x2 − 3 = (−3)2 − 3 = 9 − 3 = 6,
W The square of any negative
and so on. number is positive.
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
SA

y 6 1 −2 −3 −2 1 6

b y
6
5
4
3
2
1

–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
–1
–2
y = x2 − 3
–3

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10.2 Plotting graphs

When the points are not in a straight line, join them with a smooth
curve. If you have graphing software, you can use it to check that you
have drawn the curve correctly.

Exercise 10.2
1 a Copy and complete this table for the function y = 10x + 15.
x −1 0 1 2 3
y 15

E
b Show that the point (5, 65) is on the graph of y = 10x + 15.
2 a Copy and complete this table for the function y = 2x − 10.
x −10 0 10 20 30
y 10

3
b
c

a
PL
Where does the graph of y = 2x − 10 cross the y-axis?
Is the point (23, 36) on the graph of y = 2x − 10? Give a
reason for your answer.
Here is a function: 4x + y = 20
Copy and complete this table of values for the function.
x
y
0 1
8 0
6
M
b Where does a graph of 4x + y = 20 cross the axes?
4 Here is a function: 2x + 5y = 60
a Copy and complete this table of values for the function.
x 0 10 20 30 40
y
SA

b Show that the point (15, 6) is on the graph of 2x + 5y = 60.

5 a Copy and complete this table of values for the
function y = x2 + 6.
x −2 0 2 4 6
y 10
b Show that the point (5, 31) is on the graph of y = x2 + 6.
6 a Copy and complete this table of values for the function
2x + 4y = 32.
x 0 2 10
y 5 0

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