E-vehicle Technology and policy Plug in Hybrid Electric vehicle: Vehicle run by

Important 3 Marks, 7marks and 14marks both IC engine and battery it has external Charging
port
Unit-I
UNIT-II
1. List the Environmental impacts of using
conventional vehicle 1. State various types configuration of EV
 It causes air pollution, Possible EV configurations are:
 It causes noise pollution ,  Electric motor, clutch, gear and
 It reduction of petroleum resources in Earth. differential
2. What is air pollution?  Electric motor, fixed gear and
 Due to combination in IC Engine it emits differential
harmful product like carbon di oxide, carbon  Compact arrangement of electric
monoxide, Unburned HC’S in atmosphere. motor
 It Causes air Pollution Fixed gear and differential:
3. What is unburned HC ?  Fixed gear and electric motor for
 Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon’s in two wheeler
fuel.  Two motors
 Unburned HC’s React with Uv Light causes 2. Define performance of Electric vehicle:
damage for human’s Performance of Electric vehicle are
4. What is Hybrid Electric Vehicle ( HEV)? evaluated by three parameter they are,
 The vehicle run by both ic engine and electric  Acceleration time
motor is called as Hybrid Vehicle  Maximum speed
5. What is Mean by drivetrain?  Gradeability
 A group of Components in a vehicle that 3. Define tractive effort.
deliver power to drive wheel called as drive  The ratio between maximum speed and
train base speed is called tractive effort.
6. Define FWD, RWD Tractive effort: Maximum speed
 Front Wheel drive : power from the engine Base speed
delivered to only from Front Wheel. Rear  Low speed region motor has
Wheel does not get any power from engine. It constant torque
is suitable for OFF road condition  High speed region motor has
 Rear wheel drive: power from the engine constant power
delivered to only Rear Wheel. Front Wheel 4. State the requirements of vehicle power
does not get any power from engine. It is train.
suitable for Normal road condition
 Develop sufficient power to meet the
7. Write types of electric Vehicle (EV) demands of vehicle performance.
 Battery electric Vehicle (BEV)
 Carry sufficient energy to drive
 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
vehicle
 Plug in Hybrid Vehicle(PHEV)
 Demonstrate high efficiency
 Fuel cell Electric Vehicle(FCEV)
 Emit less pollutants.
8. What is HEV and PHEV
5. Specify various types of EV motors
Hybrid Electric Vehicle: Vehicle run by Both IC  Refer in Book
engine and battery but it does not have any external 6. What is BLDC motor ? write its merits
Charging port. and demerits.
  BLDC motor consists of armature Constant voltage method:
winding in stator and permanent  Constant voltage and full
magnet in rotor. current applied to recharge
 So it does not required any brushes battery.
and also does not required supply to 6. What is Battery swapping?
rotor In E- vehicle discharged battery pack are
Merits Demerits removed and immediately full charged
High Efficiency Requires battery pack fixed in that place is called
complex control battery swapping.
Light weight High cost Advantage: Eliminates charging time
Long Life Need more
7. Define voltage sag
sensors.
Number of Electric vehicle is connected for
7. What is Hub motor ? charging at same time causes sudden dip in
 Hub motor is placed inside of E- voltage is called voltage sag.
Vehicle wheels.
 Hub motor vehicle does not need 8. Define smart grid
gear.  It is two way power transfer
method
Unit-III  We can get power from grid
 We can give excess power to
1. Mention types of battery
grid
a. Lead acid battery
9. What is V2G
b. Nickel based battery
 Vehicle to grid method (V2G)
 Nickel iron batteries
method vehicle can give power to
 Nickel cadmium batteries
grid
 Nickel metal Hydride batteries
 EV can act as load when the driving
c. Lithium based batteries
power
2. Define SOC, SOH
 EV can act as dynamic energy source
SOC: State of charge: It shows the
when the give power.
remaining charge of the battery
SOH: It shows the life time of the battery
3. Define battery pack 10. What is wireless charging? State the different
Number of batteries are connected in series types of wireless charging system.
(or) parallel to get desire voltage (or) Wireless charging:
capacity is called battery pack. It is a charging method where the battery and
charger are not connected by wires.
4. List various charging method.
 Constant current method It is also called as cord less charging (or) inductive
charging.
 Constant voltage method
Types:
 Trickle charging method 1. Inductive power transfer
5. What is constant current and constant 2. Capacitive power transfer
voltage method.
3. Online inductive power transfer
Constant current method:
4. Resonant inductive power transfer
 Constant current applied to
5. Permanent magnet coupling power transfer
recharge battery voltage may
11. Write notes on DC charging.
vary
 DC charging means charging the battery
directly from the DC supply.
 This method is used in fast charger of EVs.
 UNIT-4 8. What is the need of EV policy?
To improve air quality
1. EXPAND: (i) NEMMP (ii) FAME (iii) OEM To reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
(iv) CMVR (v) IDC (vi) PT? For low cost
NEMMP: National Electric Mobility Mission To enhance energy security
Plan To reduce air pollution
FAME: Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of To improve driving experience, etc.
Electric vehicles
OEM: Original Equipment Manufacturers 9. What is the scope of AIS 039?
CMVR: Central Motor Vehicle Rules This standard specifies the method for
IDC: Indian Driving Cycle measurement of electrical energy consumption of
IPT: Informal Public Transport Battery - operated Vehicles (BoVs).
This is also used to verify the performance of
2. Define Electric mobility policy frame work. the vehicle with that declared by the manufacturer.
The Government policies include targeting the
number of electric vehicles. Road tax and 10. What is EV eco system and its advantages
registration charge exemptions. They offering a steady source of electricity
required for the EV eco system.
3. Specify the estimated numbers of global It has a huge scope for upgradation and
passenger electric vehicles sale for 2018. expansion for producing electric vehicles.
In terms of total EV stock, IEA (2018) The various advantages of EV ECO systems
estimates more than 30 lakhs cars, 3.7 lakh buses are,
and around 25 cored Eco-friendly
Two wheelers to be existing globally. No emission of toxic gases
The estimated numbers of global passenger No smoke in environment
electric vehicles sales for 2018. Clean energy source
Contributes healthy conditions
4. Define key performance indicator. No Co₂ emissions
KPLs can be a useful tool to enable cities to
measure their progress. 11. Write about the protection against the
The key indicators will help to understand how electric shock
the city is performing in a holistic manner in terms In the event of an unexpected electric shock to
of EV update. anyone, the bystanders should immediately
disconnect
5. Define global impact. the electricity supply from the place where he was
The electric vehicles are better for struck.
environment. They emit fewer greenhouse gases Appropriate safety procedures and first aid
and air pollutants than petrol or diesel vehicles. training should be provided to persons working in
high voltage plants
6. Define intelligent transportation system.
Intelligent transportation system (ITS) is a 12. List the scope and applicability of EV policy.
combination of information and communication Vehicles, companies an charging infrastructure
technologies. firms need to fulfill the FAME II guidelines issued
It is applied in transportation networks and by ministry of heavy industry.
infrastructure to facilitate vehicle to vehicle, vehicle Government of India as mandated and in order
to charging station communication. to be eligible for demand side incentives from the
state government.
7. Specify the important trends that will impact Charging infrastructure and its components
fleet electrification. should fulfill the guidelines and norms issued by
Electric vehicles will grow from 0.7% of the ministry power, government of india.
global light duty vehicle (LDV) fleet in 2020 to
31% in
2050, reaching 672 million EVs, predicts the us
Energy Information Administration (EIA).
13. List the scope of AIS 038, AIS 039 & AIS It Focus on urban mining of rare materials
123. within the battery for reuse by battery
AIS – 038 = this standard specifies the manufacturers.
requirements for the construction and functional
safety of battery 5. Explain the city building codes.
operate vehicles for the purpose of establishing All existing apartments associations with more
compliance to statutory requirements than 50 families will be encouraged to provide
AIS – 039 = this standard specifies the method charging points in parking lots.
of measurement of electrical energy consumption of
battery-operated vehicles. This also use to verify the Existing residentials townships with more than
performance of the vehicle will that declare by the 500 families will be encourage to install charging
manufacturer. stations.
AIS – 123 = this standard lays own the
requirements specific to vehicles retrofitted with 6. Write a short note on charging structure.
hybrid electric system of M1, M2 and N1 category A high-level committee shall be formed to
of vehicles monitor the implementation of E-vehicle with Chief
secretary, government of Tamil Nadu as the
UNIT-5 chairman with the below mentioned committee
members.
1. List the objectives of Tamil Nadu EV policy. Additional chief secretary, home department
Create a pool of skilled workforce for the EV Principal secretary, transport department
industry through the technical institutions available Principal secretary, finance department
in Tamil Nadu and create new jobs in the EV
industry. 7. Define policy measures of electric cars & two
Create a conductive environment for industry wheelers.
and research institutions. Nearly 25 lakhs personal cars have been
Recycle and reuse the used batteries and registered in Tamil Nadu so for nearly 85% of
dispose the rejected batteries in an environment vehicle
friendly manner to avoid pollution. population is two-wheeler. It enables fast charging
through standard charging infrastructure.
2. Explain the recycling eco-system of battery.
The government will encourage the reuse of 8. Define policy measures of electric vehicles in
EV batteries, that have reached its end of life. share mobility & goods carries.
The recycling business is setup in collaboration Shared mobility - Within a span of 10 years the
with battery and EV manufacturers. state will promote conversion of all auto rickshaws
It Focus on urban mining of rare materials in six major cities of Chennai, Coimbatore, Trichy,
within the battery for reuse by battery Madurai, Salem and Tirunelveli to electric vehicles.
manufacturers.
Charging stations operations will be encourage Goods carrier: Small commercial vehicles use
to operate as end of life battery recycling agencies for delivering light loads will be encouraged to
EVs. Ecommerce and delivery components in Tamil
3. Mention the demand side incentives for Nadu will be encouraged to transition their vehicles
private cars. to EVs gradually.
Private car owners shall encourage to switch
over to electric cars 10. Define business incubation.
Waiver on registration charges/fees will be The government of Tamil Nadu will encourage
done as per government of india’s notifications start-ups E-vehicle sector.
Road tax exemption will be enhance from 50% It will offer incubation services to them in the
to 100% till 30.12.2022 form of office spaces, common facilities and
monitoring
4. Explain the recycling eco-system of EV’s. support.
The government will encourage the reuse of
EV batteries that have reached its end of life.
The recycling business is setup in collaboration
with battery and EV manufacturers.
 Differential:
 It is a gear system that connects the wheel
UNIT-1 axles to the driveshaft.
 This provides the power to rotate the wheels at
variable speeds
1.Explain the parts of drive train system in a
conventional vehicle.
2.Explain the various types of drive system (or)
drive train (or) wheel drive in automobile.
1. Front engine Front wheel drive

2. Rear engine Rear wheel drive

3. Front engine Rear wheel drive

4. All wheel drive

1.Front engine Front wheel drive

Engine:
 Engine converts the thermal energy from
burning fuel to mechanical energy.
 It is used to make the vehicle move.

Crank shaft:
 The crankshaft converts a linear motion to
a rotational motion.
 This shaft is responsible for the proper
operation of the engine.
 Engine is placed in front of vehicles.
Clutch:  The power is given from engine to front
 The clutch connects and disconnects the wheels.
crankshaft and the drive shaft.  The back wheels do not receive any power.
 It allows the engine to work at a stationary Applications:
position. 1. Small sports vehicles , 2. Industrial trucks
Advantages: Disadvantages:
Transmission:
 It transmits the power developed by the 1. Low weight 1. The maximum weight
engine to the drive shaft. is located in front of the
2. Low cost vehicle.
 It has two (or) more gear system for
changing speed. 3. Good mileage 2. Steering control is
4. More space. difficult.
Universal joints:
 The U-joint is a flexible point at the two 3. It is not suitable for
ends of drive shaft. slippery roads.
 These joints allow the drive shaft to move
up and down with the suspension.

Drive shaft:
 It is a long steel tube which connects the
transmission and the differential.
 It transmits the power to wheel axles through
differentials.
2. Rear engine Rear wheel drive 4.All wheel drive

 The traction power is supplied from engine

to back wheels only.
 The front wheels do not receive any
power.  Engine is placed in center of vehicles.
 In this drive the vehicle is driven by rear  It has a front, rear and center differentials.
wheels.
 The power is given from engine to the center of
 Examples of modern combustion engine
cars using the layout include the the vehicle. The center differential distributes
Porsche 911, Mitsubishi i, Smart the power to front and rear axle evenly.
Forfour, and Renault Twingo.  Engine is placed in front of vehicles.

3.Front engine Rear wheel drive  The power is given from engine to all four
wheels.
 It can be used as 2WD system.
 It is suitable for snow, rain and off roads.

Applications:
1. Military jeeps and trucks. 2. Heavy tractors.
Advantages: Disadvantages:

1. It is suitable for 1. High cost.

slippery roads. 2. More weight.
 Engine is placed in front of vehicles. 3. More fuel
 The power is given from engine to back 2. High efficiency. consumption.
wheels.
3. More safety.
 The front wheels do not receive any power.
 This vehicle is driven by rear wheels.
Applications:
1. Bus ,2. Lorry, 3. Car, 4. Jeep etc.
Advantages: Disadvantages:

1. Its weight is uniform. 1. More vehicle length

2. More weight.
2. It is easy to turn.
3. Easy maintenance

 3. Explain the working of battery electric 4. Explain the working of hybrid electric
vehicle (BEV) with the block diagram. vehicle (HEV) with the block diagram.
Definition: Definition:
 It is a pure electric vehicle in which the  The required propulsion power is derived from
required propulsion power is derived from both the engine and the battery sources.
the battery source only. Diagram:
Diagram:

Working:
 It employs both an engine drive and electric
Working: drive to power the vehicle.
 Its main parts are battery pack, inverter, motor,  These drives are coupled with transmission
transmission and differential. mechanically.
 Currently the Lithium-ion batteries are widely  The engine is turned off and the vehicle can be
used in the electric vehicles. propelled only by the batteries.
 Batteries are charged by battery charger.  This is pure electric mode.
 The required electric power is obtained from  This may be used in situations where the engine
batteries. cannot operate effectively.
 The motor is turned off and the vehicle can be
 The inverter converts the DC power from battery
propelled only by the engine.
to 3 phase AC power.
 This is pure engine mode. This may be used
 The 3 phase power from inverter is given to 3
when the batteries are almost discharged.
phase motor.
 The traction power is drawn from both the
 The 3 phase motor converts electrical power into
engine and the batteries.
mechanical power and it is delivered to gear box.  It may be used when a large amount of power is
 Gear box changes the speed of the vehicle as per needed.
the driver’s needs.  The hybrid drive classified into four types:
 The gear box transfers the power from motor to
the wheels through differential. 1. Series hybrid 2. Parallel hybrid 3. Series-Parallel
Advantages: Disadvantages: hybrid 4. Complex hybrid

Advantages: Disadvantages:
1. Zero pollution 1. Not suitable for long
distance.
2. Low noise 2. Low battery range. 1. More reliability 1. High cost
2. More maintenance
3. Low maintenance 2. High speed
4. High speed 3. More safety
5. More safety 4. Small size engine
 6. Explain the working of fuel cell electric
5.Explain the working of pug-in hybrid vehicle (FCEV) with the block diagram.
electric vehicle (PHEV) with the block Definition:
diagram.  Fuel cell is an electro-chemical cell.
Definition  It converts the chemical energy of fuel into
 Vehicle run by both IC engine and battery it electrical energy.
has external Charging port  The hydrogen gas is used as fuel.
Diagram:
Diagram:

Working: Working:

 It employs both an engine drive and electric  The main parts are hydrogen tank, fuel cell
drive to power the vehicle. unit, battery pack, controller, motor and
transmission.
 In this, the electric drive is used as the primary
source.  The fuel cell takes hydrogen from tank and
 These drives are coupled with transmission oxygen from air.
mechanically.  In the fuel, the chemical energy is converted
 Once the vehicle is started, it will operate in into electrical energy.
electric mode.
 The electrical energy is given to the motor
 Automatically switches to engine mode when through controller.
the battery charge drops to a certain level.
 The motor converts electrical energy into
 We can charge the battery at the charge station mechanical energy and it is delivered to
using its charging cable. transmission.
 Then the power from motor is transferred to
 We can also charge the battery by running the
engine. wheels and the vehicle is run.
Advantages: Disadvantages:
 It has the facility to utilize regenerative
braking. 1. No pollution 1. High cost
2. More maintenance
2. High efficiency
Advantages: Disadvantages:
3. More safety
1. Low pollution 1. More weight
2. More maintenance
2. Less fuel usage 3. It requires additional
3. Low cost safety.

4. High efficiency
 UNIT-2

 DC series motor
1. Explain the configuration of electric vehicle.  PMSM motor
 BLDC motor.
Energy source subsystem:
Energy management unit:
 It is the brain of the E vehicle. It is based
on micro computer system.
 It also works with the energy refueling unit
to control the refueling unit and to monitor
the usability of energy source.
Energy source:
 Batteries are used as energy source for E
vehicle. there are three types of batteries
used in E vehicle they are,
Electric motor propulsion subsystem: The  Lead acid battery
electric motor propulsion subsystem consists of  Nickel based batteries
vehicle controller, power electric converter,  Lithium ion batteries.
electric motor, mechanical transmission and Energy refueling unit:
driving wheels.  It is the charging unit its will converter
Energy source subsystem: Energy source input AC supply into DC supply to store
subsystem consist the energy source, the energy energy in batteries.
management unit and the energy refueling unit. Auxiliary subsystem:
The auxiliary power supply provides the
Auxiliary subsystem: Auxiliary subsystem necessary power at different voltage levels for all
consists of the power steering unit, the hotel the EV auxiliaries.
climate control unit and the auxiliary supply unit.
2. Explain the concept of hybrid electric drive
Electric motor propulsion subsystem: train
Vehicle controller:
 Vehicle controller gets input from the
accelerator and brake pedals.
 Based on the control input from
accelerator and brake pedal it will give
control signal to electric motor and
energy source.
Power converter:
 DC/DC converter used as power converter.
 Power converter gets input from the
battery and gives supply to the electric
motor for traction. Hybrid drive train consists two power trains.
 In regenerative braking it will supply 1. Power train-1 - Engine drive
energy to energy source.
Electric motor: 2. Power train-2 - Electric drive
 Electric motor gives mechanical energy to
Operating modes:
the mechanical transmission.
 In E vehicle there are three types of motors Traction modes:
are uses they are,
1. Pure engine mode:
3. Explain the architecture of hybrid electric
 The vehicle is propelled only by the engine. drive train. (or) Types of hybrid electric drive
 The batteries neither supply nor draw any train
power from drive train. 1) Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles
2) Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles
2. Pure electric mode: 3) Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles

 The engine is turned off and the vehicle is 1. Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles Drive Train
propelled only by the batteries.

3. Hybrid mode:

 The traction power is drawn from both the

engine and the batteries.
 It may be used when a large amount of power
is needed.

Charging modes:

4. Battery charging mode:

Construction:
 The engine charges the batteries while the
 This drive train consists the engine and the
vehicle at a standstill.
motor sources.
 In this mode, no power goes into the load (or)
 Only the motor is coupled with transmission
comes from the load.
mechanically
5. Regenerative braking mode:  A fuel tank and an engine are coupled to a
generator.
 The engine is turned off.  The AC output of generator is given to a
 The kinetic energy of the vehicle is recovered rectifier.
the motor operating as a generator.  The DC output of rectifier is given to motor
 The recovered energy is stored in the batteries. controller.
 The motor can be controlled either a motor (or)
6. Hybrid charging mode:
generator by the controller.
 Both the regenerative braking and the engine  A battery pack is connected to a charger and a
charges the batteries. converter.
 The converter output is given to the controller.
Traction & Charging modes:
Advantages: Disadvantages:
7. Engine traction and battery charging mode:
1. Zero emission 1. Expensive
 The engine supplies power to charge the
batteries and to propel the vehicle. 2. More efficiency 2. More weight

8. Electric traction and battery charging mode: 3. Good technology 3. Multiple energy
conversion steps
4. Fast response
 The vehicle is propelled only by the batteries
and the engine charges the batteries.
 The vehicle is propelled only by the engine and
the load delivers power to charge the batteries.
 2. Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles Drive Train  It provides the advantages of both the series and
parallel drive system.
 The engine is coupled to a power split unit and
then connected to transmission.
 The motor is directly coupled to transmission.
 A generator is coupled to the power split unit.
 The output of the generator and battery is given to
inverter.
 The electric power from inverter is given to the
motor.


Construction: Advantages: Disadvantages:
 This drive train consists the engine and the motor
1. More efficiency 1. Expensive
sources.
 The motor and engine are coupled with 2. More flexibility 2. More weight
transmission mechanically 3. More reliability 3. Complex control
 The engine is coupled with a fuel tank and
mechanical coupling.
 The motor is also directly coupled to mechanical 4. Explain construction and operation of BLDC
coupling. motor
 Either one of them (or) both take part in delivering
Definition:
the power.
Brushless DC motor consists of permanent
 It can be considered as an engine vehicle with
magnet rotor so it does not required brushes to
electric assistance.
supply power so it is called as brushless DC
 Its battery pack is charged by a battery charger.
motor.
Advantages: Disadvantages: Diagram:

1. More efficiency 1. High cost.

2. Less pollution 2. Complex control.
3. More flexibility

3. Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Construction:

STATOR:

 Stator is made by using stacked steel

lamination to carry winding.
 Windings are arranged by either star or
delta connection.
Construction:  Windings are connected with
interconnected coil so one are more coil
 This drive train consists the engine and the motor
placed in each slots.
sources.
 Rotor: 5. Explain construction and operation of Hub
Motor Drive System
 The rotor part of the BLDC Motor is made up of
permanent magnets
 Usually, rare earth alloy magnets like Neodymium
(Nd), Samarium Cobalt (SmCo) and alloy of
Neodymium, Ferrite and Boron (NdFeB)).
 Hall Effect sensor is used to control position of
BLDC motor.
 The position sensor H1,H2 and H3 are used to
sense the position of the rotor.
 And position information fed to DSP it will give Working:
proper trigger input to power converter to turn ON  This is the most common type of motor. It is
or OFF required stator pole winding. placed in electric-bikes.
 This motor is integrated into the front or rear
wheel of the vehicle. Normally, the hub motor
drive directly applies torque to the wheel,
operating independently of bike gears.
 There are two types of hub motors. They are
geared hub motors and the gearless hub
motors.
 The geared hub motors have internal planetary
gears, which can be used to reduce the speed
of higher rpm motor.
 Similarly the gearless hub motors have no
gears directly connects the lower rpm motor
stators able to the bike.
 It converts electrical energy into mechanical
Working Principle:
energy. It produces a rotating magnetic field
 Whenever current carrying conductor placed in
by using an electric coil act on the rotor
the magnetic field it experience forces.
squirrel cage type closed aluminum frame to
 Consider the following setup of three windings in
form a magneto electric rotating torque.
the stator designated A, B and C. For
 Most electric powered vehicles, use on board
understanding, let us replace the rotor with a
batteries, and a single ordinary electric motor
single magnet.
to power either two or four wheels.
 If we supply to the coil A so that it will generate a
 Hub motors are typically brushless motor. It
magnetic field and attract the rotor magnet.
replaces the commutator and brushes with half
 Rotor rotates clockwise
a dozen or more separate coils and an electric
 For continuous rotation supply given to coil B and
circuit.
coil C to move rotor in clockwise direction.
 In a normal motor, the inner coil is rotating and
 BLDC motor rotates both clockwise and
the outer magnet to stay static. But in this
anticlockwise directions
motor, the inner part with the coils is static
Advantages: Disadvantages: and the magnet spins around it.
 The electrical circuit sends power to the round
1. High efficiency 1. High cost copper coils, making the outer spins around
2. High level control is 2. Operates at low the copper coils.
needed speed
3. Long life 3. Requires complex
drive circuitry
Advantages: Disadvantages: Construction:
 A DC motor is an electromechanical energy
 Simple to install  Not efficient as a conversion device, which converts electrical
 Readily available non-hub energy input into the mechanical energy
 Fairly reliable  Expensive
output.
 Easy to upgrade  Efficiency is too low
 Have few moving  Heavy in weight  The operation of the DC motor is based on the
parts, so silent principle that when a current carrying
operation conductor is placed in a magnetic field, a
mechanical force acts on the conductor.
 The magnitude of the force is given by, F=BIl
6. Explain construction and operation of DC
Newtons The direction of this is given by the
motor
Fleming’s left hand rule.
DC motor drives are widely used in various
applications where it is requires as below, Working :
1. Adjustable speed  When the DC motor is connected to an external
2. Good speed regulation source of DC supply, the field coils are excited
3. Frequent starting
developing alternate N and S poles and a
4. Frequent braking
5. Frequent reversing, etc., current flows through the armature windings.
It is widely used in electric traction applications  All the armature conductors under N pole carry
current in one direction (say into the plane of
the paper), whereas all the conductors under S
pole carry current in the opposite direction
(say out of the plane of the paper).
 As each conductor carrying a current and is
placed in a magnetic field, hence a mechanical
force acts on it.
Advantages: Disadvantages:

1. More efficient  Poor speed control

2. Better use of input and regulation
energy  Always need a load
3. High startup power before running.
4. High starting torque.  High initial cost
5. Available in several  Due to the presence
standard voltages of commutator and
brush gear,
 operation cost and
maintenance cost is
very high.
 UNIT-3 Working:

1. Explain with a neat sketch of lead acid

battery systems.

Diagram:

Definition:

This battery converts chemical energy into

electrical energy using sponge lead and lead
peroxide. Hence it is called lead acid battery

Construction: During Charging :

 Main parts are Plates (+ve electrode, -ve  When sulfuric acid dissolves, it splits into +Ve
electrode), separator, electrolyte, plastic box hydrogen ion (2H+) and -Ve sulphate ion
with hard rubber. (SO4-).
 Positive plate – made of lead oxide. It is  DC supply is given by keeping both the
brown in color. electrodes immersed in the solution.
 Negative plate – made of pure lead. It will be a  Thus (2H+) moves towards cathode when DC
soft sponge supply is applied.
 Separator – It is a non-conductive material.  Also SO4 ions move towards anode.
These are used to separate +ve plate and –ve  So during charging, lead cathode – lead, lead
plate. anode – lead becomes peroxide. Now its color
 Electrolyte – is a mixture of water and sulfuric will be chocolate color.
acid.
 Discharge: A chemical reaction takes place During Discharging:
when the lead acid cell discharges.
 The cell discharges when the load is
 This leads to formation of lead sulphate on
connected.
both the plates and the electrolyte becomes
 The direction of current flowing now is
water.
opposite to the direction of flow during
 The chemical reaction during charging is the
charging
reverse of discharging.
Advantages: Disadvantages:

1.Low cost 1. Low energy density

2.Mature Technology 2. Poor Temperature
Characteristics
3.Good cycle Time
4. Relative High power
Capability
2. Explain the construction and working of any Working:
one nickel based batteries

Nickel is light metal than lead and has very good

electrochemical properties desirable for battery
application.

1. Nickel- Iron battery

2. Nickel- cadmium battery
3. Nickel-Metal hydride battery
4. Nickel –Zinc. Etc
1. Nickel Iron Cell
 In nickel iron type, the active material for
positive plate is nickel hydroxide and negative
plate is iron.
 The electrolyte used is potassium hydroxide During discharging:
solution. The density of the electrolyte is 1.25.  During discharging KOH splits into K+ and
The electrolyte does not take part in chemical OH- ions.
reaction during charging and discharging.  K+ ions move towards anode and OH- ions
Hence, the specific gravity remains constant move towards cathode.
Diagram:  Anode becomes Ni(OH)2 and cathode
becomes Fe(OH)2.
During charging:
 During charging KOH splits into K+ and OH-
ions.
 K+ ions move towards cathode and OH- ions
move towards anode.
 Anode becomes Ni(OH)4 and cathode becomes
Fe.
Advantages: Disadvantages:

 It is mechanically 1. Initial cost is high.

strong 2. The voltage of each
 Lighter cell is only 1.2 V
 Longer life. which is less
 High rate of compared to lead
charging. acid battery (2 V).
Construction:  During idle the rate
 The container is made up of hard rubber (or) of discharge is very
steel. low.
 Positive plate is made up of nickel hydroxide
[Ni(OH)4].
 Negative plate is made up of iron [Fe]. 3. Explain the construction and working of any
 Its electrolyte is potassium hydroxide [KOH]. one Lithium based batteries
 The +ve and -ve plates are alternately placed
in the container.  Lithium is the lightest of all metals. It has
 Separators are placed between +ve and -ve a very high thermodynamic voltage, which
plates to prevent any short circuits. result in a very high specific energy and
 Cell connectors are used to connect the cells in specific power.
series.  The major technologies are
 The battery has two terminals, 1) Positive  Lithium- polymer battery
terminal 2) Negative terminal  Lithium – ion battery
 and are inserted into the crystal structure at the
Diagram: positive electrode.
Charging:
During charging, lithium ions at the positive
electrode migrate through the electrolyte and are
collected at the negative electrode.

Advantages: Disadvantages:

1. Light weight High-cost Recharging

2. Good performance time is high Avoid over
at high temperature charging and discharging
3. Recyclable
4. Rate of self-
Construction: discharge is less.
5. High specific power
 Li-ion cell has a four-layer structure. & energy.
 Cathode: A positive electrode made with 6. Long battery life,
Lithium Cobalt Oxide and has a current around 1000 cycles
collector made of thin aluminum foil.
 Anode: A negative electrode made with carbon
and has a current collector of thin copper foil. 4. Explain the role of battery management
 Separator: a fine porous polymer film. system with diagram.
 Electrolyte: Lithium salt in an organic solvent.
Definition:
• The battery management system consists
Working: of a set of algorithms based on voltage,
current and temperature measurements to
calculate essential battery parameters and
determine charge/discharge power limits at
a given time.
• It is the Brain of a battery pack
Diagram:

Chemical Reaction:

During charging:
LiMO2 +C6 MO2 +LiC6

During Discharging:  BMS is responsible for thermal management

MO2 +LiC6 LiMO2 +C6 of the battery and monitors its temperature
continuously. If required, BMS can adjust
Discharging: cooling and triggering other safety
During discharging, lithium ions formed at the
negative electrode migrate through the electrolyte mechanisms to cease operations.
 The BMS monitors individual cells in the  To connect the batteries in series, we
battery pack. It then calculates how much connect the +ve terminal of one battery to
current charge and discharge without the –ve terminal of another battery and so
on.
damaging the battery.
 It monitors continuously the voltage of the  This method is used to increase the total
voltage and it does not increase the
battery pack as well as individual cells and
ampere-hour.
controls the supply of the current to avoid Example:
overcharging. Series connection
 The BMS uses the collected data points No. of batteries = 3
(temperature, current voltage) to estimate the Battery capacity = 12V, 4Ah
SoC and SoH of the battery pack. Both SoC Total capacity = 36V, 4Ah
and SoH are presented as percentage. Voltage is increased, But Ah is not increased.
 SoC:- SoC is a measurement of the amount of 2. Parallel connection
energy available in a battery.
 SoH:- SoH is a measurement that indicates the
present capacity of the battery as compared to
its original capacity.
 During charging, the BMS communicates the
required output voltage and current levels to 
the charger and sends instructions to start and  To connect the batteries in parallel, the
stop the charging process. +ve terminal of one battery is connected to
 The BMS interfaces with vehicle controller by +ve terminal of all batteries and the –ve
using CAN. It disables the battery when the terminal of first battery is connected to -ve
vehicle is theft. terminal of all batteries.
 This method is used to increase the
5. Explain cell series and parallel connections ampere-hour capacity and it does not
with diagram. (or) increase the voltage.
Explain in detail about the connecting methods Example:
of battery cells. (or)Explain in detail about the Parallel connection
battery Pack. No. of batteries =3
Battery capacity = 12V, 4Ah
To configure the batteries with connection Total capacity = 12V, 12Ah
method, each battery must have same capacity. Ah is increased, But voltage is not increased.
Cell connection methods:
1. Series connection 3. Series-parallel connection
2. Parallel connection
3. Series-parallel connection
1. Series connection

 In this method we have to connect 6 (or)

more batteries.
 This method is used to increase both the
voltage and ampere-hour capacity.
  The batteries to be charged are connected in
Example: parallel across the DC supply.
Series-Parallel connection  The specified value of voltage is maintained
No. of batteries = 6
throughout the charging period.
Battery capacity = 12V, 4Ah
Total capacity = 36V, 12Ah  At the end of full charge, the battery voltage
Both voltage & Ah are increased. equals supply voltage and current reduces to
zero.
6. Explain about the battery charging  In this method, the batteries are charged
techniques. quickly.
 This method is used for charging lead acid
 A battery charger is a device used to put
battery and lithium-ion battery.
energy into a cell or (rechargeable) battery by
forcing an electric current through it. 3. Trickle charging
 A charger connected to AC supply should
convert the AC to DC using rectifier circuit
and use the DC for charging the batteries.

Methods of charging:
1. Constant current charging
2. Constant voltage charging
3. Trickle charging

1. Constant current charging  Trickle charge is a continuous charging
method at a low current rate.
 In this method, the battery is in fully charged
state due to continuous charging.
 The source output voltage must be compatible
with the battery voltage.
 The current flow through the shunt control is
set at a value that establishes the desired
charging current to the battery.
 The diode is used to prevent the battery from
 The batteries to be charged are connected in discharging back through the source.
series across the DC supply.
7.Explain the impacts on A) environment B)
 The specified value of current is maintained
economy C) power grid.
throughout the charging period.
 The constant current is maintained by using
variable resistor.
 This method is usually used for charging
nickel-cadmium and nickel–metal hydride
batteries.

2. Constant voltage charging

1.Impacts on environment:
 An important objective of increasing the
number of EVs is to reduce green house
gasemission.
 EVs and electric power should be combined to
reduce CO2 emission from transportation.
 EVs generate very little noise. So the amount
of sound pollution is reduced a lot. It
decreases drastically in urban areas.
 Batteries are recycled in some companies.
 Lithium-ion batteries can be recycled.
2.Impacts on economy:
 The cost of operation of EVs is low due to
their high efficiency. Its efficiency is up to 70
percent.
 The cost of EVs is expected to decrease in the
near future by producing EVs in very large
quantities and developing better policies for
energy.
 Benefits can be derived from EVs. And in this,
other better power saving strategies can be
established like integration of renewable
sources.
3.Impacts on power grid:
 Automotive has developed rapidly in recent
years due to low carbon, environmental
protection, low cost and low noise.
 The government is also focusing more and
more on developing electric vehicles.
 Connecting a very large number of electric
vehicles to the grid for charging at the same
time without any control can affect the
operation and planning of the power system.
 UNIT-4  Currently, there are 10 million electric cars
on road. The financing challenges, for EV
1. Write briefly about electric mobility policy customers are,
frame work in India.
• Limited financing options
 The Government of India has formed a policy for
Electric mobility. • A High interest

 The union government policies and schemes like • High insurance cost
FAME 1 and FAME 2, the PLI scheme, scrap
page policy encourage the use of EV's and • Limited loan opportunities
incentivize manufactures.  If the EV's gain widespread adoption the
 The polices formed for electric mobility are, above financing challenges can hinder
EV's widespread adoption in the country.
• To promote the use of EV's As many as 13 countries managed to path
• Conscessions to users EV's past 10% of new light vehicle in
• Subsidy on purchase 2020.
• exemption from road tax
• exemption from registration charges Electric vehicles usage worldwide, as the adoption
• low interest rates on loans Initiatives for bulk of plug-in EV is attached by
purchasing of EV's for public sector, personal, • Consumer demand
public transport utilizes last mile delivery
operations. • Market prices
• Infrastructure
• Availability of charging infrastructure
• development for battery and vehicle
manufacturing, charging infrastructure and • Government policies, etc.,
scrapping centers, etc.
 The various Government Polices for EV 3. Explain in briefly about National electric
promotion are, mobility mission plan (NEMMP) in 2020 (Or)
 FAME - I (Faster Adoption and Explain in briefly Electric mobility in India
Manufacturing of Hybrid and EV)
 FAME - II Electric mobility in India
 PLI (Production Linked Incentive)  Electric mobility started getting importance in
 Vehicle scarp page policy India, but less an expected as people were
 Make in India expecting more improvement from it.

 Indian scientists are doing research to improve

2.Explain Global scenario of EV adoption.
factors that makes electric vehicle (EV)
compatible for daily usage

 The electric vehicle running with more efficiency

is expensive which cannot be afforded by
common people.

 If government takes initiatives as mentioned

earlier, it will be compatible for all.

 The national electric mobility mission plan

(NEMMP) 2020 was launched by the government
of India in
 2013 to achieve national fuel security by 5.Explain ARAI standards for electric vehicles.
promoting electric and hybrid vehicles
 Automotive Research Association of India
National electric mobility mission plan (ARAI) is set up by the Automotive Industry with
(NEMMP) the Government of India.
 ARAI is an autonomous body affiliated to the
 The NEMMP, 2020 lays down vision and Ministry of Heavy Industries, Government of
roadmap for Ev penetration in India. India
 The plan was adopted by the Government of India  Furtheir ARAI is a prime Testing and
in 2013. Certification Agency notified by Government of
India.
 The plan aims at national energy security,  ARAI approval is done on the basis of
mitigation of adverse impacts of vehicular growth components tests, engine tests, vehicle tests and
on environment and growth of domestic other requirements
manufacturing capabilities.
Different AIS Standards
 The plan focuses on providing upfront and
continued support for promoting electric vehicle • Some of the standards are,
technologies in the country and targets 6-7 million 1. AIS 038
EV penetration by 2020.
2. AIS 039
The objectives of NEMMP 2020 are,
3. AIS 123
 To provide vision for EV of HEV'S
 Roadmap for faster adoption of EV of HEV's To 1. AIS 038
encourage reliable, affordable, efficient EV's
 To contribute national fuel security, etc., • This standard prescribes the requirements
4. Explain about the action led by OEM’s. for the construction and functional safety
 An Original Equipment Manufacturer of battery-operated vehicles.
(OEM), traditionally defined as a company
whose goods are used as components in • The vehicle construction requirements and
the products of another company, which test procedures of AIS 038 standard is
then be the finished item to users. organized as,
 Several OEM's have announced targets for
 Traction battery
the production and sales of EV's
 Protection against Electric Shock
SL OEM Ev Production Of Sale
Target  Functional safety requirements
1 BMW 0.1 million electric car sales
in 2017 15.25% of sales by  Onboard indicators
2025
2 Chevrolet 30,000 annual electric car  Protection against water effect
sales by 2017
3 Chinese 4.52 million annual electric 2. AIS 039
car sales by 2020
• This standard specifies the method for
4 Daimler 0.1 million annual electric
car sales by 2020 measurement of electrical energy
5 Ford 13 new EV models by 2020 consumption of Battery – operated
6 Honda 2/3 of 2030 sales to be Vehicles (BoVs).
electrified vehicles
7 Renault 1.5 million cumulative sales
Nissan of electric cars by 2020
 • This is also used to verify the performance  The different methods used for charging the
of the vehicle with that declared by the battery are,
manufacturer.
1. Constant current method
• The significant clauses under AIS 039 2. Constant voltage method
standard are organized below. 3. Trickle charging method

 Vehicle preparation Better Battery Technologies

 Battery Test condition  A battery pack (bank) is a group of batteries
 Battery Test procedure connected together using series or parallel wiring.
This allows more power to be stored than using a
3. AIS 123 single battery.
 By connecting batteries, the voltage or amperage
 Standards AIS-038 and AIS-039 are
can be increased, or both.
specified for fully battery-operated
 The battery management systems, SOC
vehicle, whereas AIS-123 is for IC Engine
measurement techniques, cell balancing methods
retrofitted with hybrid electric system.
and battery charging methods should be in
 So, getting approval for retrofitted vehicle advanced level for battery pack development
with hybrid electric system, tests and technology.
measurements are carried with hybrid and
without hybrid electric system Wireless power transfer

6.Explain the trends and future development of  The wireless charging (or) Inductive charging (or)
EV market. cordless charging, is a type of wireless power
transfer. It uses EM induction to provide
electricity to portable devices.
 It has two main components namely charging pad
and receiver.
 The charging pad is fixed in the ground above
where the car is parked

Overhead power supply

V2G
 A lot of research has already been done
 V2G - Vehicle to Grid incorporating EVS and the grid.
 V2G is a method where the EV can provide power  With more implementation of smart grids,
to grid. distributed generation and renewable energy
 In this system, the EVs ct as loads when they are sources, researches in these field are likely to
drawing power and it can become source by increase.
feeding power to the grid.

Better Charging Technologies

 A battery charger is a device used to put energy

into a cell or (rechargeable) battery by forcing an
electric current through it.
 A charger connected to AC supply should convert
the AC to DC using rectifier circuit and use the
DC for charging the batteries.
 UNIT-5  It enables fast charging through standard charging
infrastructure.
1. Explain Tamilnadu E-Vehicle policy 2019.  Policy measures of electric vehicles in share
The Tamilnadu Government introduced to mobility.
first-ever EV policy. "Tamilnadu E-Vehicle  Chennai, Coimbatore, Trichy, Madurai, Salem and
Policy 2019" a vision to attract Rs 50.000-crores Tirunelveli to electric vehicles.
in investments and create 1.5 lakhs new jobs EV in goods carrier:
 Small commercial vehicles used for delivering
1. To encourage start-ups in EV sector light loads will be encouraged to converted EVs.
 E-commerce and delivery components in Tamil
2. Incubation services
Nadu will be encouraged to transition their
3. Mentoring support vehicles to EVs gradually.
EV in educational institution
4. Common facilities  There are nearly 32,000 buses, mini buses and
vans run by educational institutions such as
5. To create EV venture capital fund
schools and colleges in the state.
6. Charging infrastructure  These institutional vehicles will be encouraged to
transition all their vehicles to EVs gradually.
7. 100% Exemption on electricity tax till EV in public transport
December 2025, for manufacturing units  Around 21,000 public transport buses are operated
8.100% exemption on stamp duty for obtaining by state transport undertakings in the state
lend by sales or lease, upto December 2022  It will strive to replace 5% of buses as EV every
year and around 1000 EV buses may be
9. Subsidy of 15% on cost to obtain land from introduced every year
SIPCOT SIDCO etc

10. 50% subsidy for investments is southern 3. Explain the need and objectives of EV policy.
districts
1. To create robust infrastructure.
11. 20% higher capital subsidy for EV battery 2. To promote innovation.
manufacturing 3.To create a pool of skilled workforce
4. To make Tamilnadu the preferred destination
2.Explain the policy measures of Electric
for EV's
vehicle.
5. To create conductive environment for industry
The government of Tamilnadu focus on policy and research institutions to focus on EV
interventions Intended to encourage EV technologies and reap the benefit from the
manufacturing as well as EV marketing in the outcome
state. 6. To recycle and reuse used batteries
7. To dispose the rejected batteries in
1. Electric car and 2 Wheelers environmental friendly manner without pollution
2. EV in shared mobility
3. EV in Public Transport 4.Explain the recycling eco-system of battery &
4. EV in educational institution EV’s
5. EV in Goods carrier
Policy measures for cars & two-wheeler:  The government will encourage the reuse of EV
 Nearly 25 lakhs personal cars have been registered batteries, that have reached its end of life.
in Tamil Nadu so for nearly 85% of vehicle  The recycling business is setup in collaboration
population is two-wheeler. with battery and EV manufacturers.
 It focus on urban mining of rare materials within
the battery for reuse by battery manufacturers.
 Charging stations operations will be encourage 8) Creation of EV parts and vender
operating as end of life battery recycling agencies. Eco system
 Battery vehicle owners can deposit their vehicle 9) MSME sector
batteries that reached their end of life. 10) Transition Support
 The government of tamilnadu will invite battery
recycling business. 7. Write a short note on demand side
 After consultation with stakeholders, appropriate incentives.
protocols and investment subsides shall be a) Purchase of Electric Two Wheelers
notified by the government of tamilnadu.  100% road tax exemption will 30.12.2022.
 OEMs should take responsibility of recycling of be provided till 30.12.2022
old batteries and its components  Waiver on Registration charges/fees will
be done as per Government of India's
5.Explain the EV charging structure notification.
b) Three-Seater Auto-Rickshaws
1. The chief secretary, govt, of Tamil Nadu  Auto Rickshaw permit fees will be waived
(chairman) for e-autos till 30.12.2022.
2. Committee members are,  100% Road Tax exemption for e-autos till
 Additional chief secretary, Home dept 30.12.2022
 Waiver on Registration charges/fees will
 Principal secretary, Transport dept
be done as per Government of India's
 Principal secretary, Finance dept notification.
 Principal secretary, Energy dept c) Transport Vehicles such as Taxi, Tourist
 Principal secretary. Highways dept Cars, etc.
 Principal secretary, Industries dept  Taxi permit fees will be waived for
 Principal secretary, MA&WS dept Electric Transport Vehicles till 0.12.2022.
 The chairman, TANGEDCO  100% Road Tax exemption for all Electric
Transport Vehicles till 30.12.2022.
 The chairman, Transport dept
 Waiver on Registration charges/ fees will
 MD & CEO, TN Industrial guidance be done as per Government of India's
Bureau notification.
 Five experts from various fields pertaining d) Light Goods Carriers (including Three
to E-vehicles manufacturing, battery Wheelers)
charging, etc  There will be no requirement of permit for
the three- wheeler goods, e-carriers as well
as electric Light Goods carrier.
6.Explain supply side incentives to promote EV  100% Road Tax exemption for all e-
manufacturing carriers registered till 30.12.2022.
e) Private Cars
 The government of tamilnadu offers attractive  Private car owners shall be encouraged to
incentives to promote new industrial investments switch over to electric cars.
in the state under the tamilnadu industrial policy.  Waiver on Registration charges/fees will
 The manufacturer of electric vehicles, their auto be done as per Government of India's
components, particularly EV batteries will be notification.
provide a special package of incentives  Road tax exemption will be enhanced from
 The incentives will include the following 50% to 100% till 30.12.2022
1) SGST f) Support for Charging Stations
2) Capital Subsidy  Adequate policy support will be provided
3) Electricity Tax for the development of charging
4) Stamp Duty infrastructure in cities and other places.
5) Cost of Land  The State will invest in setting up charging
6) Employment stations, with the active participation of
public sector units including TANGEDCO
7) EV battery manufacturing and private players.