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Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering
Dean Vucinic
Fabiana Rodrigues Leta
Sheeja Janardhanan Editors
Advances in
Visualization and
Optimization
Techniques for
Multidisciplinary
Research
Trends in Modelling and Simulations for
Engineering Applications
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering (LNME) publishes the latest develop-
ments in Mechanical Engineering - quickly, informally and with high quality.
Original research reported in proceedings and post-proceedings represents the core
of LNME. Volumes published in LNME embrace all aspects, subfields and new
challenges of mechanical engineering. Topics in the series include:
• Engineering Design
• Machinery and Machine Elements
• Mechanical Structures and Stress Analysis
• Automotive Engineering
• Engine Technology
• Aerospace Technology and Astronautics
• Nanotechnology and Microengineering
• Control, Robotics, Mechatronics
• MEMS
• Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
• Dynamical Systems, Control
• Fluid Mechanics
• Engineering Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer
• Manufacturing
• Precision Engineering, Instrumentation, Measurement
• Materials Engineering
• Tribology and Surface Technology
To submit a proposal or request further information, please contact the Springer
Editor in your country:
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[email protected]
Indexed by SCOPUS. The books of the series are submitted for indexing to
Web of Science.
Sheeja Janardhanan
Editors
Advances in Visualization
and Optimization Techniques
for Multidisciplinary
Research
Trends in Modelling and Simulations
for Engineering Applications
123
Editors
Dean Vucinic Fabiana Rodrigues Leta
Vesalius College (VeCo) Mechanical Engineering Department
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) Universidade Federal Fluminense
Brussels, Belgium Niterói—Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Sheeja Janardhanan
Department of Mechanical Engineering
SCMS School of Engineering and
Technology
Karukutty, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Preface
It is well known that the visualization and optimization techniques are essential
parts in today’s complex modelling and simulation applications performed in many
multidisciplinary research and development projects, aiming at excellence in
engineering results.
The challenge in producing this book was to assemble the best papers and
lectures given during the last several years at the International Conference on
Advanced Computational Engineering and Experimenting (ACE-X), presented in
the Special Session 11 “Advance Scientific Visualisation for Multidisciplinary
Engineering”, addressing the following topics:
• Advanced Scientific Visualization
• Information Visualization and Visual Analytics
• Big Data Visualization, Exploration and Analysis
• Computational Models and Human-Computer Interaction
• Image Analysis and Pattern Recognition
• Multidisciplinary Simulation and Modelling
• Engineering Design Optimization
• Computer Vision and Robotics
• Astronomy and Geology
• Biomedical Imaging
• Sensor Networks and Cybersecurity
• Nano Technology Visualization
The Special Session 11 objectives are to promote and put forward the latest
advances in scientific visualization techniques and their usage when exploring and
analysing engineering data and their respective solutions—being critical to establish
a more direct and efficient way of communication between engineers, scientists and
general public, especially valuable when seeking new innovative solutions and
presenting their expected benefits. Today, the continuous and rapid technological
changes are demanding new ways in exploring “big data” information sources
underpinning the knowledge discovery, interpretation and understanding of the
results coming from—more and more—complex computations and experiments, as
v
vi Preface
being essential part of the common engineering practice. These large data sets
represent an extremely important information base, which enables trustable multi-
disciplinary design optimization and prototyping, following tightly validated and
coupled computational and experimental procedures. Such well-known setups are
motivating the seeking for new innovations and improvements in finding the “best”
engineering solutions fulfilling high-quality modern standards, by bringing together
the best practices, from academia, science, industry and beyond.
The book is organized in 12 chapters covering multidisciplinary scientific
domains such as space, aerospace, shipbuilding, turbomachinery, green trans-
portation, renewable energy.
Chapter “Advanced in Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Using Windowed Fourier
Transform to Analyse Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer” gives an insight into
optical digital interferometry as a superior tool over the conventional FFT tech-
niques in the studies pertaining to heat and mass transfer.
Metaheuristic algorithms for optimizing flight trajectory addressing the reduction
in flight cost and pollution are discussed in Chapter “Commercial Aircraft
Trajectory Optimization to Reduce Flight Costs and Pollution: Metaheuristic
Algorithms”.
Chapter “Uncertainty Quantification and Robust Optimization in Engineering”
presents a novel method known as polynomial chaos, incorporating uncertainties
into the design based on the gradient-based robust optimization, presenting an
example of shape optimization for transonic aerofoil.
Chapter “Determination of Linear and Non-linear Hydrodynamic Derivatives of
a Surface Ship in Manoeuvring Using CFD Method” finds its importance in
replicating the towing tank model tests by using the CFD simulations, which results
are analysed using Fourier series for obtaining the hydrodynamic derivatives of the
container ship hull model.
The application of pattern recognition method for estimating the wind load on
ships and marine objects is discussed in Chapter “Application of Pattern
Recognition Method for Estimating Wind Loads on Ships and Marine Objects”.
The chapter also brings to light the need for series of experiments in order to
achieve a successful prediction of wind loads.
Chapter “Tensairity, an Extra-Light Weight Structure for Airships” is devoted to
airships wherein the concept of tensairity, a lightweight inflatable reinforced beam
that can be used as a structural element for airship keel, as novel technology that has
large potential for building new airships of any size and geometry.
It is no more a problem watching television programs of different languages, as
Chapter “Realization of Subtitle Support in Hybrid Digital TV Applications”
addresses this very well, describing the subtitles support in the hybrid digital TV
applications with relatively simple hardware equipment.
The computational hemodynamics is gaining importance as an engineering
application, which is becoming more and more important in the medical domain.
Chapter “Human Heart Blood Flow Numerical Modelling and Simulations” pre-
sents a fluid structure interaction approach to simulate the human heart blood flow,
also with the artificial valve implant for the treatment of the heart problems.
Preface vii
ix
x Contents
xi
xii About the Editors
Keywords Fourier image processing Interferometry Thermodiffusion Ternary
mixtures
Nomenclature
Change in refractive index Dn
Coordinate index of pixel i, j
Coordinate system x, y
Fourier transform of coordinate u; v; n; g
Initial concentration cO
Molecular diffusion coefficient D (m2 s−1)
Maximum concentration difference DC
Non zero picks, Fourier transform C, C*
Number of pixels in x, y direction m, n
Optical length of the cell L (mm)
Phase distribution D/
Soret coefficient ST (K−1)
Temperature difference DT ðKÞ
Time t ðsÞ
Thermodiffusion coefficient DT (m2 s−1 K−1)
Vibration amplitude A (mm)
WFT spectrum Sf
Greek Symbol
Concentration contrast factor ð@n@cÞp:T ðÞ
Density q kg/m3
Interference phase /
Laser wavelength k ðnmÞ
Mixture viscosity k ðnmÞ
Relaxation time s ðsÞ
Temperature contrast factor ð@n@T Þp:c ð1=KÞ
Thermal diffusivity v ðm2 =sÞ
Standard deviations dx ; dy
Subscript
Experimental exp
Hour hr
Minute min
Reference ref
Thermal th
Threshold thr
Steady st
Advanced in Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Using Windowed Fourier … 3
1 Introduction
The experimental data for both of these experiments were obtained using the
interferometry image processing technique [15, 17], which is one of the most
effective non-contact optical techniques for these systems. The samples were
monitored by a Mach-Zehnder interferometer at two wavelengths. Because of small
scale of the variations in concentration, the processed results can be affected by the
inherent noise that exists in the system due to many reasons such as presence of
dust particles on the front glass disturbing a clear view of the cell.
In other studies, it was shown that using more complex image processing
techniques improved the contrast of the reconstructed images and reduced the noise
produced by parasitic reflections reaching the hologram plane at angles of incidence
angle different from that of the object wave. The FFT method has thus been
improved further and windowed Fourier transform processing was developed. This
new proposed algorithm analyses the sequence of fringe patterns with two con-
tinuous steps of Fourier transformation: first during the filtration of one of the
non-zero peaks and the other on the wrapped phase image. This has the advantage
of making the algorithm more robust, accurate, and suitable for the measurement of
phase differences between two images. Moreover, the noise that may occur in the
phase image as result of the FFT method can be accurately eliminated. This method
filters out the spatial frequencies associated with undesired terms in the computed
Fourier transform of the hologram [29]. Moreover, by use of the two comple-
mentary outputs of the interferometer, it is possible to remove the zero-order terms
and thus to increase the resolution.
In this investigation, for the first time we have implemented a windowed Fourier
transform algorithm to study the thermodiffusion phenomenon to improve the
contrast of the reconstructed images and reduce the noise. First, we discuss different
image processing techniques used to process optical digital interferometry
(ODI) experiments that deal with coupling between the sensitive measurements of
heat and mass transport in the domain. Section 2 briefly presents the experimental
setup and the experimental procedure that was performed on board the ISS. The
detailed information and mathematical formulas are discussed in Sect. 3. The
principles of the fast Fourier transform and the windowed Fourier transform
methods for fringe pattern processing of ODI images are introduced using refer-
ences [30, 31]. Section 4 presents a short mathematical description of extracting the
temperature and concentration from the phase images for binary and ternary mix-
tures. Section 5 introduces the software tool developed during this study with
MATLAB to process the thermodiffusion ODI fringes and validate the software
against the benchmark values of Soret coefficient of one of the test mixtures. The
results and discussion are provided in Sect. 6, and they focus on a detailed com-
parison between the FFT and WFT results in studying the binary and ternary ODI
experiments. Finally, a summary of this chapter is provided in the conclusion
section.
6 A. Ahadi and M. Z. Saghir
Fringe analysis techniques [7, 12] are considered effective, reliable, and robust
optical non-contact methods for measuring refractive index variation. These
methods have been employed in both the DSC and IVIDIL experiments. In this
method, a structured lighting pattern was initially projected onto the experimental
cell. As shown in the Fig. 1, the generated laser beam was propagated into an
optical fibre cable until reaching an optical coupler. This optical coupler divides the
laser beam into two beams. The sample was monitored using a Mach-Zehnder
interferometer at two wavelengths, depending on whether the sample was a binary
or ternary mixture. Figure 1 shows the two different paths inside the cell holder of
the split beam. One of the paths moved the beam through the front of the cell (in the
direction perpendicular to the thermal gradient, as shown in Fig. 2) and the other
one passed the beam through the void area to be used as the reference beam. After
reflection from the mirrors, both beams interfered with each other at the second
beam splitter. In this way, interference fringes were generated and captured by a
CCD camera.
The first step of the thermodiffusion experiments that will be analysed in this
chapter was thermalization of the sample at the mean temperature to reach the initial
state of uniform concentration and temperature distribution inside the cavity. At this
stage, the top and bottom plates of the cell were maintained at the mean temper-
ature. Then, the temperature gradient was built up by application of heat to both
sides of the cavity. ODI images and the corresponding temperature differential
between the hot and cold sides were acquired during the experiment. After com-
pletion of the designated experimental time span, the temperature difference was
removed and the cell was brought back to the mean temperature. If needed, the run
was repeated at a different temperature difference. Afterwards, the moveable optic
was relocated to another sample and the cycle was repeated.
Thermal equilibrium in the sample mixture is established at a characteristic time
that is a function of the length of the experimental cell and the thermal diffusivity of
Fig. 1 Scheme of the interferometer setup, it represents the moving bridge f SODI apparatus
Advanced in Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Using Windowed Fourier … 7
the liquid mixture: sth / L2 =v. Any change in the refractive index is assumed to be
due to temperature in this period [31]. Eventually, a concentration gradient is
established as a result of the Soret effect. The concentration profile is slowly
generated in the initially homogeneous mixture. In addition, there is a characteristic
diffusion time that is similar to the thermal time as it is also a function of the cell
length: sC / L2 =D, where D is the smallest eigenvalue of the diffusion matrix. By
definition, at the end of the diffusion time the linear separation of species has been
reached [17]. In general, the thermal time is about 100 times smaller than the
diffusion time. As a result, the temperature field reaches the steady state a few
minutes after applying the temperature difference, after which time the changes in
the refractive index are purely due to the variation in species concentration.
The output of the optical experiment and methods were in the form of a fringe
pattern, which requires further processing to be analysed [1, 7, 32]. Two typical
techniques for phase retrieval are the importer technique with a Fourier transform
[33–35], and the phase-shifting technique [36]. The phase-shifting technique
evaluates the fringe patterns pixel by pixel so there is no effect of any pixel on any
other. It should be noted that noise in the image could have a large effect on the
final output from this technique. On the other hand, the importer technique with a
Fourier transform processes the whole frame of a fringe pattern at the same time. It
is more tolerant to noise, but neighbouring pixels affect each other. In local pro-
cessing methods such as phase-shifting this behaviour can be detected.
8 A. Ahadi and M. Z. Saghir
1
iðx; yÞ ¼ aðx; yÞ þ bðx; yÞ ej/ðx;yÞ þ ej/ðx;yÞ ð1Þ
2
where a(x, y) is the background noise and b(x, y) the modulation noise or the local
contrast of the pattern. /ðx; yÞ is the phase of the intensity i(x, y). Equation (1), can
be rewritten as one zero peak and two non-zero peaks:
in which the zero peak, C, and C* are placed symmetrically to the origin. The next
step was to filter out either of the two spectra on the carrier. The unwanted back-
ground variation had been filtered out at this stage using a filter mask. Once more
translating the intensity function to the origin by the carrier frequency and applying
an inverse fast Fourier transform (iFFT) algorithm to C(u, v), the phase pattern can
be found as follows [38]:
1
log½cðx; yÞ ¼ log bðx; yÞ þ i/ðx; yÞ ð4Þ
2
Advanced in Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Using Windowed Fourier … 9
The WFT which is also known as short-time Fourier transform establishes the use
of two algorithms, the windowed Fourier filtering (WFF) and the windowed Fourier
ridges (WFR) [39–42]. A smoothing filter, which is used in this study as a local
processor, assumes that the intensity values in a small block around each pixel are
the same and averages the values of that block. The use of such an averaging
technique is not suitable for a fringe pattern since its intensity undulates as a cosine
function. Because of this, more advanced and effective techniques, such as regu-
larized phase tracking [43, 44], wavelet transform [45, 46], Wigner-Ville distri-
bution [47], and windowed Fourier transform (WFT) were established. In this
investigation, the principle of the WFT is considered, used, and compared with the
FFT. While the entire procedure of the WFT method can be found in the literature
[2, 31, 48], in this study, for the first time, the windowed Fourier transform method
was used to analyse thermodiffusion interferometry experiments. Prior to this study,
FFT was solely used for this goal [14, 15, 27, 49], despite its various limitations and
inaccuracies that will be discussed later on in this chapter.
The WFT and its inverse are a pair of transforms as given below [32, 40, 42, 50]:
Z1 Z1
Sf ðu; v; n; gÞ ¼ f ðx; yÞg ðx; yÞdxdy ð5Þ
1 1
Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1
1
f ðx; yÞ ¼ 2 Sf ðu; v; n; gÞgu;v;n;g ðx; yÞdn dg du dv ð6Þ
4p
1 1 1 1
where the symbol * denotes the complex conjugate. In Eq. (5), the analysis of a 2D
image f(x, y) into the WFT basis gu;v;n;g ðx; yÞ, results in the 4D coefficients (or the
WFT spectrum) Sf ðu; v; n; gÞ. Then, Eq. (6) reconstructs the image. The WFT basis
consists of a series of windowed Fourier elements as described below [32, 40, 42,
50]:
Associated with the Fourier basis expðjnx þ jgyÞ, which has an infinite spatial
extension [32], the WFT elements have an incomplete spatial extension due to the
windowed function g(x − u, y − v).Accordingly, the WFT spectrum, Sf ðu; v; n; gÞ
gives the frequency information at each pixel in the image, which is difficult for the
Fourier transform [32]. The cost is that WFT computation requires more computer
10 A. Ahadi and M. Z. Saghir
power since its basis is dismissed and not orthogonal [41, 51]. The WFT method is
also named the Gabor transform if g(x, y) is a Gaussian function given as follows:
2 2
x 2 y 2
gðx; yÞ ¼ e 2dx 2dy
ð8Þ
where dx ; dy are the standard deviations of the Gaussian function in the x and
y directions, respectively, which control the spatial extension of g(x, y). The
Gaussian window is set throughout this research, although a simple square window
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
also works well. The Gaussian window function is divided by pdx dy for nor-
malization such that ||g(x, y)|| = 1.
The similarity of WFT and FFT reminds us that a fringe pattern can be filtered by
processing its WFT spectrum [40]. Commonly, noise in the original image per-
meates the entire spectrum domain with small coefficients due to its randomness
and incoherence with the WFT basis. Consequently, most noise can be suppressed
by discarding spectrum coefficients if their amplitudes are smaller than a preset
threshold. The scheme can be expressed as [32, 40, 42, 50];
Z1 Z1 Zg2 Zn2
1
f ðx; yÞ ¼ 2 Sf ðu; v; n; gÞgu;v;n;g ðx; yÞdn dg du dv ð9Þ
4p
1 1 g1 n1
where Sf ðu; v; n; gÞ denotes the threshold spectrum and f ðx; yÞ is the filtered fringe
pattern; thr denotes the threshold value. A windowed Fourier filter (WFF) can
provide an exponential field, from which phase can be extracted. This is similar to
the traditional Fourier transform technique for demodulation of carrier fringe pat-
terns. Although, if the spectrum of all the possible frequencies is selected, the WFF
provides a filtered fringe pattern. The output is frequently a complex field and its
real part should be used. If either n or η is chosen to be positive, then the WFF gives
an exponential phase field. Its angle gives an ambiguous phase distribution [52].
Note that the integration limits in Eq. (9) are set to be from nl to nh and from ηl to
ηh for n and η, respectively, instead of from −∞ to ∞. This represents that only a
particular spectrum should be computed if the frequencies of the fringe pattern are
within this set integration range. It is not necessary to compute the other coeffi-
cients, and therefore the computational cost is reduced. The range can be estimated
by analysing the concentration or Fourier spectrum of a fringe pattern. A smooth
Advanced in Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Using Windowed Fourier … 11
image is shaped after an iWFT that represents the phase map, which is utilized for
the rest of the post-processing in this experiment.
The procedure explained in the previous section was applied to the reference image
to evaluate /ref ðx; yÞ. The reference image can be any image during the experiment
that was able to satisfy the initial conditions of the experiment, or even another
image during the process that possessed predefined reference conditions. This
reference was compared with other images to track the changes from the chosen
reference image. The required phase difference, D/, or phase distribution, was
given by the difference between the phase of ith image and the reference image
[53]:
The phase difference that was obtained by the unwrapping process was used to
calculate the refractive index variation in the sample. This distribution led to the
calculation of the temperature and concentration variations inside the cell. The
relationship between the phase difference D/ and Dn is also a function of optical
length (L) and the wavelength of the laser:
k
Dnðx; yÞ ¼ nðx; yÞ nðx0 ; y0 Þ ¼ D/ðx; yÞ ð12Þ
2pL
where q is the density of the mixture, ci is the mass fraction of the ith component,
Dii is the pure diffusion coefficient with i 6¼ j for the cross diffusion coefficients in
porous media, and DT;i represents the thermodiffusion coefficients of the compo-
nents in the ternary mixture. The ODI is set up to test thermodiffusion phenomena
in multicomponent mixtures that include n various components. This process the-
oretically requires n − 1 laser sources with different wavelengths. According to
interferometry principles, each laser can provide one equation, as below, that has
12 A. Ahadi and M. Z. Saghir
where DT ðx; yÞ and DCi ðx; yÞ are respectively the temperature and concentration
changes in an arbitrary point (x, y); ð@n=@TÞ and ð@n=@cÞ are known contrast
factors defined as the variation of the refractive index due to temperature and
concentration, respectively, while keeping the other parameter constant. The con-
trast factors are functions of composition and temperature; however, due to the
small variations of these parameters in the current study, these coefficients are
assumed constant for each mixture. The values for the contrast factors are adopted
from reference [17, 54] for the mean temperature of the mixtures (25 °C) for binary
and ternary mixtures.
Because thermal time was noticeably smaller than diffusion time, ignoring a few
minutes at the beginning of the experiment will not affect the final concentration
profile at the end of diffusion time. Consequently, during the first thermal time
Eq. (15) can be rewritten as follows:
Dni ðx; yÞ
DT ðx; yÞ ¼ @ni ð16Þ
@T T0 ;C0 ;ki
@n2 @n2
Dn2 ðx; yÞ ¼ DC1 ðx; yÞ þ DC2 ðx; yÞ ð18Þ
@c1 T0 ;C2 ;k2 @c2 T0 ;C1 ;k2
So, the mass fraction of the first two components can be calculated as follows:
0 1 0 11 0 Dn ðx; yÞ 1
DC1 ðx; yÞ @n1 @n1 1
B C B @c1 T0 ;C2 ;k1 @c C B C
B C¼ @ @n 2 T0 ;C1 ;k1 A @ B C ð19Þ
@ A 2 @n2 A
@c1 T ;C ;k @c2 T ;C1;k
DC2 ðx; yÞ 0 2 2 0 2 Dn2 ðx; yÞ
The concentration of the third component can be found based on species mass
conservation [16]. It is worth to mention that for a binary mixture, Eq. (19) can be
simplified and a similar equation as Eq. (16) can be determined for measurement of
concentration [15]. The entire image processing procedure of the current work is
illustrated in Fig. 3. The main difference between using this new method and the
simple FFT is the implementation of steps 5 and 6 that represent the windowed
Fourier filtration technique. The addition of these two steps increases the total
processing time by approximately 40 times. Nevertheless, the outcome of the
analysis justifies the importance of using this method for such ODI experiments that
deal with simultaneous heat and mass transfer.
The optical properties of the liquids at various laser wavelengths used in this
study are mentioned in Table 1 and 2.
5 Software Development
Fig. 3 Principle scheme of Fourier image processing in this study (1: Converting and Cropping,
2: Fast Fourier Transform, 3: Filter out the non-zero peaks using band filter, 4: Inverse 2D FFT,
5: Windowed Fourier Filter, 6: Inverse WFT, 7: Subtracting the image from the reference image
(k), 8: Unwrapping, 9:Calculationg of Refractive index, and 10: Concentration and Temperature)
In total, six runs of the SODI-IVIDIL and SODI-DSC experiments were analysed in
this study (see Table 3): one run with a forced vibration and positive Soret coef-
ficient, and the other five without an external vibration. Four of IVIDIL runs with
no forced vibration were considered in this section, and they have been selected
herein for validation. Run 2 and Run2R were used for comparison to runs with
negative Soret coefficients with 10% initial mass fractions of IPA and a 5 K tem-
perature differential; in addition, Run 33 and Run33R were included and possess
(50% initial IPA mass fraction) positive Soret coefficients and a DT = 15 K. The
‘R’ suffix in the title of the runs instants for “repeated”. In order to validate the
software for the different conditions of the Soret effect, two major benchmark cases
with positive or negative Soret coefficients were chosen to prove the accuracy of the
software for stable and unstable conditions of Soret. The properties of these
Table 1 Optical properties of the water-IPA mixture measured at T = 298 K for laser with the wavelength of 670 nm (MR) and IVIDIL cases [17, 56]
co;IPA ðwtÞ (%) ð@n=@T Þp:c 104 K1 ð@n=@cÞp:T 102 ðÞ ST 103 K1 D 1010 ðm2 s1 Þ DT 1013 m2 s1 K1
10 −1.3427 −9.23 −8.47 ± 1.5 7.11 ± 0.4 −60.2 ± 10
50 −3.474 −3.64 5.68 ± 0.3 1.60 ± 0.1 9.57 ± 0.5
Advanced in Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Using Windowed Fourier …
15
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»Tacete dunque in nome di Dio, madre mia! sclamò Cuddy, andate
piuttosto a starvene con Kettledrumle, con quell'uom coraggioso che
or pensa a tutt'altro fuorchè a cantar inni. Queste indiavolate palle
non guardano in faccia a nessuno, e tanto ammazzerebbero una
vecchia che salmeggia quanto un dragone che bestemmiasse.»
»Non temere per me, mio Cuddy, rispose la vecchia fanatica; voglio,
siccome Debora, ascendere quell'altura, e sollevar la mia voce contra
i persecutori de' veri fedeli.»
E avrebbe di fatto eseguito il suo divisamento; ma Cuddy temendo
che ella non facesse venire la mosca al naso dei custodi, l'afferrò
saldamente per un braccio, obbligandola a rimanersi dov'era. »Sig.
Enrico, diss'egli allora, credo non anderà guari che sarem liberi; il
caporale e i suoi soldati non fan che guardarsi addietro, e se non
m'inganno hanno un grande prurito di seguire i lor camerati.»
Nè s'ingannava egli. Appena Inglis s'accorse di Claverhouse che
tornava a tutta briglia sulla montagna, e che un corpo di Puritani
s'accigneva ad inseguirlo, nè il caporale nè i suoi compagni
giudicarono salubre cosa lo indugiar più lungo tempo in quel luogo e
tennero compagnia ad altri fuggiaschi che passavano per quello
spianato.
Morton, le cui mani erano sciolte, si diede tosto all'opera di sciogliere
quelle de suoi compagni, e mentre terminava questa faccenda che
non era scevra delle sue difficoltà, arrivò il restante del reggimento,
in mezzo a cui dominavano il disordine e la confusione inseparabili
da tai generi di ritirate. Questi avanzi però formavano un corpo di
quaranta uomini in circa. Li guidava brandendo la sua sciabola
Claverhouse tutto coperto di sangue e di sudore. Veniva ultimo lord
Evandale che confortava que' soldati a farsi coraggio e a non si
disunire.
Essi passavano non molto lungi dal luogo ov'erano Morton e i suoi
compagni. Mausa cogli occhi raggianti di entusiasmo e di gioia, e coi
grigi capelli in balia de' venti, stendea le sue scarne braccia, simile
ad una vecchia baccante o ad una strega della Tessaglia; nè potè
starsi dal mandare invettive ai fuggiaschi e dallo spacciare contr'essi
improperj tolti da qualche frammento di Salmo. Ma Claverhouse e la
sua gente avean ben altre faccende che badare alle ingiurie d'una
vecchia in delirio, onde continuarono il proprio cammino, solleciti di
ordinarsi laddove fossero sicuri dall'inimico. Peggio instrutta della
loro la cavalleria puritana, non avea potuto raggiugnerli, ma li
seguiva in vicinanza, traendo sempre sovr'essi; il quale continuo
fuoco, se non li danneggiava, certamente contribuiva ad accelerare
la loro fuga. Una palla però colpi il cavallo di lord Evandale nell'atto
ch'ei pervenne allo spianato. Due uomini a cavallo presbiteriani gli
furono tosto addosso per ammazzarlo, che non si usava dar
quartiere in tal guerra; ma Morton benchè disarmato si lanciò innanzi
ad essi, e mentre copriva col proprio corpo Evandale tanto che si
rialzasse, riconobbe Burley nell'uomo che avea sollevata la sciabola
per mettere a morte il milord: »Concedetemi, esclamò, la sua vita! la
negherete voi a quell'uomo che ha salvata la vostra?....»
»Enrico Morton! (gridò Burley che intanto si rasciugava la fronte con
una mano tutta intrisa di sangue.) Ben lo diss'io che il figliuolo del
prode Silas non tarderebbe a passare sotto le tende di Giacobbe. Tu
sei una tavola sfuggita al naufragio; una canna che l'incendio della
pianura non potrà consumare. — Quanto a costui, egli morrà. La
spada d'Israello non dee risparmiare un solo Amalecita.»
E ciò dicendo alzò la sciabola una seconda volta sopra Evandale.
»Egli non morrà, (tornò a gridare Morton afferrando il braccio a
Burley) egli non morrà, o morirò io prima di lui. Ei mi salvò stamane
la vita, quella vita ch'io dovea perdere per avervi campato da morte.
Vorreste farvi reo d'un'ingratitudine la più infame?»
Burley abbassò la sciabola. »Tu hai ancora un piede nelle vie del
mondo, sì disse a Morton; ho compassione della tua debolezza, della
tua cecità. Il pane de' forti non è fatto pe' deboli: ma egli è meglio
guadagnare un'anima alla verità, che immergerla nelle tenebre
eterne. — Viva egli dunque, se tale è il volere del cielo, che ne ha
compartito in quest'oggi favori i più segnalati. Quanto a te, Morton,
ricordati di aspettarmi qui. Tornerò a trovarti dopo che avrò finito di
sperdere i nemici dei giusti.»
Indi spronato il cavallo continuò ad inseguire i Reali.
»Presto, Cuddy! fate presto, Morton sclamò, per amor del cielo
fermate un di que' cavalli che corrono qua e là e conducetelo a lord
Evandale. La vita di lui non sarebbe sicura se qui indugiasse più
lungo tempo. Voi siete ferito, o milord. Vi trovate in istato di risalire a
cavallo?»
»Così spero, rispose Evandale. Ma è egli possibile? Ed è a voi, sig.
Morton, che io sono debitore della mia vita?»
»In qualsivoglia circostanza, o milord, l'umanità m'avrebbe persuaso
a procurar di salvarvi, ma in questo momento la gratitudine me ne
facea un sacro dovere.»
»Montate a cavallo, milord, disse Cuddy nell'offerirgli un palafreno,
montate a cavallo, e fuggite alla presta: questi disperati non la
perdonano a quanto lor capita.»
Intantochè lord Evandale s'accigneva a salire sul cavallo, Cuddy
volea tenergli la staffa.
»Ritirati, bravo giovinotto, questi gli disse; il servigio che vuoi
rendermi potrebbe costarti la vita. — Signor Morton, eccovi sciolto
d'ogni debito che crediate avere verso di me: non dimenticherò mai,
credetelo, quest'atto vostro di generosità. Addio.»
E un istante dopo che Evandale era partito, comparve una grossa
banda di fanteria puritana, postasi ad inseguire i fuggitivi e che
spietatamente uccideva e feriti e sbandati. »Morte ai traditori! (alcuni
di essi esclamarano additando Morton e Cuddy) costoro agevolarono
la fuga ad un Filisteo.»
»E che cosa dovevamo fare? gridò Cuddy. Eravamo lor prigionieri,
quindi privi d'armi potevam forse trattenere un uomo fornito di
sciabola e di due pistole?»
La quale scusa non sarebbe stata ammessa, se Kettledrumle, già
riavutosi dallo spavento, ed encomiato e rispettato dalla maggior
parte de' Puritani, non si fosse fatto ad esclamare con voce di tuono:
»Fermatevi: nol toccate. Eccovi il figlio del famoso Silas Morton, per
la cui mano il Signore operò un dì tanti prodigi. Egli è un fiore eletto
del giardino d'Eden. Fu perseguitato dai vostri persecutori, ed è
venuto a prestar soccorso all'opera della giustizia.»
»Ed ecco, soggiunse Mausa, le cui massime eran note a tutti i
partigiani del Puritanismo, ecco il figlio del proprio padre, di Judden
Headrigg e di me Mausa Middlemas, indegna serva del puro Vangelo,
e vostra serva ad un tempo. Noi siamo tutti della tribù di Levi.»
Questa banda pertanto continuò il suo cammino, ma altre ne
sopraggiunsero, alle quali convenne ripetere la medesima
spiegazione; e tutte le volte tornò necessario ed utilissimo
l'intervento di Kettledrumle, il quale riprendendo baldanza a mano a
mano dal vedere vantaggiosa la propria protezione agli antichi
compagni di schiavitù, attribuì a se medesimo gran parte del buon
successo ottenuto, e chiamò questi compagni medesimi ad attestare
come egli avesse, simile a Mosè sulla montagna, sollevate la mani al
cielo affinchè Israello trionfasse di Amalecco, e retribuiva nel tempo
stesso a Morton e a Cuddy la gloria di avergli sostenute le braccia
nella guisa che Aronne ed Hur al profeta ebreo le sostennero. Forse
ei concedea loro d'aver avuta una tal parte nel buon esito delle cose
per indurli a tacere sul panico terrore che lo costrinse a nascondersi
nel durar della pugna; e questi per parte propria trovarono prudente
consiglio il non far motto di ciò.
Tutte le cose dette da Kettledrumle si ripetevano da labbro a labbro
colle aggiunte e le varianti che vi mettea ciascuno del proprio, come
in questi casi è costume; laonde non tardò a divulgarsi per tutte le
file che il giovine Morton di Milnwood, figlio del colonnello Silas
Morton, uno dei più fermi sostegni della buona causa, e il degno
predicatore Gabriele Kettledrumle, erano arrivati con cent'uomini
armati di tutto punto a rafforzare il campo presbiteriano.
CAPITOLO III.
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