Current Feedback Operational Amplifier Based

Active Filter Configuration

Ram Bhagata, Monika Kumarib, Nilesh Kumar Jhac, Rishabh Yadavd
Department of Electrical Engineering
Delhi Technological University
2023 International Conference on Power, Instrumentation, Energy and Control (PIECON) | 979-8-3503-9976-9/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/PIECON56912.2023.10085912

Delhi, India

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected]

Abstract—In this paper, a Current Feedback Operational capacitor first-order all-pass filter configurations have been
Amplifier (CFOA) based active filter configuration has been proposed in [7], with an ideally infinite input impedance. The
proposed. The described circuit topology employs two CFOAs CFOA-based filters are widely used to counter the
and five admittances to realize an active Low Pass Filter (LPF), interference problem in Aeronautical communication. Such a
a Band Pass Filter (BPF) and a High Pass Filter (HPF) by
Second-order active-R Bandpass filter is put forward in [8].
appropriate admittance selection. In all the derived filter
circuits, grounded and virtually grounded capacitors are being Three new CFOA-based second-order universal
used, as it is preferred for IC implementation, for the design of filter configurations with minimum number of CFOAs and
filter circuits. To demonstrate the practicability of the proposed passive elements are derived in [9] which use four CFOAs
configuration, PSPICE simulation results are used, which and two capacitors. High input impedance and low output
match closely with the theoretical response obtained by using impedance facilitates the tunability of gain and cut-off
MATLAB. Experimental results using commercially available frequency as shown in [10] where a CFOA-pole-based active-
off-the-shelf CFOA IC AD844 have also been included to R design is used to realize resonator, filter, and oscillator
support the theoretical and simulated results. circuits. [11] presents a voltage-gain controlled, modified
Keywords—Active Filters, Current Feedback Operational
CFOA-based first-order electronically tuneable all-pass filter
Amplifier, AD844. design. A similar circuit with a low component count and
great properties with a systematic method of designing
I. INTRODUCTION CFOA-based LPF and HPF ladder filter configurations is
explained in [12]. A major factor in the designing of a filter
The multifunction filter is frequently employed in
is power consumption. To reduce power consumption, cost,
the construction of analog signal processing systems,
and chip area integrated voltage mode CFOA-based
including demodulators and touch-tone telephone systems. In
biquadratic filter circuits are crucial. The same is presented
this digital era, operational amplifiers can be used to design
in [13] along with the hardware design specifications.
filters and almost all linear and non-linear circuits such as
This paper proposes the aforementioned filter
integrators, differentiators, oscillators, comparators,
designs, the LPF, HPF, and BPF, using a multifunctional
multivibrators, etc. CFOA which unlike the traditional
CFOA configuration. The proposed general filter
Voltage Amplifiers (VOAs) exhibit a number of advantages
configuration makes use of two CFOAs and five admittances.
in the designing of analog circuits. A traditional VOA has the
By choosing the appropriate passive elements in the general
major disadvantage that its gain and bandwidth cannot be set
configuration, various filters (LPF, HPF, and BPF) can be
independently, which is usually known as the "gain-
realized. The simulation results are compared with the
bandwidth conflict." A CFOA, on the other hand, offers an
theoretical and practical results as well.
independent gain and bandwidth relationship [1]. In addition
This paper is divided into six sections. Section I
to that, it provides a relatively higher slew rate. It is evident
explains the introduction to the topic and discusses the
that slew rate affects the dynamic range of the analog circuit
literature. The circuit that has been proposed and its
and the maximum operational frequency of the input signal
mathematical analysis is well described in Section II. Further,
[2]. Hence, the CFOA also enhances the operational range of
the non-ideal and sensitivity analysis is done under Section
frequency.
III. Section IV includes the simulation results; Section V
In literature, a number of active filters have been
includes the experimental results; and Section VI concludes
realized by using different active building blocks (ABBs). As
the paper.
this paper describes a CFOA-based filter configuration, the
literature review focuses on the implementation of CFOA- II. PROPOSED CONFIGURATION
based filters, some of which are found in [3]-[12]. In [3],
The CFOA in symbolic representation is shown in
CFOA-based second-order HPF and BPF responses are
Fig. 1, where X denotes the inverting input terminal, Y
obtained from the same circuit with three resistors and two
denotes the non-inverting input terminal, Z denotes the
capacitors. Second-order LPF and HPF are realized in [4]
compensation node, and W denotes the output voltage
using two CFOAs, three resistors, and two grounded or
terminal. The characteristic equations of the CFOA are given
virtually grounded capacitors. CFOA-based low-frequency
by:
LPF and HPF filter that is able to realize heavy inductors,
capacitors, and resistors that cannot be fabricated on chips is VX=VY, IZ=IX, IY=0 and Vo=VZ (1)
described in [5] and [6]. Two CFOA-based grounded-

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 The selection of admittance(s) for the realization of LPF,
HPF, and BPF are displayed in Table I, and Table II displays
the performance parameters like pole frequency(ωo), dc gain
(Ho) and band width (BW) or quality factor Q-factor for the
realized active filters.

Fig. 1 Symbolic Representation Of CFOA

The active filter circuit topology proposed in this paper for

the realization of LPF, HPF, and BPF is shown in Fig. 2.

The routine analysis of the configuration yields the transfer

function (TF):

TF = = − (2)
+ Fig. 2 Proposed Circuit

TABLE I. REALIZATION OF ACTIVE FILTER CONFIGURATION FROM PROPOSED CIRCUIT

Filter Choice of admittance

Realized Transfer Function

Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5

1 1 1 1
1 −
LPF + 1 1
+ +

1 1 1
−
HPF ( + )
1 1 + +
+ + + +
( + ) ( + )
1 1 1
1 −
BPF-1 1 + 1 1
+ +

1 1
1 −
BPF-2 + 1 1
+ +

TABLE II. PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF REALIZED FILTERS OF TABLE I

Filter Realized Cut-off frequency(ωo) Gain (Ho) Bandwidth/Quality Factor

1
=
R R C C = Qo =
LPF

( + )
= = Qo =
( + ) ( + ) + +
HPF

1 1
BPF-1 = = !=

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 1 1
BPF-2 = = BW =

From Table II, it has been observed that LPF has The non-ideal symbolic representation of a CFOA is
independent tunability of dc gain and quality factor through shown in Fig. 3, where Rx is the internal small resistance at the
R1 and R5 respectively, while for both BPF-1 and BPF-2, dc X- terminal, CY is the parasitic capacitance at the Y-terminal,
gain has independent tunability using R1 and R4. and there is a parallel combination of parasitic resistance (RZ)
and parasitic capacitance (CZ) at the Z-terminal of the CFOA.
III. NON-IDEAL AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Here, Rx, Rw, and CY are very small and are assumed to be
zero. If RZ =Rp and CZ = Cp, the parasitic admittance is given
by:
1 (3)
$ = + $
$

Furthermore, all the voltage transfer ratios and current transfer

ratios α, β and γ are assumed to be unity. Non-ideal
performance parameters of the realized active filters are
Fig. 3 Symbolic Representation of Non-ideal CFOA tabulated in Table III, where it can be observed that the
parasitic effect of CFOA has an inconsequential effect on the
BW or Q-factor.

TABLE III. NON-IDEAL PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF REALIZED FILTERS

Filter
Cut-off frequency ( ʹ) Gain ( ʹ) Bandwidth/Quality Factor
(BWʹ/Qoʹ)
≅
1
'1 + $
( '1 + $
( R R 1 1 1 1
(C + C* )+C + C* , ∗ + ' + (
1 1 1 1 1 R R R* R R*
' + (+
LPF
1 R* R R* R R 1 1 1
+ ' + ( +C + C* , + (C + C* )
) $ $
R* R R*
$ '1 + ( '1 + (

R R R C +R C* + R C ,
R +R ⎛ R R C C (R R + R R ) + C*k + R* ⎞
(R R + R R ) '1 + ( R R R C C ⎜ ⎟
R* C* mʹ + R R R R C C ⎜ R R R C* + kʹʹ ⎟
≅. ∗ ω1 R C C (R R + R R ) + C* m + R R C + R R C + R R C + C*kʹ +
HPF R R R R* R*
R R +R R + + C* n
R* ⎝ ⎠
== ( + + ) ∗ ω1 ʹ
34 (35 637 ) 34 35 37 3: 34 39 37 Eʹ = ( + )
2 = + + mʹ = ( + )
89 3: 8: 3; 3: 8:
E= $ ( + )

Eʹʹ = ( + + )

1 1
+ C 1 1 1 1
R R* $ + ' + (+ ' + (
≅ +. R $
$
$
$
BPF-1 $ $
$ $ '1 + ( C 1 1 1 1 +
1+ + C* ' + ( + C* ' + ( $ $
R R R* R R*

( + $ ) 1 1
+ $ ++ + $ ,∗( + )
≅ ∗ $ $
BPF-2 ) $ $ ( + ) 1 1
$ + $
++ + ,' + ( + + $ ,∗( + $ )
$
$ $

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Sensitivity is defined as:

X  ∂A  (4)
SA
X=  
A  ∂X 

Where A is the desired function whose sensitivity is to be

calculated and X is a variable with respect to which the
sensitivity of A is to be calculated.
Table IV displays the sensitivity analysis of the
performance parameters ωo, Ho, and BW/Q-factor of the
realized active filter. It can be deduced from table IV that all
the realized filters have low passive sensitivity, which is not
more than one. (a): Simulated and Theoretical frequency response of the LPF

TABLE IV. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

Filter
Realized Sensitivity

G G G G 1
F39H = F34H = F85H = F87H = −
2
LPF J J J J J 1
F37H = 1, F87H = F39H = F34H = F85H = −
2
L L
F34H = 1, F3:H = −1

G G 1 G 1
F3:H = F89H = − , F34H = ,
2 4
G G G G 1
F35H = F39H = F37H = F8:H = −
2 (b): Simulated and Theoretical frequency response of HPF
J J J J J
F3:H = F35H = F39H = F37H = F8:H = 0
HPF
J 1 JH 1
F89H = − ,F = −
2 34 4
L L LH LH 1 LH 1
F3:H = −1, F34H = F35 = F37 = , F39 = −
2 2
G G G G 1
F35H = F39H = F84H = F89H = −
2
BPF-1 F3OP
4
= F8OP
4
= −1
L L
F3:H = −1, F34H = 1

G G G G 1
F39H = F34H = F85H = F87H = −
2
BPF-2 F3OP
7
= F8OP
7
= −1 (c): Simulated and Theoretical Frequency response of BPF-1
L L L L
F37H = F8:H = 1, F85H = F39H = −1

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS

The realized filters have been simulated in PSPICE
AD using the AD844 library. The bias voltage of CFOA is set
to ±15V. The active filter has been designed for pole
frequency, ωo=159kHz, and Q-factor=0.707 using the passive
elements listed below:
LPF: R1=R2=R4=R5=1kΩ; C3=C5=1nF
HPF: R1=R2=R3=R4=R5=1kΩ; C1=1nF; C4=0.5nF
BPF1: R1=R2=707Ω; R3=R5=1kΩ; C2=C4=1nF
BPF2: R2=R4=R5=1kΩ; C1=C3=C5=1nF (d): Simulated and Theoretical frequency response of BPF-2
Fig.4: Frequency responses of proposed filter configuration
Fig. 4 shows the theoretical and simulation frequency
responses of LPF, HPF, BPF-1, and BPF-2, respectively. It is observed that simulated and theoretical graph curves
are similar indicating minimal error.

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 V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

The workability of the realized filters in the proposed

circuit has been verified with the hardware implementation.
The circuit of Fig. 2 is breadboarded using AD844 CFOA,
resistors and capacitors. The ± 15V DC power supply is used
for the biasing of the CFOA. The values of passive
components selected for the hardware implementation are
identical to their simulation values.
Fig. 5 shows the experimental setup for hardware
implementation. Figures 6(a) and 6(b), 7(a) and 7(b), and
8(a) and 8(b) show the frequency and transient response of
LPF, HPF, and BPF, respectively. The cut-off frequency Fig. 6(b): Experimental transient response of LPF
recorded against 159 kHz on the Keysight DSO for realized
filter are 151.4kHz for LPF, 158.5kHz for HPF and
153.8kHz for BPF with percentage error of 4.78%, 0.31%
and 3.7% respectively. The marginal error is observed to be
less than ± 5% which is within the permissible limits.

Fig. 7(a): Experimental frequency response of HPF

Fig. 7(b): Experimental transient response of HPF

Fig. 5: Experimental Setup

Fig. 8(a): Experimental frequency response of BPF-2

Fig. 6(a): Experimental frequency response of LPF

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