Basic Electrical Engineering

SPPU 2024 Pattern

Updated on: October 3, 2024

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Table of Content

4 Elementary Concepts and DC Circuits

1.1 Theory Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

17 Electromagnerism

19 AC Fundamentals

21 AC Circuits

23 Introduction to Electric Machines

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Elementary Concepts and DC Circuits

.. Syllabus: Elementary concepts: Resistance, EMF, current, potential difference, Ohm’s

law. Overview of elementary power system showing stages such as Generation, Transmis-
sion, and Distribution of electrical energy.
DC Circuits: Classification of electrical networks, simplifications of networks using series-
parallel combinations and star delta transformation technique, Kirchhoff’s Laws and their
applications for network solutions using loop analysis, Superposition theorem

1.1 Theory Questions

Concept of Electric Charge and Its Unit
Matter, which occupies space in various forms such as solid, liquid, or gas, is composed of
atoms. According to modern electron theory, an atom is made up of three fundamental
particles: neutrons, protons, and electrons. Neutrons are electrically neutral, meaning
they carry no charge, while protons are positively charged, and electrons are negatively
charged.
An atom is electrically neutral overall because the number of protons is equal to the
number of electrons. However, if an electron is removed from an atom, it loses a negative
charge and becomes positively charged. This positively charged atom is known as a
cation. Conversely, if an atom gains an extra electron, it becomes negatively charged and
is called an anion.
The concept of electric charge refers to this imbalance in the number of protons and
electrons in an atom. The unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C). The charge of a
single electron is approximately 1.602×10−19 coulombs. Therefore, one coulomb of charge
corresponds to the total charge of approximately 6.24 × 1018 electrons.

1. Explain concept of Electromotive force.

Conductor
- - - -
- - - -
Figure 1.1: Random electrons inside metal

Electromotive Force (EMF): A conductor, such as a metal wire, contains a large number
of free electrons that move randomly in all directions when no external influence is ap-

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 Theory Questions • 5

plied. However, when an external electrical effort, such as a battery or voltage source,
is connected across the conductor, it exerts a force on these free electrons, causing them
to move in a specific direction. This electrical effort is known as Electromotive Force
(EMF).

Conductor
- - - - - -
- - - - - -

Battery
Figure 1.2: Electromotive force and current

EMF is defined as the force that drives free electrons through a conductor, causing them to
drift in one particular direction. It is denoted by E and is measured in volts. Essentially,
EMF converts energy from sources like chemical energy in a battery into electrical energy,
enabling the flow of electrons within the conductor. When the free electrons are pushed
towards the positive terminal of the voltage source, they leave behind positively charged
ions in the atoms they vacate. These positive ions then attract free electrons from adjacent
atoms, creating a chain reaction along the conductor.

5 Ohm 2 Ohm

12 V

Figure 1.3: EMF

EMF is numerically expressed as the number of Joules of energy given by the source to
each Coulomb. In above circuit diagram 1.3 the 12 V is Electromotive force (EMF).
Volts = Joules/Coulomb.

2. Explain concept of current.

Electric Current: The flow of electrons through the conductor, driven by the EMFis
known as an electric current. Electric current is defined as the rate at which charge flows
through a conductor and is measured in amperes (A).

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6 • Theory Questions

Q
Amperes I=
t
Where, I = Current
Q = Total charge
t = Time required for transfer of charge

5 Ohm 2 Ohm
Conventional Current

Flow of Electrons
20 V

Figure 1.4: Current

Direction of Flow: The movement of electrons is always from the negative terminal to
the positive terminal of the source externally through the conductor. In contrast, the
direction of conventional current is from the positive terminal to the negative terminal.
This difference in the direction of electron flow and conventional current is due to the
historical definition of current direction before the discovery of the electron. The electric
current’s direction is always assumed to be from positive to negative, even though the
actual movement of electrons is in the opposite direction.

3. Define electric potential.

• When a body is charged, it can attract an oppositely charged body and can repulse
a similar charged body.
• The electric potential of a charged particle is its ability to do work, and it is measured
in volts.

W
Electric Potential =
Q

4. Define potential difference.

• The difference in electric potential between two points in a circuit is called potential
difference (P.D.).
• The potential difference is one volt when one joule of work is done to move one unit
of charge from one point to another in an electric field.
• The unit of potential difference is volts.

5. State difference between Electromotive force and Electric potential

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 Theory Questions • 7

Electromotive Force Potential Difference

The electromotive force is the mea- The potential difference is the
sure of energy that it gives to each amount of energy used by the one
coulomb of charge. coulomb of charge.
The emf force gains the electrical en- The potential difference loses the
ergy in the circuit. electrical energy in the circuit.
The magnitude of the electromotive The magnitude of the potential differ-
force is always greater than the po- ence is less than or equal to the emf
tential difference. of the circuit.
The electromotive force does not de- The potential difference is directly
pend on the internal resistance of the proportional to the resistance of the
circuit. circuit.
The emf force exists in the circuit The potential difference does not ex-
even when the current does not flow ist in the circuit when the magnitude
in the circuit. of current remains zero.

Table 1.1: EMF vs. Potential Difference

6. Draw and explain block diagram of elementary power system showing the
stages of generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy

(a) Power Generation:

Purpose: Power generation is the process of producing electricity from various
energy sources.
• Electric power is typically produced at 11 kV in power stations across India.
The generation voltage may vary in some cases.
• Types of Power Plants:
– Thermal Power Plant: Uses coal, gas, or oil to produce electricity by heating
water to generate steam, which drives turbines.
– Hydropower Plant: Uses the energy of flowing or falling water to rotate
turbines connected to generators.
– Nuclear Power Plant: Uses nuclear reactions to produce heat, which then
generates electricity.
– Renewable Energy Sources: Includes solar, wind, and geothermal energy,
which directly convert natural energy into electrical power.
(b) Power Transmission:

Purpose: Distribution is the process of delivering electricity from substations to

homes, offices, and industries.
• After generation, the voltage is increased to higher levels such as 132 kV, 400 kV, or
even 765 kV for long-distance transmission.
• The power loss due to resistance is given by Joule’s Law:

Ploss = I2 R

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8 • Theory Questions

Where, Ploss = Power loss (in Watts)

I = Current (in Amperes)
R = Resistance of the transmission line (in Ohms)

Figure 1.5: Block diagram of elementary power system

• From the formula, power loss is proportional to the square of the current (I2 )
• However, the power transmitted (P) is related to both voltage (V) and current (I):

P =V ×I

From this, we can rearrange to find current:

P
I=
V
• This shows that for a given power, if we increase the voltage, the current decreases.
A lower current means less power is lost as heat (Ploss = I2 R).
• Therefore, this step-up in voltage is essential to reduce I²R losses, as higher voltage
results in lower current, thereby minimizing energy dissipation.

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 Theory Questions • 9

• Electricity is transmitted over long distances through high-voltage transmission lines

to efficiently deliver power to distant regions.
• This level is known as primary transmission.

(c) Power Distribution:

Purpose: Distribution is the process of delivering electricity from substations to

homes, businesses, and industries.
• At the receiving station, the high transmission voltage is lowered to around 33 kV
or 66 kV.
• This reduced voltage is carried by secondary transmission lines to substations that
are situated near load centers, such as cities or industrial zones.
• At these substations, the voltage is further reduced to 11 kV for distribution to large
factories.
• Finally, the voltage is stepped down to 415 volts by distribution transformers mounted
on poles/small substations, which supply power to homes and small businesses.

7. Define following types of Electrical Networks.

Linear Network: A network in which values of the circuit elements (resistance, induc-
tance and capacitance) remain constant, irrespective of change in voltage or current, is
known as ’linear network’. Ohm’s law is applicable to such network.
Non Linear Network:On the other hand, if values of the circuit elements change with
change in voltage or current, such a network is called ’Non-linear network’. Ohm’s law is
not applicable to such a network.
Bilateral Network: If characteristics or behavior of the circuit is independent of di-
rection of current through various elements, such a network is called ’bilateral’. Network
comprised of pure resistance is bilateral one.
Unilateral Network: If characteristic or behavior of the circuit depends on direction
of current through one or more elements it is called ’Unilateral Network’. A diode allows
flow of current only in one direction when it is forward biased, circuit consisting of diode
is unilateral one.
Active Network: If electric circuit contains at least single energy source, it is called
’Active network’. It may be either voltage or current source.
Passive Network: A circuit in absence of an energy source containing only passive
elements is called ’Passive network’.
Lumped Network: If all the network elements are physically separable, such a network
is called ’lumped network’. Most of the electrical networks are lumped in nature.
Distributed Network: A network in which elements are not physically separable is
known as ’distributed network’. As resistance inductance and capacitance of a transmis-
sion line are uniformly distributed over its length, it is a ’distributed network’.

8. Derive the expression for conversion of a delta connected network into an

equivalent star.

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10 • Theory Questions

Figure 1.6: Delta to equivalent Star transformation

Consider three resistances R12 , R23 , and R31 connected in a delta configuration. For these
arrangements to be considered equivalent to each other, the resistance between the two
terminals must be consistent in both types of connections.
Resistance between terminal 1 and 2 -

˙ 23 + R31 )
R12 (R
For Delta conncection = (1.1)
R12 + R23 + R31

For Star Connection = R1 + R2 (1.2)

Equating equation 1.1 and 1.2

˙ 23 + R31 )
R12 (R
= R1 + R2 (1.3)
R12 + R23 + R31
Similarly for resistance between terminal 3-1 and 2-3, we get

˙ 12 + R23 )
R31 (R
= R1 + R3 (1.4)
R12 + R23 + R31
˙ 31 + R12 )
R23 (R
= R2 + R3 (1.5)
R12 + R23 + R31
Subtracting equation 1.4 and 1.5

R23 (R31 + R12 ) − R31(R12 + R23 )

= R2 − R1 (1.6)
R12 + R23 + R31
Adding Equations 1.3 and 1.6

R12 (R23 + R31 ) + R23 (R31 + R12 ) − R31(R12 + R23

= 2R2
R12 + R23 + R31

2R12 R23
= 2R2
R12 + R23 + R31

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 Theory Questions • 11

R12 R23
R2 = (1.7)
R12 + R23 + R31

R12 R31
R1 = (1.8)
R12 + R23 + R31

R23 R31
R3 = (1.9)
R12 + R23 + R31

9. Derive the expression for conversion of a star connected network into an

equivalent Delta.

Figure 1.7: Star to equivalent Delta transformation

Consider three resistance R1 , R2 andR3 be connected in star.

R12 R31
R1 = (1.10)
R12 + R23 + R31

R12 R23
R2 = (1.11)
R12 + R23 + R31

R23 R31
R3 = (1.12)
R12 + R23 + R31
Taking product of equation 1.10 and 1.11, 1.11 and 1.12, 1.12 and 1.10,

R212 R31 R23

R1 R2 = (1.13)
(R12 + R23 + R31 )2

R223 R12 R31

R2 R3 = (1.14)
(R12 + R23 + R31 )2

R231 R12 R23

R3 R1 = (1.15)
(R12 + R23 + R31 )2

Adding equation 1.13, 1.14 and 1.15

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12 • Theory Questions

R212 R31 R23 + R223 R12 R31 + R231 R12 R23

R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1 =
(R12 + R23 + R31 )2

R12 R23 R31 (R12 R23 R31 )

R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1 =
(R12 + R23 + R31 )2

( )
R23 R31
R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1 = R12 (1.16)
R12 + R23 + R31

From equation 1.12 and 1.16

R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1 = R12 R3

R1 R2
∴ R12 = R1 + R2 + (1.17)
R3

Similarly,

R2 R 3
R23 = R2 + R3 + (1.18)
R1

R3 R 1
R31 = R3 + R1 + (1.19)
R2

10. State & explain Kirchhoff’s Laws.

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):

.. Algebraic sum of currents meeting at any junction point in an electric circuit is

always zero.

∑
I=0

Explanation : Consider a node as shown in Figure 1.8

Four branches meet at junction or node O. According to KCL, I2 + I4 = I1 + I3
where, I1 and I4 are incoming currents while I2 and I3 are outgoing currents.
In other words, at any junction or node in an electric circuit, the sum of the incoming
currents is equal to the sum of the outgoing currents.
∑ ∑
at any node, Incoming Currents = Outgoing Currents
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):

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 Theory Questions • 13

I2
I1
O
I3
I4

Figure 1.8: Kirchhoff’s Current Law

I R1 R2
+ - + -

V +
−

Figure 1.9: Kirchhoff’s Current Law

.. In any electrical network, algebraic sum of voltage drops across various elements
around any closed loop or mesh is equal to algebraic sum of EMFs in that loop.

∑ ∑
IR = V

Explaination: Consider a circuit shown figure 1.9

According to KVL,

∑
V=0
V − IR1 − IR2 = 0
V = IR1 + IR2
i.e. if we trace any closed path or loop in an electrical network an algebraic sum of branch
voltages is always zero.
Sign Convention:

I R I R
+ - + -

Figure 1.10: Potential Drop Figure 1.11: Potential Rise

If you move through the loop in the same direction as the current, the voltage drop is
negative. Refer figure1.10

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14 • Theory Questions

V = −IR

If you move through the loop in the opposite direction of the current, the voltage drop is
positive.Refer figure 1.11

V = IR

11. State & explain Superposition theorem.

.. In any linear, bilateral network containing atleast two energy sources, the current
flowing through a particular branch is the algebraic sum of the currents flowing
through that branch when each source is considered separately and remaining sources
are replaced by their respective internal resistances.

Explaination:
Consider a circuit 1.12. We need to estimate the current (I) through RL using the Super-
position Theorem.

R1 R2

V2 + RL I + V2
− −

Figure 1.12: Superposition Theorem

Consider voltage source V1 acting alone. Remove the other voltage source i.e. replace it
by it’s internal resistance.As the internal resistance of an ideal voltage source is zero, it
is replaced by a short circuit. The current through RL is I’. Refer circuit 1.13

R1 R2

RL Il + V1
−

Figure 1.13: Voltage Source 1 acting alone

Now consider the second voltage source V2 acting alone. Replace the first voltage source
with a short circuit. The current through RL is I’’. Refer circuit 1.14

R1 R2

V2 + RL Ill
−

Figure 1.14: Voltage Source 2 acting alone

I’ and I’’ can be calculated by using Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.

∴ The current flowing throughRL when both the voltage sources are acting is -

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 Theory Questions • 15

I = I’+I”

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Electromagnerism

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AC Fundamentals

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AC Circuits

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Introduction to Electric Machines

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Bibliography

[1] T.M. Apostol. Introduction to Analytic Number Theory. Undergraduate Texts in Mathe-
matics. Springer New York, 1998.

[2] Tom M Apostol. Mathematical analysis; 2nd ed. Addison-Wesley series in mathematics.
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1974.

[3] The riemann zeta function and tate’s thesis, 2021-07-01.

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