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The document discusses evolution and speciation, outlining Darwin's theory, evidence for evolution, and the processes of speciation including allopatric and sympatric speciation. It highlights the role of reproductive and geographical isolation in the formation of new species, as well as the concept of polyploidy leading to abrupt speciation. Key concepts such as convergent evolution, hybridization barriers, and the significance of biomolecules and homologous structures are also addressed.

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3 views3 pages

a4.1

The document discusses evolution and speciation, outlining Darwin's theory, evidence for evolution, and the processes of speciation including allopatric and sympatric speciation. It highlights the role of reproductive and geographical isolation in the formation of new species, as well as the concept of polyploidy leading to abrupt speciation. Key concepts such as convergent evolution, hybridization barriers, and the significance of biomolecules and homologous structures are also addressed.

Uploaded by

sheo25
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A4.

1 Evolution and Speciation

1. Evolution Stages of Darwin’s theory of evolution


Change in heritable characteristics of a population 1) Variation
over time 2) Natural selection
3) Reproduction
Lamarck VS Darwin 4) Offspring
Lamarck: 5) Elimination
acquired traits during life gets inherited

Darwin:
Natural selection on different variation within
species and elimination of ‘unfavourable’ or less
suitable species

2. Evidence for Evolution


1) Biomolecules 3) Homologous Structures
● DNA, RNA, protein ● Same structure different function
⇒ Same gene = common ancestor ● Present in descendents of common
ancestor
2) Selective Breeding ● Pentadactyl Limbs: similar in all species
● Artificial breeding to produce more of
desirable traits ● Analogous: Diff structure same function
● Domesticated animals / crops VS wild ● Vestigial: No longer functional
⇒ rapid evolutionary changes ex) bee wings & bat wings

3. Convergent Evolution
Convergent Evolution Analogous structures
Evolution of analogous (=same) structures in Same function / diff structure
unrelated species ⇒ evolve by convergent evolution

Example #1: Wings


Wings of Bats / Birds
- Function: Flight
- Bats / birds / insects have diff. Common ancestors

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4. Isolation
Reproductive Isolation:
Example: Chimpanzees & Bonobos
Barrier preventing individuals from reproducing
Common ancestor geographically isolated as
Congo Rivers became wider
Geographical Isolation:
Two population prevented from reproduction by 2 diff. Selection pressure on each riverside →
speciation
geographical features
E.g. Rivers, Mountains, etc

5. Speciation When no living members of species remain


Formation of new species through splitting of ⇒ # of species
pre-existing species
⇒ # of species Adaptive radiation

Only occurs by reproductive isolation


** Different from gradual evolutionary change

Allopatric Speciation:
caused by Geographical isolation
⇒ physical separation of 2 population
⇒ unable to interbreed 1 Ancestor → several species
⇒ evolve into diff species by selection pressure Divergent evolution
Occurs when single species occupy variety of
Sympatric Speciation: niches
same habitat but population divide ⇒ Biodiversity

Temporal:
due to different reproduction period
Behavioural:
reproductively isolated due to behaviour
Extinction:

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Hybrids Postzygotic: Form zygote but infertile
Offspring of 2 different species ⇒ Hybrid inviability: cannot survive until sexual
Cannot reproduce maturation
Not Species ⇒ Hybrid Infertility: offsprings incapable of
e.g. Mules (M donkey + FM horse) producing functional gametes
⇒ Hybrid breakdown: 1st gen can reproduce, but
Barriers to hybridization their offspring cannot
Prezygotic: prevent fertilization
⇒ Due to behavioural / temporal /
Ecological (habitat difference) /
Mechanical (physical difference) isolation

6. Polyploidy
Haploid: 1 chromosome set Tetraploid (4n): 4 chromosome set
Diploid: 2 chromosome set ⇒ when diploid fertilized w/ diploid

Polyploidy: 2+ sets of chromosome in cell Abrupt Speciation


Result of nondisjunction Polyploidy → immediate speciation
⇒ error during meiosis gamete production Even chr. set # → can reproduce
Odd chr set # → Sterile (homologous pairs cannot
Triploid (3n): 3 chromosome set be formed)
⇒ when diploid fertilized w/ haploid

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