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SRI JAYACHAMARAJENDRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MYSORE-570 006

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM

A PROJECT REPORT BY

Sl no. 1.

Name PARTHA BISWAS

USN no.

Email ID

Phone no. 8105482882

4JC09EE041 [email protected]

2.

NIRANJAN V KUMAR

4JC09EE037 [email protected]

9611070024

3.

RAVICHANDRA 4JC09EE403 [email protected] 8553588252 SINDHE S R

DATE: 24-09-2011

ABSTRACT
Home automation is the residential extension of Building automation". It is automation of the home, housework or household activity. Home automation may include centralized control of lighting, HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning), appliances, and other systems, to provide improved convenience, comfort, energy efficiency and security. A home automation system integrates electrical devices in a house with each other. The techniques employed in home automation include those in building automation as well as the control of domestic activities, such as home entertainment systems, houseplant and yard watering, pet feeding, changing the ambiance "scenes" for different events (such as dinners or parties), and the use of domestic robots. Devices may be connected through a computer network to allow control by a personal computer, and may allow remote access from the internet. Through the integration of information technologies with the home environment, systems and appliances are able to communicate in an integrated manner which results in convenience, energy efficiency, and safety benefits. Typically, a new home is outfitted for home automation during construction, due to the accessibility of the walls, outlets, and storage rooms, and the ability to make design changes specifically to accommodate certain technologies. Wireless systems are commonly installed when outfitting a pre-existing house, as they reduce wiring changes. These communicate through the existing power wiring, radio, or infrared signals with a central controller. Network sockets may be installed in every room like AC power receptacles. Home automation can also provide a remote interface to home appliances or the automation system itself, via telephone line, wireless transmission or the internet, to provide control and monitoring via a smart phone or web browser. An example of a remote monitoring in home automation could be when a smoke detector detects a fire or smoke condition, and then all lights in the house will blink to alert any occupants of the house to the possible fire. If the house is equipped with a home theatre, a home automation system can shut down all audio and video components to avoid distractions, or make an audible announcement. In terms of Lighting Home Automation, it is possible to save energy when installing various products. Simple functions such as motion sensors and detectors integrated into a relatively simple home automation system can save hours of wasted energy in both residential and commercial applications. For example imagine an auto on/off at night time in all major city office blocks, say after 10pm, when no motion is detected, lights shut down, the company could save kilowatts of wasted over night energy.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. LDR SWITCH

3. WATER LEVEL INDICATOR

4. TOUCH SWITCH

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5. SIGNAL GENERATOR USING OP AMP

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6. IR SWITCH

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7. MAINS OPERATED LED LAMP

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8. CONCLUSION

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9. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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1. INTRODUCTION:
Home automation is the residential extension of Building automation". It is automation of the home, housework or household activity. Home automation may include centralized control of lighting, HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning), appliances, and other systems, to provide improved convenience, comfort, energy efficiency and security. Under Home Automation we have done the following every day applicable circuits:

1. LDR switch 2. Water level indicator with alarm 3. Touch switch 4. Signal generator using op amp 5. IR switch 6. Mains operated LED lamp

2.

LDR switch:

The circuit depends on a light sensitive device called a LDR, light dependent resistor. The resistance of the LDR depends on the amount of light falling on it. The snake-like track on the face of the LDR is a cadmium sulphide (CdS) film. On each side is a metal film which is connected to the terminal leads. If you played with an LDR & resistance meter then you will know what it does. The CdS LDR used in these kits are relative slow response devices. This one has a time constant of about 100msec. So it is quite fast enough to switch on/off when people pass or run through it. But if you wanted to use a LDR for fast light-activated photography then other LDR materials, or a different circuit would have to be used. You may view the data sheet of the LDR at http://kitsrus.com/projects/cds.pdf

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

This is a light activated relay circuit. Relay is on when LDR is uncovered and the relay is off when LDR is covered. Adjust VR1 for light sensitivity. LED will turn on at the same time as relay.

This is the circuit diagram of a light activated switch based on National Semiconductors comparator IC LM 311 and a LDR. The circuit above shows a simple application of LDR operated switch. This circuit senses the ambience light and depending on the presence/absence of sufficient ambience light, it turns the bulb On/Off automatically. The bulb gets on when there is insufficient ambience light (e.g. evening or night time) and switches off automatically when enough ambiences light are present. (E.g. In day time, when the sun light is present additional light may not be needed.) This bulb can also be your street lamp that needs to be switched on every evening, and switched off every morning. The circuit does this job automatically without any manual interference.

MECHANISM: The POT R1 is adjusted to set the desired light intensity for switching the relay. LDR is then illuminated with the desired light intensity. The relay will be either ON/OFF. Adjust POT R1 slowly so that the state of the relay changes. Now the circuit is set for the given intensity of light. We can either use a 12 V battery or well regulated and filtered 12V DC mains operated power supply. The pin 5&6 (Balance and Balance/Strobe) of IC LM311 are shorted to minimize the chance of oscillations. The pin out LM311 is also given together with the circuit diagram. The LDR and the tripod form a voltage divider which is used to apply bias to the transistor. The more dark it is, the higher the LDR resistance. As the LDR changes resistance the change in potential is detected by the circuit and the relay is activated. So a dark activated switch becomes a light activated switch or vice versa. A protection diode is fitted across the relay. This is to short circuit the 'back-emf' generated by the collapsing magnetic field when the relay is turned off. Otherwise a high-voltage spike transient would enter the circuit and quickly damage the other components. In all three circuits an LED with current limiting resistor is in parallel to the relay to give a visual indication of when the relay is turned on.

3. WATER LEVEL INDICATOR WITH ALARM:

In current scenario mostly high rise buildings, housing complexes and societies have a requirement for storage and pumping of water. After raw water is drawn from ground, it goes through softener and at last boosting to overhead tanks. It requires Water Automation for hotels, restaurants, dairies, municipal corporations, domestic and industrial users.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Description

This circuit not only indicates the amount of water present in the overhead tank but also gives an alarm when the tank is full. The circuit uses the widely available CD4066, bilateral switch CMOS IC to indicate the water level through LEDs. When the water is empty the wires in the tank are open circuited and the 180K resistors pulls the switch low, hence opening the switch and LEDs are OFF. As the water starts filling up, first the wire in the tank connected to S1 and the + supply are shorted by water. This closes the switch S1 and turns the LED1 ON. As the water continues to fill the tank, the LEDs 2, 3 and 4 light up gradually. The number of levels of indication can be increased to 8 if 2 CD4066 ICs are used in a similar fashion. When the water is full, the base of the transistor BC148 is pulled high by the water and this saturates the transistor, turning the buzzer ON. The SPST switch has to be opened to turn the buzzer OFF. Remember to turn the switch ON while pumping water otherwise the buzzer will not sound! Forgotten to turn off the tap, leaking washing machines, water level dropping in your aquarium, rain tank or water tank suddenly dry or over flowing, water in your cellar, etc. Such situations are often the cause of trouble and financial burden. Prevention is better than cure. So use this fluid detector. This multifunctional device is easy to use in a variety of applications.

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4.

Touch switch:

Description A simple touch switch circuit using CD4011 is given here. The IC CD4011 is wires as a flip flop here. The 9, 13 pins of the IC works as the set and reset contacts respectively.CMOS ICs like 4011 require requires a very low current for controlling its gates. Since the pins 9 and 13 are connected to the positive via resistors R1 and R2, the logic gates of the ICs will be in high state. When we touch through the points A, B the gates of the IC will be closed and the output becomes low. This switches ON the transistor Q1 and the relay gets activated. When we touch through the points C, D the gates again becomes high and switches the transistor OFF. This makes the relay OFF. Thus by touching through the contact points A,B and C,D the appliance connected through the relay can be switched On and OFF. Notes: The circuit can be assembled on a general purpose PCB. The circuit can be powered from 12V DC. The relay can be a 12 V, 200 Ohm SPDT relay

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5.

SIGNAL GENERATOR USING OP AMP:

Probably in some electronic circuits you need a function generator circuit that can produce a square, sinus or triangle wave. In this case you will need a specialized function generator circuit that will generate all needed wave forms, or you can use this simple function generator circuit that use common operational amplifiers to generate various wave forms. This simple function generator uses four operational amplifiers (opamps) to deliver these waveforms (sinus, triangle and square) in the 6 Hz to 7000 Hz range. Square, sine and triangle waves are produced using an LM348 and passive components. The LM348 is a quad operational amplifier IC package; that contains four separate opamps all in the one package. They are marked A, B, C & D in the schematic diagram. Circuit diagram:

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To provide square wave at output one operational amplifier (LM348:D) is used. The voltage level to pin 13 is set by the resistor divider pair R1 and R2. The input to pin 12 depends on two things: firstly the potential of pin 14, and secondly, the voltage output of opamp C at pin 8. When the input at pin 13 is higher than the input at pin 12 the output goes low. If it is lower than the output goes high. Switching back and forth between the two states causes a square wave to be produced. The time constant (R4+R5) C2 determines the frequency.

To provide triangle wave opamp C is set up as an integrator. It performs the mathematical operation of integration with respect to time. For a constant input the output is a constant multiplied by the elapsed time, that is, the output is a ramp. Since the input signal goes to the inverting input, a high input will produce a ramp down and a low input will produce a ramp up. The input signal is a square wave symmetrical about the midpoint potential. The current this potential produces through R4 and R5 is constant so the up and down ramps are of equal gradient and the resultant triangular wave is symmetrical. Any increase in the trimpot R5 reduces the current and the integration constant which lowers the gradient of the ramp. The switching levels have not changed so the frequency reduces while the amplitude remains constant. In a similar way the current depends on the value of integration capacitor. Accordingly the integration constant and hence the frequency vary with the value of the capacitor.

The output triangle wave does not require amplification but it does require buffering so that that loading does not affect the waveform generator circuit. It is buffered here with opamp A connected as a unity gain buffer. Unity gain is achieved by directly coupling back the output to the inverting input. Sine wave is produced by a wave shaping circuit. Two diodes have been joined together as a series pair in order to provide higher amplitude than would be obtained using only a single diode. The shape of the pseudo sine wave could be improved at any particular frequency by filtering, but filtering will cause distortion at lower frequencies and loss of amplitude at higher frequencies. You can have perfect sine waves at particular frequencies by switching in appropriate filters at those frequencies.

The sine wave is sensitive to loading and must be buffered. It is also low in amplitude and needs amplification. R9 & R10 set the gain of opamp B by forming a voltage divider between the source and the output.

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6. IR SWITCH:

This project describes a technique of adding the remote control feature to an electrical appliance. The goal is to construct a black box where you can plug-in your 120V AC appliance (it can be easily modified for 220 V mains supply too) and control the ON and OFF operations with a TV or DVD remote that uses modulated infra-red (IR) pulse train of 38 KHz frequency. The good thing about this project is that it does not use any microcontroller and is only based on the CD4017 decade counter IC. Circuit diagram:

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The original circuit diagram for this project was published in the May 2005 issue of the Electronics for You magazine. The circuit diagram above is mostly the same. It uses a TSOP1738 IR receiver module at the input side to receive the 38 KHz frequency IR pulses from the remote control. Under normal condition, the output pin of the IR module is at logic High, which means the transistor T1 (BC557 PNP) is cut-off and its collector terminal is at logic Low. The collector of T1 drives the clock line of the CD4017 decade counter. Now lets see what happens when somebody faces a TV or DVD remote towards the TSOP1738 and presses any key on it. The TSOP 1738 module receives the train of 38 KHz IR pulses from the remote, which makes its output to oscillate too. These pulses are inverted at the collector of T1, which finally go to the clock input of the decade counter. The arriving pulses could increment the CD4017 counter at the same rate (38 KHz), but because of the presence of the RC filter circuit (R1 = 100K, C1 = 10 uF) between the collector and the ground, the train of pulses appear as a single pulse to the counter. Thus, on each key pressing, the CD4017 counter advances only by a single count. When the user releases the key, the C1 capacitor discharges through the R1 resistor, and the clock line is back to zero. So every time the user presses and releases a key on the remote, the CD4017 counter receives a single pulse at its clock input. Initially, when the circuit is just powered on, the Q0 output of the CD4017 decade counter goes high. The counter increments for each low-to-high going pulse arriving at its CLK pin (14). When the first pulse arrives, Q0 goes Low and Q1 is turned High. This activates the relay and the AC appliance connected to it is turned on. The status LED connected to Q1 also glows to indicate the appliance is switched on. When the user presses a key again, the second pulse arriving at the CLK line increments the counter by 1. This makes Q1 back to Low (which means the relay is deactivated and the appliance is turned off) and Q2 is pulled High. Since Q2 is wired to the Reset input, the second key press actually brings the CD4017 IC back to the power-onreset conditions with Q0 High. Thus, it basically operates as an ON/OFF toggle switch controlled with any key of an infrared remote. The power supply for the circuit can be derived from the mains AC itself using a step down transformer and a bridge-rectifier circuit. For +5V power supply, the LM7805 regulator IC can be used.

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7. MAINS OPERATED LED LAMP:

This is a very simple and cost effective mains operated LED lamp which gives a very bright white light. Since no transformer is used, the circuit is very compact and light weight. The mains supply is given to the bridge rectifier via the parallel network formed between R1 and C1. The bridge rectifies the mains supply. The resistor R2 limits the current through the LEDs. The capacitor C2 acts as a filter. The circuit can be assembled on a general purpose PCB. The bridge D1 can be made by using four 1N 4007 diodes. D2 to D13 can be bright white LEDs.

Circuit Diagram:

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8. CONCLUSION:

Home Automation has been around for quite some time, but with faster computers now becoming standard in households, controlling your entire home from your computer is a definite reality. Now, exciting new speech recognition software will allow you to speak to your rooms a la Star Trek, have a customized answering machine message for every person phoning you, control your house from the phone, and many other additional features. You must first figure out quite want you what your home automation (HA) setup to achieve. Security and A/V control are two big areas in HA. Basically, security looks at putting in place some form of smart security system that will utilize the advantages of HA. A/V control looks at controlling various aspects of your audio/video equipment, providing a quick and efficient way to set up your room to watch movies or play music. If one wants to control modules via the computer, one will want to buy a CM12U. The CM12U connects to your computer via the serial port (home automation is yet to make the transition to USB) and allows you to download various macros to its EEPROM memory or execute macros on the computer itself. Hopefully this gives you an idea of where to start with your home automation setup. Whether it is to provide better security for your equipment, control your lights from the sofa, watch and hear your baby at all times, control the toaster or control the microwave via the phone, there is a relatively simple way to do it.

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9. BIBLIOGRAPY:

INTERNET SOURCE: 1. www.circuitstoday.com 2. www.electroschematics.com 3. www.eleccircuit.com 4. www.electronic-circuits-diagrams.com 5. www.wikipedia.org