• Modern Periodic Law

Physical and chemical properties of the elements are the periodic function of their atomic
numbers.
• Present Form of the Periodic Table (Long form of Periodic Table)
The long form of periodic table, also called Modem Periodic Table, is based on Modern periodic
law. In this table, the elements have been arranged in order of increasing atomic numbers.
• Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic No. more than 100

• Structural Features of the Periodic Table

Groups
The long form of periodic table also consists of the vertical rows called groups. There are in all
18 groups in the periodic table. Unlike Mendeleev periodic table, each group is an independent
group.
Characteristics of groups:
(i) All the elements present in a group have same general electronic configuration of the atoms.
(ii) The elements in a group are separated by definite gaps of atomic numbers (2, 8, 8,18,
18,32).
(iii) The atomic sizes of the elements in group increase down the group due to increase the
number of shells.
(iv) The physical properties of the elements such as m.p., b.p. density, solubility etc., follow a
systematic pattern.
(v) The elements in each group have generally similar chemical properties.
Periods
Horizontal rows in a periodic table are known as periods.
There are in all seven periods in the long form of periodic table.
Characteristics of periods:
(i) In all the elements present in a period, the electrons are filled in the same valence shell.
(ii) The atomic sizes generally decrease from left to right.
s-Block Elements
General electronic configuration: ns1-2 Characteristics of s-block elements:
(i) All the elements are soft metals.
(ii) They have low melting and boiling points.
(iii) They are highly reactive.
(iv) Most of them impart colours to the flame.
(v) They generally form ionic compounds.
(vi) They are good conductors of heat and electricity. p-Block Elements
General electronic configuration: ns2np1-6
Characteristics of p-block elements:
(i) The compounds of these elements are mostly covalent in nature.
(ii) They show variable oxidation states.
(iii) In moving from left to right in a period, the non-metallic character of the elements increases.
(iv) The reactivity of elements in a group generally decreases downwards.
(v) At the end of each period is a noble gas element with a closed valence shell
ns2 np6 configuration.
(vi) Metallic character increases as we go down the group.
d-Block Elements
General electronic configuration: (n -1) d1-10 ns0-2
The d-block elements are known as transition elements because they have incompletely filled d-
orbitals in their ground state or in any of the oxidation states.

Characteristics of d-block elements:

(i) They are all metals with high melting and boiling points.
(ii) The compounds of the elements are generally paramagnetic in nature.
(iii) They mostly form coloured ions, exhibit variable valence (oxidation states).
(iv) They are of tenly used as catalysts.
f-Block Elements
General electronic configuration: (n – 2) f1-14 (n -1) d0-1 ns2
They are known as inner transition elements because in the transition elements of d-block, the
electrons are filled in (n – 1) d sub-shell while in the inner transition elements of f-block the filling
of electrons takes place in (n – 2) f subshell, which happens to be one inner subshell.
Characteristics of f-Block elements:
(i) The two rows of elements at the bottom of the Periodic Table, called the Lanthanoids Ce (Z =
58) – Lu (Z = 71) and Actinoids Th (Z = 90) – Lr (Z = 103).
(ii) These two series of elements are called Inner Transition Elements (f-Block Elements).
(iii) They are all metals. Within each series, the properties of the elements are quite similar.
(iv) Most of the elements pf the actinoid series are radio-active in nature.
• Metals
(i) Metals comprise more than 78% of all known elements and appear on the left side of the
Periodic Table.
(ii) Metals are solids at room temperature.
(iii) Metal usually have high melting and boiling points.
(iv) They are good conductors of heat and electricity.
(u) They are malleable and ductile.
• Non-metals
(i) Non-metals are located at the top right hand side of the Periodic Table.
(ii) Non-metals are usually solids or gases at low temperature with low melting and boiling
points.
(iii) They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
(iv) The non-metallic character increases as one goes from left to right across the Periodic
Table.
(v) Most non-metallic solids are brittle and are neither malleable nor ductile.
• Metalloids
The elements (e.g., silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium) show the
characteristic, of both metals and non-metals. These elements are also called semimetal.
• Noble Gases
– These are the elements present in group 18.
– Eash period ends with noble gas element.
– All the members are of gaseous nature and because of the presence of all the occupied filled
orbitals, they have very little tendency to take part in chemical combination.
– These are also called inert gases.
• Representative Elements
The elements of group 1 (alkali metals), group 2 (alkaline earth metals) and group 13 to 17
constitute the representative elements. They are elements of s-block and p-block.
• Transition Elements
The transition elements include, all the d-block elements and they are present in the centre of
the periodic table between s and p-block elements.
• Inner Transition Elements
Lanthanoids (the fourteen elements after Lanthanum) and actinides (the fourteen elements after
actinium) are called inner transition elements. They are also called f-block elements.
The elements after uranium are also called transuranic elements.

• Periodic Trends in Properties of Elements

Trends in Physical Properties
Atomic Radii: It is defined as the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell
containing the electrons. Depending upon whether an element is a non-metal or a metal, three
different types of atomic radii are used. These are:
(a) Covalent radius (b) Ionic Radius (c) van der Waals radius (d) Metallic radius.
(a) Covalent Radius: It is equal to half of the distance between the centres of the nuclei of two
atoms held together by a purely covalent single bond.
(b) Ionic Radius: It may be defined as the effictive distance from the nucleus of an ion upto
which it has an influence in the ionic bond.
(c) van der Waals Radius: Atoms of Noble gases are held together by weak van der Waals
forces of attraction. The van der Waals radius is half of the distance between the centre of
nuclei of atoms of noble gases.
(d) Metallic Radius: It is defined as half of the intemuclear distance between the two adjacent
metal ions in the metallic lattice.

• Variation of Atomic Radius in the Periodic Table

Variation in a Period: Along a period, the atomic radii of the elements generally decreases from
left to right.
Variation in a group: The atomic radii of the elements in every group of the periodic table
increases as we move downwards.
• Ionic Radius
The ionic radii can be estimated by measuring the distances between cations and anions in
ionic crystals.
In general, the ionic radii of elements exhibit the same trend as the atomic radii.
Cation: The removal of an electron from an atom results in the formation of a cation. The radius
of cation is always smaller than that of the atom.
Anion: Gain of an electron leads to an anion. The radius of the anion is always larger than that ‘
of the atom.

Isoelectronic Species: Some atoms and ions which contain the same number of electrons, we
call them isoelectronic species. For example, O 2-, F–, Na+ and Mg2+ have the same number of
electrons (10). Their radii would be different because of their different nuclear charges.

• Ionization Enthalpy
It is the energy required to remove an electron from an isolated gaseous atom in its ground
state.
M (g) + I.E ——->M+ (g) + e–
The unit of ionization enthalpy is kJ mol-1 and the unit of ionization potential is electron volt per
atom.

Successive Ionization Enthalpies

If a gaseous atom is to lose more than one electron, they can be removed one after the other
i.e., in succession and not simultaneously. This is known as successive ionization enthalpy (or
potential).
• Variation of Ionization Enthalpies in the Periodic Table:
Variation of Ionization Enthalpy Along a Period
Along a period ionization enthalpies are expected to increase in moving across from left to the
right, because the nuclear charge increases and the atomic size decreases.

Variation of Ionization Ethalpy in a Group

The ionization enthalpies of the elements decrease on moving from top to the bottom in any
group.
The decrease in ionization enthalpies down any group is because of the following factors.
(i) There is an increase in the number of the main energy shells (n) in moving from one element
to the other.
(ii) There is also an increase in the magnitude of the screening effect due to the gradual
increase in the number of inner electrons.