GRADE 8; MATHEMATICS

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 INTEGERS
The Number Line
 Integers are whole numbers, negative whole numbers and zero.
 Integers are always represented on the number line at equal intervals which are
equal to one unit.

Activity in the sub strand

Carry out activities involving positive and negative numbers and zero.
 For example climbing upstairs (positive),
 Climbing down (negative).
 Others may include standing at a point, the zero point, and count the number of steps moved
either forward or backward.

Operations on Integers
Addition of Integers
Addition of integers can be represented on a number line .
For example, to add +3 to 0 , we begin at 0 and move 3 units to the right as shown
below in red to get +3,
Also to add + 4 to +3 we move 4 units to the right as shown in blue to get +7.

To add -3 to zero we move 3 units to the left as shown in red below to get -3 while to
add -2 to -3 we move 2 steps to the left as shown in blue to get -5.

Note;
When adding positive numbers we move to the right. When dealing with negative
we move to the left.
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 Subtraction of Integers.

Example

(+7) – (0) = (+7)

To subtract +7 from 0 ,we find a number n which when added to get 0 we get +7 and
in this case n = +7 as shown above in red.

Example

(+2) – (+7) = (-5)

Start at +7 and move to +2. 5 steps will be made towards the left. The answer is
therefore -5.

Example
-3 – (+6) = -9

| |_←| | | | | | |←| | | | | |
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

We start at +6 and moves to -3. 9 steps to the left, the answer is -9.

Note:

In general positives signs can be ignored when writing positive numbers i.e. +2 can
be written as 2 but negative signs cannot be ignored when writing negative
numbers -4 can only be written s -4.
4 – (+3) = 4 -3
=1
-3- (+6) =3 – 6
= -3
Positive integers are also referred to as natural numbers. The result of subtracting
the negative of a number is the same as adding that number.

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2 – (- 4) = 2 + 4
=6
(-5) – (- 1) = -5 + 2
= -3
In mathematics it is assumed that that the number with no sign before it has
appositive sign.

Multiplication of integers
-In general
 (a negative number) x (appositive number ) = (a negative number)
 (a positive number) x (a negative number ) = (a negative number)
 (a negative number) x (a negative number ) = (a positive number)

Examples

-6 x 5 = -30
7 x -4 = - 28
-3 x -3 = 9
-2 x -9 = 18

Division of integers
- Division is the inverse of multiplication. In general
1. (a positive number ) ÷ (a positive number ) = (a positive number)
2. (a positive number ) ÷ (a negative number ) = (a negative number)
3. (a negative number ) ÷ (a negative number ) = (a positive number)
4. (a negative number ) ÷ (appositive number ) = (a negative number)
- For multiplication and division of integer:

Two like signs gives positive sign.

Two unlike signs gives negative sign
Multiplication by zero is always zero and division by zero is always zero.

Order of Operations of integers

BODMAS is always used to show as the order of operations.
B – Bracket first.
O – Of is second.
D – Division is third.
M – Multiplication is fourth.
A – Addition is fifth.

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S – Subtraction is considered last.

Example
6 x 3 – 4 ÷ 2 + 5 + (2-1) =

Solution
 Use BODMAS
(2 – 1 ) = 1 we solve brackets first (4÷ 2) = 2 we then solve division
(6 x 3) = 1 8 next is multiplication Bring them together
18 – 2 +5 +1 = 22 we solve addition first and lastly subtraction
18 + 6 – 2 = 22

Questions on integers
1. 3x – 1 > -4
2x + 1 ≤ 7
2. Evaluate
-12 ÷ (-3) x 4 – (-15)
-5 x 6 ÷ 2 + (-5)
3. Evaluate -8 ÷ 2 + 12 x 9 – 4 x 6
56 ÷7 x 2
4. Evaluate without using mathematical tables or the calculator
1.9 x 0.032
20 x 0.0038

FRACTIONS
Introduction
 A fraction is written in the form a/b where a and b are numbers and b is not equal
to 0. The upper number is called the numerator and the lower number is the
denominator.
 a→numerator
 b→denominator
Proper Fraction
2 1
In a proper fraction the numerator is smaller than the denominator. E.g. ,
3 4
Improper Fraction
7 15 9
 The numerator is bigger than or equal to denominator. E.g. , ,
3 6 2
Mixed Fraction
 An improper fraction written as the sum of an integer and a proper fraction. For
7 1
example = 2 +
3 3
1
=2
3

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Changing a Mixed Number to an Improper Fraction
2
Mixed number – 4 (contains a whole number and a fraction)
3
14
Improper fraction – (numerator is larger than denominator)
3

Step 1 – Multiply the denominator and the whole number

Step 2 – Add this answer to the numerator; this becomes the new numerator
Step 3 – Carry the original denominator over

Example
31/8= 3 × 8 + 1 = 25
= 25
8

Example
44/9 = 4 × 9 + 4 = 40
= 40
9

Changing an Improper Fraction to a Mixed Number

Step 1 – Divide the numerator by the denominator
Step 2– The answer from step 1 becomes the whole number
Step 3– The remainder becomes the new numerator
Step 4– The original denominator carries over

Example1

47/ = 47 ÷ 5 or
5

Example2

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Comparing Fractions
When comparing fractions, they are first converted into their equivalent forms using
the same denominator.
Equivalent Fractions

To get the equivalent fractions, we multiply or divide the numerator and

denominator of a given fraction by the same number. When the fraction has no
factor in common other than 1, the fraction is said to be in its simplest form.
Example

Arrange the following fractions in ascending order (from the smallest to the
biggest):

1/2, 1/4, 5/6, 2/3

Step 1: Change all the fractions to the same denominator.

Step 2: In this case we will use 12 because 2, 4, 6, and3 all go into i.e. We get 12 by
finding the L.C.M of the denominators.
To get the equivalent fractions divide the denominator by the L.C.M and then
multiply both the numerator and denominator by the answer,
For ½ we divide 12 ÷ 2 = 6, then multiply both the numerator and denominator by 6
as shown below.

1x6 1x3 5x2 2x4 2x6 4x3 6x2 3x4

Step 3: The fractions will now be:

6/ , 3/ , 10/ , 8/
12 12 12 12

Step 4: Now put your fractions in order (smallest to biggest.)

3/ , 6/ , 8/ , 10/
12 12 12 12
Step 5: Change back, keeping them in order.
1/4, 1/2, 2/3, 5/6
You can also use percentages to compare fractions as shown below.

Example

Arrange the following in descending order (from the biggest)

5/12, 7/3, 11/5, 9/4

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Solution

5 × 100 = 41.67%
12

7 × 100 = 233.3%
3
11 × 100 = 220%
5

9 × 100 = 225%
4

7/3, 9/4, 11 /5, 5/12

Operation on Fractions
Addition and Subtraction

The numerators of fractions whose denominators are equal can be added or

subtracted directly.

Example

2/7 + 3/7 = 5/7

6/8 – 5/8 = 1/8

When adding or subtracting numbers with different denominators like:

5/ + 3/ =?
4 6
2/ – 2/ =?
5 7

Step 1 – Find a common denominator (a number that both denominators will go

into or L.C.M)
Step 2 – Divide the denominator of each fraction by the common denominator or
L.C.M and then multiply the answers by the numerator of each fraction
Step 3 – Add or subtract the numerators as indicated by the operation sign
Step 4 – Change the answer to lowest terms (simplify the answer)

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Example

1/ 1 7
2 + 7/8 = Common denominator is 8 because both 2 and 8 will go into 8 + =
2 8
4+7
8
11/ which simplifies to 13/8
8

Example
43/5 – 1/4 = Common denominator is 20 because both 4 and 5 will go into 20 43/5 =
412/20
–1/4 = 5/20

412/20 − 5/20 = 47/20

Or

43/5 – 1/4= 4 (12 - 5)/20 = 47/2

Mixed numbers can be added or subtracted easily by first expressing them as

improper fractions.

Examples
52/3 + 14/5

Solution
52/3 as an improper fraction is 17/3 14/5 as an improper fraction is 9/5 adding the
improper fraction
17 9 85 + 27 112
+ = =
3 5 15 15

converting 112/15 to a mixed fraction we get 7 7/15 Or

 we can add the whole numbers and fractions separately

52/3 + 14/5 = 5 + 2/3 + 1 + 4/5

= (5+1) + 2/3 + 4/5
= 6 + 10+12
15= 6 + 22
15
= 6 + 17/15 = 77/15

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Example
Evaluate -2/3 + -1/5
Solution

−2 + −1 = −16−3 = −19
3 5 24 24

Multiplying Simple Fractions

Step 1 – Multiply the numerators

Step 2– Multiply the denominators
Step 3– Reduce the answer to lowest terms by dividing by common divisors

Example
1/ × 4/ 4 2
7 12 = /12 which reduces to /21

Multiplying Mixed Numbers

Step 1 – Convert the mixed numbers to improper fractions first
Step 2– Multiply the numerators
Step 3– Multiply the denominators
Step 4– Reduce the answer to lowest terms

Example
21/3 × 11/2 = 7/3 × 3/2 = 21/6
Which then reduces to 31/2

Note:
 When opposing numerators and denominators are divisible by a common
number, you may reduce the numerator and denominator before multiplying.
 In the above example, after converting the mixed numbers to improper
fractions, you will see that the 3 in the numerator and the opposing 3 in the
denominator could have been reduced by dividing both numbers by 3, resulting
in the following reduced fraction:
7/3 × 3/2 = 7/2

Dividing Simple Fractions

Step 1 – Change division sign to multiplication
Step 2 – Change the fraction following the multiplication sign to its reciprocal
(rotate the fraction around so the old denominator is the new numerator and the
old numerator is the new denominator)
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Step 3 – Multiply the numerators
Step 4 – Multiply the denominators
Step 5 – simplify the answer to lowest terms

Example
1/ ÷ 2/ = becomes 1/ × 3/ which when solved is 3/
8 3 8 2 16

Dividing Mixed Numbers

Step 1 – Convert the mixed number or numbers to improper fraction.
Step 2 – Change the division sign to multiplication.
Step 3 – Change the fraction following the multiplication sign to its reciprocal (flip
the fraction around so the old denominator is the new numerator and the old
numerator is the new denominator)
Step 4 – Multiply the numerators.
Step 5 – Multiply the denominators.
Step 6 – Simplify the answer to lowest form.

Example
33/4÷ 25/6 = becomes 15/4 ÷ 17/6 becomes 15/4 × 6/17
Which when solved is
15 × 6 3 = 45 which simplifies to 111/34
4 2 17 34

Order of Operations on Fractions

The same rules that apply on integers are the same for fractions

BODMAS
Example
15 ÷ 1/4 of 12 = 15 ÷ (1/4 x 12)(we start with of then division)
= 15 ÷ 3
=5

Example
1/ + 1/ x {3/ + (1/ − 1/ )}
6 2 8 3 4

Solution
1 − 1= 4 − 1 = 1 (we start with bracket)
3 4 12 12
{3/8 + 1/12} = 11/24 (We then work out the outer bracket)
1/ + 1/ x 11/ = 1/ + 11/
6 2 24 6 48 (We then work out the multiplication)
1/ + 11/ 19
6 48 = /48 (Addition comes last here)

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Example
Evaluate

Solution

We first work out this first

1+ 1= 3+2 = 5
2 3 6 6
1/7 of (2/5 − 1/6) = 1/7 x 7/30 = 1/30
5/ ×30 = 25
6

Therefore

= 25 + ½ = 25½

Note:
Operations on fractions are performed in the following order.
Perform the operation enclosed within the bracket first. If (of) appears, perform
that operation before any other.
Example
Evaluate: 1/2{3/5 + 1/4(7/3 − 3/7)of 11/2 ÷5}

Solution
=1/2{3/5 + 1/4(40/21) of 11/2 ÷5}
=1/2{3/5 + 1/4 x 40/21 x 3/2 ÷5}
=1/2(3/5 + 10/21 x 3/2 ÷5)
=1/2(3/5 + 5/35)

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=1/2(21+5) = 1/2 x 26/
35 = 13/
35
35

Example
Two pipes A and B can fill an empty tank in 3hrs and 5hrs respectively. Pipe C can
empty the tank in 4hrs. If the three pipes A, B and C are opened at the same time
find how long it will take for the tank to be full.
Solution
1 + 1 − 1 = 20 + 12 − 1 5
3 5 4 60
= 17/60
17/ =1 hr
60
1 = 1 x 60/17
60/
17 = 3.52941 1 8
= 3.529 hrs.

Decimals
Introduction
 A fraction whose denominator can be written as the power of 1 0 is called a
decimal fraction or a decimal. E.g.
1/ , 1/ 50
o 10 100, /1000.
 A decimal is always written as follows 1/10 is written as 0.1 while 5/100 is written
as 0.05.The dot is called the decimal point.
 Numbers after the decimal points are read as single digits e.g. 5.875 is read as
five point eight seven five. A decimal fraction such 8.3 means 8 + 3/10.A decimal
fraction which represents the sum of a whole number and a proper fraction is
called a mixed fraction.

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Place Value Chart
Ten Thous Hundr Ten Ones Decim Tent Hundr Thousan Ten Hundre
thousa an ed s al h ed d Thousa d
nd ds s Po s t ths nd Thousa
s int hs ths nd
ths
10,00 1 ,000 1 00 10 1 . .1 .01 .001 .0001 .0001
Decimal to Fractions

 To convert a number from fraction form to decimal form, simply divide the
numerator (the top number) by the denominator (the bottom number) of the
fraction.
Example:

5/8

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Converting a Decimal to a Fraction

 To change a decimal to a fraction, determine the place value of the last number
in the decimal. This becomes the denominator. The decimal number becomes the
numerator. Then reduce your answer.
Example:
.625 - the 5 is in the thousandths column, therefore,
.625 = 625/1000 = reduces to 5/8

Note:
Your denominator will have the same number of zeros as there are decimal digits
in the decimal number you started with - .625 has three decimal digits so the
denominator will have three zero.

Recurring Decimals
These are decimal fractions in which a digit or a group of digits repeat
continuously without ending.
1/ = 0.333333
3
5/
11 = 0.454545454
We cannot write all the numbers, we therefore place a dot above a digit that is
recurring. If more than one digit recurs in a pattern, we place a dot above the
first and the last digit in the pattern.
E.g. .
0.3333… ................................... s written as 0.3
..
0.4545… .................................. s written as 0.45
...
0.324324… ............................. s written as 0.324
Any division whose divisor has prime factors other than 2 or 5 forms a recurring
decimal or non- terminating decimal.
Example

Express each as a fraction.

(a) 0.6
..
(b) 0.7̇3
..
(c) 0. ̇15
Solution

a. Let r = 0.66666 -------- ( i )

10r = 6.6666 --------------------- (ii)
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Subtracting i from ii 9r = 6
r = 6/9
= 2/3
b. Let r = 0.73333 --------- (i)
10r = 7.3333333 --------------(ii)
100r = 73.33333 --------------(iii)

Subtracting (ii) from (iii) 90r = 66

r = 66/90
=11/15
c. Let r = 0.151515 ---------(i)
100r = 15.1515 -----------------(ii)
99r= 15 r =15/99
=5/33

Decimal Places
 When the process of carrying out division goes over and over again without
ending we may round off the digits to any number of required digits to the right
of decimal points which are called decimal places.

Example

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