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 04:55 O Þ33 Vo 91l l 30%
1. Coordinated Checkpointing with Message Logging

Concept
In this approach, all processes in the system coordinate to take a checkpoint:
simultaneously. Additionally, all messages sent and received between checkpoints are
logged.
Benefits:
Ensures a globally consistent state at each checkpoint.
Simplifies recovery by restoring the checkpoint and replaying the logged messages.
Implementation:
Periodically, all processes agree on a checkpoint time.
Each process logs messages it receives after the checkpoint.
In the event of a failure, the system restores the state from the last coordinated
checkpoint and replays the logged messages to recover.

Challenges:
oRequires synchronization, which can introduce latency and performance overhead.
The frequency of checkpoints and the volume af logged messages must be managed
efficiently.

2. Uncoordinated Checkpointing with Message Logging

" Concept
Processes take checkpoints independently without coordination. Messages are logged
to ensure that lost messages can be replayed during recovery.
"Benefits:
Reduces the need for synchronization, potentially improving performance.
Each process can operate more independently, enhancing scalability.
"Implementation:
Each process periodically saves its state independently
All incoming messages are logged with information about the sender, receiver, and
content.
During recovery. processes restore their state from their latest checkpoint and replay
logged messages in the order they were originally recelved.
Challenges:
Risk of the domino effect, where a failure in one process might require multiple
processes to roll back to their previous checkpoints.
Ensuring consistency across independently checkpointed processes can be complex.

3. Communication-Induced Checkpointing with Message Logging

" Concept:
Processes take independent checkpoints but are occasionally forced to take coordinated
checkpoints based on communication patterns. Message logging is used to log

messages received after the last checkpoint.

"Benefits:
Combines the low-overhead of uncoordinated checkpointing with the consistency
benefits of coordinated checkpointing.
oReduces the risk of the domino effect.
"Implementation:

Processes periodically checkpoint independently.

Cesses log all recelved messages
oProcesses
When a process detects a potential inconsistency due to message passing. it induces a
forced checkpoint, ensuring a consistent global state.
Recovery involves restoring from the last checkpoint and replaying logged messages.
"Challenges:
Determining when to induce forced checkpoints can be complex and may require
sophisticated algorithms.
Balancing the frequency of forced checkpoints with performance considerations.