ALKENES

Flashcard 1: Front: Bonding in Alkenes Back: "The bonding in alkenes includes a double
carbon-carbon covalent bond. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons."

Flashcard 2: Front: Manufacture of Alkenes and Hydrogen Back: "Alkenes and hydrogen
can be manufactured by the cracking of large alkane molecules. This process involves
subjecting the alkane to high temperatures and using a catalyst."

Flashcard 3: Front: Reasons for Cracking Alkanes Back: "Large alkane molecules are
cracked for several reasons, including:

​ Obtaining smaller, more useful hydrocarbon products.

​ Increasing the yield of alkenes and hydrogen, which have various industrial
applications.
​ Adjusting the balance between different hydrocarbon products to meet market
demands."

Flashcard 4: Front: Test for Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Back: "To
distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, a test can be conducted
using aqueous bromine. Saturated hydrocarbons do not react with bromine, while
unsaturated hydrocarbons decolorize or react with bromine, turning it from orange to
colorless."

Flashcard 5: Front: Addition Reaction Back: "In an addition reaction, only one product is
formed. This occurs when two or more substances combine to form a single product,
without the loss of any atoms or groups."

Flashcard 6: Front: Formation of Poly(ethene) Back: "Poly(ethene), also known as

polyethylene, is formed from ethene (C₂H₄) through addition polymerization. During this
process, the double bond in ethene is broken, and many monomer units combine to
form a long-chain polymer. The repeat unit in poly(ethene) is (-CH₂-)."

Flashcard 7: Front: Poly(ethene) as a Widely Used Plastic Back: "Poly(ethene) is a widely

used plastic due to its excellent properties such as flexibility, low density, and resistance
to chemicals. It is commonly used in packaging materials, containers, pipes, and
various plastic products."
ALKANES

Flashcard 1: Front: Bonding in Alkanes Back: "The bonding in alkanes is single covalent.
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons."

Flashcard 2: Front: Properties of Alkanes Back: "Alkanes have the following properties:

● Generally unreactive: Alkanes are known for their low reactivity compared to
other classes of organic compounds. They tend to be relatively inert under
normal conditions.
● Combustible: Alkanes readily undergo combustion reactions in the presence of
oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as the primary products."

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FORMULA AND NAMES

Flashcard 1: Front: Definition of Structural Formula Back: "A structural formula is an unambiguous

description of the way the atoms in a molecule are arranged."

Flashcard 2: Front: Drawing and Interpreting Displayed Formula Back: "To draw a displayed formula,

represent all the atoms and bonds in a molecule. The displayed formula provides a visual

representation of the connectivity and arrangement of atoms in a molecule."

Flashcard 3: Front: Unbranched Alkanes Back: (a) Name: Methane Structural Formula: CH₄ Displayed

Formula: H | C | H Interpretation: Methane is an unbranched alkane with one carbon atom and four

hydrogen atoms.

(b) Name: Ethane Structural Formula: C₂H₆ Displayed Formula: H H | | C C | | H H Interpretation:

Ethane is an unbranched alkane with two carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms.

(c) Name: Propane Structural Formula: C₃H₈ Displayed Formula: H H H | | | C C C | | | H H H

Interpretation: Propane is an unbranched alkane with three carbon atoms and eight hydrogen atoms.

Flashcard 4: Front: Unbranched Alkenes Back: (a) Name: Ethene Structural Formula: C₂H₄ Displayed

Formula: H H | | C C | | H H Interpretation: Ethene is an unbranched alkene with two carbon atoms

and four hydrogen atoms. It contains one double bond between the carbon atoms.
(b) Name: Propene Structural Formula: C₃H₆ Displayed Formula: H H H | | | C C C | | | H H H

Interpretation: Propene is an unbranched alkene with three carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms. It

contains one double bond between the carbon atoms.

Flashcard 5: Front: Compound Identification Back: "The type of compound present can be

determined by the chemical name's ending (-ane or -ene) or by analyzing the molecular, structural, or

displayed formula."

Flashcard 6: Front: Saturated Hydrocarbons Back: "Saturated hydrocarbons are compounds that

contain only single bonds between carbon atoms. Alkanes are examples of saturated hydrocarbons."

Flashcard 7: Front: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Back: "Unsaturated hydrocarbons are compounds

that contain double or triple bonds between carbon atoms. Alkenes and alkynes are examples of

unsaturated hydrocarbons."

Flashcard 8: Front: Molecular Formula Back: "The molecular formula of a compound represents the

actual number of atoms of each element present in a molecule."

Flashcard 9: Front: Structural Formula Back: "The structural formula of a compound provides

detailed information about the arrangement and connectivity of atoms in a molecule."

Flashcard 10: Front: Displayed Formula Back: "The displayed formula of a compound shows all the

atoms and bonds in a molecule, providing a clear representation of the spatial arrangement of

atoms."

Flashcard 11: Front: Addition Reaction Back: "In an addition reaction, two or more substances

combine to form a single product. It typically involves the breaking of multiple bonds and the

formation of new bonds."

Flashcard 12: Front: Polymerization Back: "Polymerization is a process in which small monomer

units join together to form a larger molecule called a polymer."

Flashcard 13: Front: Poly(ethene) Back: "Poly(ethene), also known as polyethylene, is a widely used

plastic that is formed by the addition polymerization of ethene (C₂H₄) monomers. It is chemically

inert, flexible, and has a wide range of applications."

Flashcard 14: Front: Plastic Back: "Plastics are a group of synthetic materials that can be molded or

shaped into various forms. They are typically made from polymers and have diverse applications in

industries such as packaging, construction, and automotive."

Flashcard 15: Front: Combustion Back: "Combustion is a chemical reaction between a fuel and an

oxidizing agent (usually oxygen) that produces heat, light, and often releases products such as

carbon dioxide and water vapor."

FUELS

Flashcard 1: Front: Fossil Fuels Back: "The fossil fuels are coal, natural gas, and

petroleum. They are formed from the remains of plants and animals over millions of

years."

Flashcard 2: Front: Methane Back: "Methane is the main constituent of natural gas. It is

a hydrocarbon compound composed of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms."

Flashcard 3: Front: Hydrocarbons Back: "Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain

hydrogen and carbon only. They are the main components of fossil fuels and other

organic substances."
Flashcard 4: Front: Petroleum Back: "Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons. It is a

fossil fuel that is formed from the remains of marine organisms, and it is commonly

used as a source of energy."

Flashcard 5: Front: Fractional Distillation Back: "Fractional distillation is the process

used to separate petroleum into useful fractions. It involves heating the petroleum and

collecting the different fractions based on their boiling points."

Flashcard 6: Front: Properties of Fractions in a Fractionating Column Back: (a)

Decreasing chain length: As fractions are collected higher up in the column, the chain

length of hydrocarbon molecules generally decreases. (b) Higher volatility: Fractions

collected higher up in the column tend to have higher volatility, meaning they vaporize

more easily. (c) Higher flammability: Fractions collected higher up in the column often

have higher flammability, making them more prone to catching fire. (d) Lower boiling

points: Fractions collected higher up in the column generally have lower boiling points.

(e) Lower viscosity: Fractions collected higher up in the column tend to have lower

viscosity, meaning they flow more easily.

Flashcard 7: Front: Uses of Petroleum Fractions Back: (a) Refinery gas fraction: Used for

heating and cooking. (b) Gasoline/Petrol fraction: Used as fuel for cars. (c) Naphtha

fraction: Used as a chemical feedstock for various industries. (d) Kerosene/Paraffin

fraction: Used as jet fuel. (e) Diesel oil/Gas oil fraction: Used as fuel for diesel engines.

(f) Fuel oil fraction: Used as fuel for ships and home heating systems. (g) Lubricating oil

fraction: Used for lubricants, waxes, and polishes. (h) Bitumen fraction: Used for making

roads and roofing materials.