Chapter 20

Simpson’s Rules
 Mathematical Equations and Graphs
1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0; 𝑦 = 0
DRAW A GRAPH OF: 𝑦= 𝑥
2
1
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1; 𝑦 =
2

𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2; 𝑦 = 1

1
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 3; 𝑦 = 1
2

𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 4; 𝑦 = 2

1
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 5; 𝑦 = 2
2

𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 6; 𝑦 = 3
24 March 2025 2
 Mathematical Equations and Graphs
1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0; 𝑦 = 0
𝑦= 𝑥
AREA UNDER THE GRAPH 2
1
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1; 𝑦 =
2
1
(1) Geometry: 𝐴 = 2𝑏 ×ℎ 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2; 𝑦 = 1
𝑥 𝑛+1
(2) Calculus: A = ‫= 𝑥𝑑 𝑛 𝑥 ׬‬ +𝐶 1
𝑛+1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 3; 𝑦 = 1
2
h
(3) Simpson’s Rules: 𝐴 = 3σ𝐴
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 4; 𝑦 = 2

1
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 5; 𝑦 = 2
2

𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 6; 𝑦 = 3
24 March 2025 3
 (1) Area by Geometry
1
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
2
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑏 × ℎ
2
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = × 6 × 3
2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 9 𝑚2

24 March 2025 4
 (2) Area by Calculus
1 1 𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑦=
2
𝑥 𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 =
2
𝑥 ‫= 𝑥𝑑 𝑛 𝑥 ׬‬ 𝑛+1
+𝐶
6 6 6
1
න 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
0 0 0 2

6 6
61 1 1 𝑥 1+1 1 𝑥2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ‫׬‬0 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 60 𝑑𝑥 = =
2 2 1+1 0 2 2 0

1 62 02 1 36
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = − =
2 2 2 2 2
2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 9 𝑚
24 March 2025 5
 (3) Area by Simpson’s Rules
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0; 𝑦 = 0
Stn Ord SM Product
1
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1; 𝑦 =
2 of Areas
ℎ
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2; 𝑦 = 1 0 0 1 0 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
3
෍𝐴

𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 3; 𝑦 = 1
1 1 0.5 4 2 1
2
2 1 2 2 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 27
3
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 4; 𝑦 = 2

1
3 1.5 4 6
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 5; 𝑦 = 2
2 4 2 2 4 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 9 𝑚2
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 6; 𝑦 = 3 5 2.5 4 10
6 3 1 3
σ 𝐴 =27
24 March 2025 6
 CAPABILITIES OF DIFFERENT METHODS
(1) Geometry – works well with regular shapes ( ) etc.

(2) Calculus – requires shapes described using equations

(linear curves / parabolic / hyperbolic curves etc.)

(3) Simpson’s Rules – can be applied in any shape whatsoever

24 March 2025 7
 Simpson’s Rules
• Easily replace calculus and mathematical calculations with
utmost accuracy.
• Used to calculate areas, volumes and centres of areas and
centres of volumes (centroids).
• Very popular in maritime because of simplicity.

24 March 2025 8
 Simpson’s Rules
• Simpson’s Rule 1: used when number of ordinates is odd number
• Simpson’s Rule 2: used when number of ordinates is such that
when you subtract one (1) from it, the number is divisible by 3
without leaving a remainder (decimal).
• Simpson’s Rule 3: also called five-eight-minus-one rule (5, 8, -1
rule). Used to calculate area between any two of the three ordinates.
• Trapezoidal Rule: used when ordinates are very close to each
other, and common interval is very small.

24 March 2025 9
 Simpson’s Rules
ℎ
• Simpson’s Rule 1: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 141
3
3ℎ
• Simpson’s Rule 2: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 1331
8
ℎ
• Simpson’s Rule 3: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 5𝑎 + 8𝑏 − 𝑐
12

• Trapezoidal Rule: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ℎ 0.5𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 0.5𝑒

Where h = common interval
a, b, c, etc. are ordinates
24 March 2025 10
 Simpson’s Multipliers
ℎ
• Simpson’s Rule 1: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = σ 142424241
3 𝐴
3ℎ
• Simpson’s Rule 2: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = σ𝐴 1332332331
8
ℎ
• Simpson’s Rule 3: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 5𝑎 + 8𝑏 − 𝑐 5 8 -1
12

• Trapezoidal Rule: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ℎ 0.5𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑒 + 𝑓 + 𝑔 + 0.5ℎ

0.5 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.5

Where h = common interval

a, b, c, etc. are ordinates

24 March 2025 11
 Example 1 (page 167)
• A ship’s water-plane is 120 m long. The half-breadths, measured at equal
intervals from aft, are:
0.1 4.6 7.5 7.6 7.6 3.7 & 0m Stn 1/2Ord SM Product or Areas

Find the water-plane area. 0 0.1 1 0.1

1 4.6 4 18.4
7.5 7.6 7.6 2 7.5 2 15
4.6 3.7
0.1 0
h
3 7.6 4 30.4
h h h h h
4 7.6 2 15.2
SIMPSON’S RULE 1 5 3.7 4 14.8
𝐿 1 ℎ 1
ℎ=
𝑁𝑜: 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑟𝑑 − 1 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ෍ 𝐴
3
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
2
6 0 1 0
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2 × 626
120 120 1 20
ℎ= = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 93.9
7 −1 6 2 3 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 1252 𝑚2 ෍ 𝐴 = 93.9
ℎ = 20 𝑚 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 626 𝑚2
2

24 March 2025 12
 Example 2 (page 169)
• A ship’s water-plane is 120 m long. The half-breadths, measured at equal
intervals from aft, are:
0.1 4.6 7.5 7.6 7.6 3.7 & 0m Stn 1/2Ord SM Product or Areas

Find the water-plane area. 0 0.1 1 0.1

1 4.6 3 13.8
7.5 7.6 7.6 2 7.5 3 22.5
4.6 3.7
0.1 0
h
3 7.6 2 15.2
h h h h h
4 7.6 3 22.8
SIMPSON’S RULE 2 5 3.7 3 11.1
𝐿 1 3ℎ 1
ℎ= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑁𝑜: 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑟𝑑 − 1 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
8
෍𝐴 2 6 0 1 0
120 120 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2 × 641.25
ℎ= = 1 3 × 20
7 −1 6 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 85.5 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 1282.5 𝑚2
2 8 ෍ 𝐴 = 85.5
ℎ = 20 𝑚 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 641.25 𝑚2
2

24 March 2025 13
 Example 3 (page 169)
• The breadths of part of a ship’s deck, at 5 m intervals are 13, 14 and 14.5 m.
Find the area between the first two ordinates.
SIMPSON’S RULE 3

ℎ
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑋 = 5𝑎 + 8𝑏 − 𝑐
12

5
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑋 = 5 × 13 + 8 × 14 − 14.5
a X b Y c 12

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑋 = 67.708 𝑚2

24 March 2025 14
 Example 4 (page 170)
• The half-breadths of a ship’s waterplane 100 m long, at equal interval from
aft: 5.00 5.88 6.75 6.63 4.00 & 0.0 m
Find the water-plane area and TPC in SW. X Y
SIMPSON’S RULE 1 & 2 Prod of Prod of
Ord X SM X Area X Ord Y SM Y Areas Y
ℎ 3ℎ
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑋 = ෍ 𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑌 = ෍ 𝐴𝑦
3 8
5,00 1 5,00 1 6,75 6,75
20 3 × 20
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑋 = 35.27 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑌 = 38.64
3 8 5,88 4 23,52 3 6,63 19,89
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑋 = 235.133 𝑚2 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑌 = 289.800 𝑚2
6,75 1 6,75 3 4,00 12,00
1.025𝐴
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑋 + 𝑌 𝑇𝑃𝐶 =
100 1 0,00 0,00
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2(235.133 + 289.800)
1.025(1049.866)
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 1049.866 𝑚2 𝑇𝑃𝐶 =
100
𝑇𝑃𝐶 = 10.761 35,27 38,64
24 March 2025 15
Example 5 (page 174)
Find the volume of displacement of a
barge 48 m long whose under water
transverse cross-sectional areas are:
2
19.6 ; 25 ; 17.5 ; 13 ; 0 𝑚
ℎ Areas SM Product of Volume
Volume = ෍ 𝑉
3
19,6 1 19,6

12 25 4 100
Volume = 206.6
3 17,5 2 35

13 4 52
Volume = 826.4 𝑚3
0 1 0

206,6

24 March 2025 16
Example 6 (page 175)
A ship’s water-plane areas, at one metre
intervals from keel upwards, are:
1730; 1925 ; 2030 ; 2100 ; 2150 𝑚2
Find the W and TPC in SW at 4 m draft
ℎ 1.025𝐴
Volume = ෍𝑉 TPC at 4m draft =
3 100
Draft (m) Areas SM Product of Volumes
1.025 × 2150
1 TPC at 4m draft =
Volume = 24040 100
3 4
2150 1 2150

TPC at 4m draft = 22.038

Volume = 8013.333 𝑚3 3
2100 4 8400

2030 2 4060
2

1925 4 7700
1
W in SW = V × 𝜌
W in SW = 8013.333 × 1.025 1730 1 1730
0
W in SW = 8213.7 tonnes 24040

24 March 2025 17
 Example 7 (page 175)
Given the following information, find the displacement at 6 m
draft in SW:
Draft 6 5 4 3 2 1 0m
TPC 61.5 61.7 61.8 61.8 61.7 57.4 51.3
Draft (m) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1.025𝐴
TPC 61.5 61.7 61.8 61.8 61.7 57.4 51.3 TPC =
100
Areas (m2) 6000.0 6019.5 6029.3 6029.3 6019.5 5600.0 5004.9
100𝑇𝑃𝐶
𝐴𝑟𝑒a =
1.025

Draft (m) WPA SM Product

6 6000,00 1 6000,00
ℎ Displacement = V × 𝜌
5 6019,51 4 24078,05 Volume = ෍ 𝐴𝑉
3 Displacement = 35232.52 × 1.025
4 6029,27 2 12058,54
6029,27 4 24117,07
Displacement = 36113.33 t
3
2 6019,51 2 12039,02 1
Volume = 105697.56
1 5600,00 4 22400,00 3
0 5004,88 1 5004,88
105697,56 Volume = 35232.52 𝑚3

24 March 2025 18
 4𝑟
Centroid of half Circle =
Geometric Centres 3𝜋

Find the Centroid of the shaded area in the diagram

Area 1 = L × 𝐵 1 2 1
Area 1 = 2 × 2 Area 2 = 𝜋𝑟 Area 3 = 𝑏×ℎ
2 2
Area 1 = 4 𝑚2 1 1
Area 2 = 𝜋 × 12 Area 3 = × 2 × 1
2 2
Area 2 = 1.571 𝑚2 Area 3 = 1 𝑚2

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑇 × 𝑋𝑇 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎1 × 𝑋1 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎2 × 𝑋2 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎3 × 𝑋3

4×1
4 + 1.571 + 1 × 𝑋𝑇 = 4 × 1 + 1.571 × +2 + 1×1
3𝜋
6.571 × 𝑋𝑇 = 4 + 4.476 + 1
𝑋𝑇 = 1.44 𝑚

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑇 × 𝑌𝑇 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎1 × 𝑌1 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎2 × 𝑌 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎3 × 𝑌3 Centroid =

1 x; y (1.440; 1.203)
4 + 1.571 + 1 × 𝑌𝑇 = 4 × 1 + 1.571 × 1 + 1 × +2
3
6.571 × 𝑌𝑇 = 4 + 1.571 + 2.333
𝑌𝑇 = 1.203 𝑚

24 March 2025 19
Example 8 (page 182)
A ship’s water-plane is 120 m long. Half breadths, at equal interval
from aft, are:
0.1 4.6 7.5 7.6 7.6 3.7 & 0m
Calculate the position of its COF.

𝐿
ℎ=
𝑁𝑜: 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑟𝑑 − 1
120 120 ℎ ℎ 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
ℎ= = = 20 𝑚 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ෍𝐴 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 = ෍𝑀 𝐴𝐹 =
7 −1 6 3 3 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
σ𝑀
𝐴𝐹 =
20 20 σ𝐴
Lever about Product of 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = × 93.9 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 = × 274.4 × 20
1/2 Ord SM Product of Areas 3 3
A moment 36586.67
𝐴𝐹 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 626 𝑚2 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 36586.67 𝑚3 626
0,10 1 0,10 0h 0,0h 𝐴𝐹 = 58.445 𝑚
4,60 4 18,40 1h 18,4h
7,50 2 15,00 2h 30,0h
274.4ℎ
7,60 4 30,40 3h 91,2h 𝐴𝐹 =
93.9
7,60 2 15,20 4h 60,8h
274.4 × 20
3,70 4 14,80 5h 74,0h 𝐴𝐹 =
93.9
0,00 1 0,00 6h 0,0h
σ 𝐴 = 93,9 σ 𝑀 = 274,4h 𝐴𝐹 = 58.445 𝑚

24 March 2025 20
 Appendages and Intermediate Ordinates
• Appendages – part of curved boundary where curvature changes
considerably. Mostly occur near the ends e.g., bilges, bulbous bow
etc.
• Areas/Volumes of appendages are usually calculated separately and
then added to area/volume of the main body.

24 March 2025 21
 Appendages and Intermediate Ordinates
• However, this can be done in the same calculation. Firstly, the
ordinates in the appendage are spaced at the same common interval
as the main body. Then intermediate ordinates are inserted in the
appendage midway between regular ordinates.
ℎ ℎ
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 = ෍𝐴 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑒 = ෍𝐴
3 3
ℎ 1 ℎ
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 = 1𝑎 + 4𝑏 + 2𝑐 + 4𝑑 + 1𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑒 = × 1𝑒 + 4𝑥 + 2𝑓 + 4𝑦 + 1𝑔
3 2 3
ℎ
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 0.5𝑒 + 2𝑥 + 1𝑓 + 2𝑦 + 0.5𝑔
3
a b c d e x f y g
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑒
ℎ ℎ
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 1𝑎 + 4𝑏 + 2𝑐 + 4𝑑 + 1𝑒 + 0.5𝑒 + 2𝑥 + 1𝑓 + 2𝑦 + 0.5𝑔
3 3
ℎ
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 1𝑎 + 4𝑏 + 2𝑐 + 4𝑑 + 1𝑒 + 0.5𝑒 + 2𝑥 + 1𝑓 + 2𝑦 + 0.5𝑔
3
ℎ
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 1𝑎 + 4𝑏 + 2𝑐 + 4𝑑 + 1.5𝑒 + 2𝑥 + 1𝑓 + 2𝑦 + 0.5𝑔
3
𝑆𝑀 = 1 4 2 4 1.5 2 1 2 0.5
24 March 2025 22
Example 9 (page 183)
The transverse cross-sectional areas, of the underwater portion of a
barge, at 12 m intervals from forward, are:
0 13 17.5 25 & 19.6 square metres
The last ordinate is the after perpendicular of the barge. Calculate AB

ℎ = 12 𝑚
Product of Lever Product of
Area SM
Volume about A moment

σ𝑀
0,00 1 0,00 4h 0,0 h 𝐴𝐵 =
σ𝑉
13,00 4 52,00 3h 156,0 h 326 ℎ
17,50 2 35,00 𝐴𝐵 =
2h 70,0 h 206.6

25,00 4 100,00 1h 100,0 h 326 × 12

𝐴𝐵 =
206.6
19,60 1 19,60 0h 0,0 h
𝐴𝐵 = 18.935 m
σ 𝑉 = 206,6 σ 𝑀 = 326,0 h

24 March 2025 23
Example 10 (page 183)
The water-plane areas of a ship are:
Drafts 5 4 3 2 1 m
Area 2150 2100 2030 1925 1730 m2
Between the keel and 1 m draft, there is an appendage of 800 m3
volume whose geometric centre is 0.7 m above the keel.
Find the displacement and the KB of the ship at 5 m draft in salt
water.
ℎ 𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒1 + 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒2 σ𝑀
Product of Lever about Product of moment 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒1 = ෍𝑉 K𝐵 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
d (m) WP Area SM 3 𝑉𝑇 = 8013.333 + 800 σ𝑉
Volume K about K
𝑉𝑇 = 8813.333 𝑚3
1 73660 ℎ
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒1 = × 24040 K𝐵 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
1 2150 3 24040
5 2150 5h 10750 h
73660 × 1
2100 4 8400 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒1 = 8013.333 𝑚3 𝑊 𝑆𝑊 = 𝑉𝑇 × 𝜌 K𝐵 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
4 4h 33600 h 𝑊 𝑆𝑊 = 8813.333 × 1.025 24040
2030 2 4060 𝑊 𝑆𝑊 = 9033.7 𝑡
3 3h 12180 h K𝐵 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 3.064 m

1925 4 7700
2 2h 15400 h
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑇 × 𝐾𝐵𝑇 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒1 × 𝐾𝐵1 + 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒2 × 𝐾𝐵2
1730 1 1730
1 1h 1730 h 8813.333 × 𝐾𝐵𝑇 = 8013.333 × 3.064 + 800 × 0.7
σ 𝑉 = 24040 σ 𝑀 = 73660 h 𝐾𝐵𝑇 = 2.849 𝑚

24 March 2025 24
Example 11 (page 184)
Half-breadths of a ship’s water-plane from aft, at equal
intervals, are:
5 5.88 6.75 6.63 4 2.38 & 0m
The common interval between the first five semi-ordinates is
20 m and between the last three is 10 m. The total length of
water-plane is 100 m. Find the area of the water-plane and
the position of its CoF.
Product of Semi- Lever about Product of semi-
1/2 Ord SM
Area A moment
ℎ 𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2 × 𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 σ𝑀
𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ෍𝐴 𝐴𝐹 =
5,00 1 5,00 0h 0,00 h 3 𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2 × 528.6667 σ𝐴
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 1057.6667 𝑚2
5,88 4 23,52 1h 23,52 h 175.5 ℎ
20 𝐴𝐹 =
2 13,50 𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = × 79.3 79.3
6,75 2h 27,00 h 3

6,63 4 26,52 3h 79,56 h 𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 528.6667 𝑚2 175.5 × 20

𝐴𝐹 =
1,5 6,00
79.3
4,00 4h 24,00 h
4,76 𝐴𝐹 = 44.262 m
2,38 2 4,5 h 21,42 h

0,00 0,5 0,00 5h 0,00 h

σ 𝐴 = 79,30 σ 𝑀 = 175,50 h

24 March 2025 25
Example 12 (page 185)
The vertical ordinates of the after bulkhead of the port slop tank
of a tanker, measured from the horizontal deckhead downwards,
spaced at equal athwartship intervals of 1 m, are:
0 3.25 4.4 5.15 5.65 5.9 & 6.0 m
Find the distance of the geometric centre of the bulkhead from (a) the
inner boundary and (b) the deckhead. (c) Find the thrust on this
bulkhead when the tank is full of salt water.

Product of Lever about Product of moment Lever about Product of moment σ𝑀

Ord SM GC from inner bulkhead =
Area inner bulkhead about inner bulkhead deckhead about deckhead σ𝐴
σ𝑀
184.05 ℎ GC from deckhead =
0,00 1 0,00 6h 0,00h 0 0 GC from inner bulkhead = σ𝐴
73.9
3,25 3 9,75 5h 48,75h 3.25 31.68 379,0025
184.05 × 1 GC from deckhead = ÷2
3 13,20 GC from inner bulkhead = 73.9
4,40 4h 52,80h 4.4 58.08 73.9
5,15 2 10,30 3h 30,90h 5.15 53.045 GC from deckhead = 2.564 m
GC from inner bulkhead = 2.491 m
5,65 3 16,95 2h 33,90h 5.65 95,7675

5,90 3 17,70 1h 17,70h 5.9 104,43

3ℎ 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ × 𝜌 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
6,00 1 6,00 0h 0,00h 6.0 36 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ෍𝐴
8 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 = 2.564 × 1.025 × 27.713
σ 𝐴 = 73,90 σ 𝑀 = 184,05h σ 𝑀 = 379,0025 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 = 72.833 𝑡
3×1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = × 73.9
8
24 March 2025 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 27.713 𝑚2 26
Example 12 (page 185) – Alternatively…
The vertical ordinates of the after bulkhead of the port slop tank
of a tanker, measured from the horizontal deckhead downwards,
spaced at equal athwartship intervals of 1 m, are:
0 3.25 4.4 5.15 5.65 5.9 & 6.0 m
Find the distance of the geometric centre of the bulkhead from (a) the
inner boundary and (b) the deckhead. (c) Find the thrust on this
bulkhead when the tank is full of salt water.
σ𝑀
Product of Lever about Product of moment Lever about Product of moment GC from inner bulkhead =
Ord SM σ𝐴
Area inner bulkhead about inner bulkhead deckhead about deckhead
σ𝑀
184.05 ℎ GC from deckhead =
0,00 1 0,00 6h 0,00h 0,000 0,000 GC from inner bulkhead = σ𝐴
73.9
3,25 3 9,75 5h 48,75h 1,625 15,844 189.505
184.05 × 1 GC from deckhead =
3 13,20 GC from inner bulkhead = 73.9
4,40 4h 52,80h 2,200 29,040 73.9
5,15 2 10,30 3h 30,90h 2,575 26,523 GC from deckhead = 2.564 m
GC from inner bulkhead = 2.491 m
5,65 3 16,95 2h 33,90h 2,825 47,884

5,90 3 17,70 1h 17,70h 2,950 52,215

3ℎ 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ × 𝜌 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
6,00 1 6,00 0h 0,00h 3,000 18,000 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ෍𝐴
8 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 = 2.564 × 1.025 × 27.713
σ 𝐴 = 73,90 σ 𝑀 = 184,05h σ 𝑀 = 189,505 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 = 72.833 𝑡
3×1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = × 73.9
8
24 March 2025 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 27.713 𝑚2 27
EXAMPLE 13 – Page 186
The breadths of the forecastle of a barge, at 2 m intervals from aft, are:
3.31 2 & 0m
Calculate the area & the position of the geometric centre of the space a
between the first two ordinates.
X b c

(ANSWER: 5.425 m2 ; GC 0.919 m)

Areas SM Product of Volume Areas SM Product of Moments

a 3.31 5 16.55 a 3.31 3 9.93
b 2 8 16.00 b 2 10 20.00
c 0 -1 0.00 c 0 -1 0.00
32.55 29.93
σ𝑀
𝐺𝐶 =
ℎ ℎ2 σ𝐴
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑋 = (5𝑎 + 8𝑏 − 𝑐) 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑋 = (3𝑎 + 10𝑏 − 𝑐) 4.988
12 24 𝐺𝐶 =
2 22 5.425
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑋 = (32.55) 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑋 = (29.93) 𝐺𝐶 = 0.9195 𝑚
12 24
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑋 = 5.425 𝑚2 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑋 = 4.988 𝑚3

24 March 2025 28
 THE END

24 March 2025 29