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Contents
1. Cover
2. Title Page
3. Copyright Page
4. About the Author
5. About the Technical Reviewer
6. Brief Contents
7. Contents in Detail
8. Acknowledgments
9. Introduction

1. Who Is This Book For?

2. About This Book
3. How to Use This Book

1. Line Numbers and Indentation

2. Long Code Lines

4. Downloading and Installing Python

5. Starting IDLE
6. Finding Help Online

10. Chapter 1: The Interactive Shell

1. Some Simple Math

1. Integers and Floating-Point Numbers

2. Expressions

2. Evaluating Expressions
3. Syntax Errors
4. Storing Values in Variables
5. Summary

11. Chapter 2: Writing Programs

 1. String Values
2. String Concatenation
3. Writing Programs in IDLE’s File Editor

1. Creating the Hello World Program

2. Saving Your Program
3. Running Your Program

4. How the Hello World Program Works

1. Comments for the Programmer

2. Functions: Mini-Programs Inside Programs
3. The End of the Program

5. Naming Variables
6. Summary
12. Chapter 3: Guess the Number

1. Sample Run of Guess the Number

2. Source Code for Guess the Number
3. Importing the random Module
4. Generating Random Numbers with the random.randint()
Function
5. Welcoming the Player
6. Flow Control Statements

1. Using Loops to Repeat Code

2. Grouping with Blocks
3. Looping with for Statements

7. Getting the Player’s Guess

8. Converting Values with the int(), float(), and str()
Functions
9. The Boolean Data Type

1. Comparison Operators
2. Checking for True or False with Conditions
3. Experimenting with Booleans, Comparison
Operators, and Conditions
4. The Difference Between = and ==
 10. if Statements
11. Leaving Loops Early with the break Statement
12. Checking Whether the Player Won
13. Checking Whether the Player Lost
14. Summary
13. Chapter 4: A Joke-Telling Program

1. Sample Run of Jokes

2. Source Code for Jokes
3. How the Code Works
4. Escape Characters
5. Single and Double Quotes
6. The print() Function’s end Keyword Parameter
7. Summary

14. Chapter 5: Dragon Realm

1. How to Play Dragon Realm

2. Sample Run of Dragon Realm
3. Flowchart for Dragon Realm
4. Source Code for Dragon Realm
5. Importing the random and time Modules
6. Functions in Dragon Realm

1. def Statements
2. Calling a Function
3. Where to Put Function Definitions

7. Multiline Strings
8. How to Loop with while Statements
9. Boolean Operators

1. The and Operator

2. The or Operator
3. The not Operator
4. Evaluating Boolean Operators

10. Return Values

11. Global Scope and Local Scope
12. Function Parameters
 13. Displaying the Game Results
14. Deciding Which Cave Has the Friendly Dragon
15. The Game Loop

1. Calling the Functions in the Program

2. Asking the Player to Play Again

16. Summary
15. Chapter 6: Using the Debugger

1. Types of Bugs
2. The Debugger

1. Starting the Debugger

2. Stepping Through the Program with the Debugger

3. Finding the Bug

4. Setting Breakpoints
5. Using Breakpoints
6. Summary

16. Chapter 7: Designing Hangman with Flowcharts

1. How to Play Hangman

2. Sample Run of Hangman
3. ASCII Art
4. Designing a Program with a Flowchart

1. Creating the Flowchart

2. Branching from a Flowchart Box
3. Ending or Restarting the Game
4. Guessing Again
5. Offering Feedback to the Player

5. Summary

17. Chapter 8: Writing the Hangman Code

1. Source Code for Hangman

 2. Importing the random Module
3. Constant Variables
4. The Lists Data Type

1. Accessing Items with Indexes

2. List Concatenation
3. The in Operator

5. Calling Methods

1. The reverse() and append() List Methods

2. The split() String Method

6. Getting a Secret Word from the Word List

7. Displaying the Board to the Player

1. The list() and range() Functions

2. List and String Slicing
3. Displaying the Secret Word with Blanks

8. Getting the Player’s Guess

1. The lower() and upper() String Methods

2. Leaving the while Loop

9. elif Statements
10. Making Sure the Player Entered a Valid Guess
11. Asking the Player to Play Again
12. Review of the Hangman Functions
13. The Game Loop

1. Calling the displayBoard() Function

2. Letting the Player Enter Their Guess
3. Checking Whether the Letter Is in the Secret Word
4. Checking Whether the Player Won
5. Handling an Incorrect Guess
6. Checking Whether the Player Lost
7. Ending or Resetting the Game
 14. Summary
18. Chapter 9: Extending Hangman

1. Adding More Guesses

2. The Dictionary Data Type

1. Getting the Size of Dictionaries with len()

2. The Difference Between Dictionaries and Lists
3. The keys() and values() Dictionary Methods
4. Using Dictionaries of Words in Hangman

3. Randomly Choosing from a List

4. Deleting Items from Lists
5. Multiple Assignment
6. Printing the Word Category for the Player
7. Summary

19. Chapter 10: Tic-Tac-Toe

1. Sample Run of Tic-Tac-Toe

2. Source Code for Tic-Tac-Toe
3. Designing the Program

1. Representing the Board as Data

2. Strategizing with the Game AI

4. Importing the random Module

5. Printing the Board on the Screen
6. Letting the Player Choose X or O
7. Deciding Who Goes First
8. Placing a Mark on the Board

1. List References
2. Using List References in makeMove()

9. Checking Whether the Player Won

10. Duplicating the Board Data
11. Checking Whether a Space on the Board Is Free
12. Letting the Player Enter a Move
13. Short-Circuit Evaluation
 14. Choosing a Move from a List of Moves
15. The None Value
16. Creating the Computer’s AI

1. Checking Whether the Computer Can Win in One

Move
2. Checking Whether the Player Can Win in One
Move
3. Checking the Corner, Center, and Side Spaces (in
That Order)
4. Checking Whether the Board Is Full

17. The Game Loop

1. Choosing the Player’s Mark and Who Goes First

2. Running the Player’s Turn
3. Running the Computer’s Turn
4. Asking the Player to Play Again

18. Summary
20. Chapter 11: The Bagels Deduction Game

1. Sample Run of Bagels

2. Source Code for Bagels
3. Flowchart for Bagels
4. Importing random and Defining getSecretNum()
5. Shuffling a Unique Set of Digits

1. Changing List Item Order with the

random.shuffle() Function
2. Getting the Secret Number from the Shuffled
Digits

6. Augmented Assignment Operators

7. Calculating the Clues to Give
8. The sort() List Method
9. The join() String Method
10. Checking Whether a String Has Only Numbers
11. Starting the Game
12. String Interpolation
 13. The Game Loop

1. Getting the Player’s Guess

2. Getting the Clues for the Player’s Guess
3. Checking Whether the Player Won or Lost
4. Asking the Player to Play Again

14. Summary
21. Chapter 12: The Cartesian Coordinate System

1. Grids and Cartesian Coordinates

2. Negative Numbers
3. The Coordinate System of a Computer Screen
4. Math Tricks

1. Trick 1: A Minus Eats the Plus Sign on Its Left

2. Trick 2: Two Minuses Combine into a Plus
3. Trick 3: Two Numbers Being Added Can Swap
Places

5. Absolute Values and the abs() Function

6. Summary

22. Chapter 13: Sonar Treasure Hunt

1. Sample Run of Sonar Treasure Hunt

2. Source Code for Sonar Treasure Hunt
3. Designing the Program
4. Importing the random, sys, and math Modules
5. Creating a New Game Board
6. Drawing the Game Board

1. Drawing the X-Coordinates Along the Top of the

Board
2. Drawing the Ocean
3. Printing a Row in the Ocean
4. Drawing the X-Coordinates Along the Bottom of
the Board

7. Creating the Random Treasure Chests

 8. Determining Whether a Move Is Valid
9. Placing a Move on the Board

1. Finding the Closest Treasure Chest

2. Removing Values with the remove() List Method
3. Getting the Player’s Move

10. Printing the Game Instructions for the Player

11. The Game Loop

1. Displaying the Game Status for the Player

2. Handling the Player’s Move
3. Finding a Sunken Treasure Chest
4. Checking Whether the Player Won
5. Checking Whether the Player Lost
6. Terminating the Program with the sys.exit()
Function

12. Summary
23. Chapter 14: Caesar Cipher

1. Cryptography and Encryption

2. How the Caesar Cipher Works
3. Sample Run of Caesar Cipher
4. Source Code for Caesar Cipher
5. Setting the Maximum Key Length
6. Deciding to Encrypt or Decrypt the Message
7. Getting the Message from the Player
8. Getting the Key from the Player
9. Encrypting or Decrypting the Message

1. Finding Passed Strings with the find() String

Method
2. Encrypting or Decrypting Each Letter

10. Starting the Program

11. The Brute-Force Technique
12. Adding the Brute-Force Mode
13. Summary
24. Chapter 15: The Reversegam Game

1. How to Play Reversegam

2. Sample Run of Reversegam
3. Source Code for Reversegam
4. Importing Modules and Setting Up Constants
5. The Game Board Data Structure

1. Drawing the Board Data Structure on the Screen

2. Creating a Fresh Board Data Structure

6. Checking Whether a Move Is Valid

1. Checking Each of the Eight Directions

2. Finding Out Whether There Are Tiles to Flip Over

7. Checking for Valid Coordinates

1. Getting a List with All Valid Moves

2. Calling the bool() Function

8. Getting the Score of the Game Board

9. Getting the Player’s Tile Choice
10. Determining Who Goes First
11. Placing a Tile on the Board
12. Copying the Board Data Structure
13. Determining Whether a Space Is on a Corner
14. Getting the Player’s Move
15. Getting the Computer’s Move

1. Strategizing with Corner Moves

2. Getting a List of the Highest-Scoring Moves

16. Printing the Scores to the Screen

17. Starting the Game

1. Checking for a Stalemate

2. Running the Player’s Turn
3. Running the Computer’s Turn
 18. The Game Loop
19. Asking the Player to Play Again
20. Summary
25. Chapter 16: Reversegam AI Simulation

1. Making the Computer Play Against Itself

1. Sample Run of Simulation 1

2. Source Code for Simulation 1
3. Removing the Player Prompts and Adding a
Computer Player

2. Making the Computer Play Itself Several Times

1. Sample Run of Simulation 2

2. Source Code for Simulation 2
3. Keeping Track of Multiple Games
4. Commenting Out print() Function Calls
5. Using Percentages to Grade the AIs

3. Comparing Different AI Algorithms

1. Source Code for Simulation 3

2. How the AIs Work in Simulation 3
3. Comparing the AIs

4. Summary

26. Chapter 17: Creating Graphics

1. Installing pygame
2. Hello World in pygame
3. Sample Run of pygame Hello World
4. Source Code for pygame Hello World
5. Importing the pygame Module
6. Initializing pygame
7. Setting Up the pygame Window

1. Tuples
2. Surface Objects
 8. Setting Up Color Variables
9. Writing Text on the pygame Window

1. Using Fonts to Style Text

2. Rendering a Font Object
3. Setting the Text Location with Rect Attributes

10. Filling a Surface Object with a Color

11. pygame’s Drawing Functions

1. Drawing a Polygon
2. Drawing a Line
3. Drawing a Circle
4. Drawing an Ellipse
5. Drawing a Rectangle
6. Coloring Pixels

12. The blit() Method for Surface Objects

13. Drawing the Surface Object to the Screen
14. Events and the Game Loop

1. Getting Event Objects

2. Exiting the Program

15. Summary
27. Chapter 18: Animating Graphics

1. Sample Run of the Animation Program

2. Source Code for the Animation Program
3. Moving and Bouncing the Boxes
4. Setting Up the Constant Variables

1. Constant Variables for Direction

2. Constant Variables for Color

5. Setting Up the Box Data Structures

6. The Game Loop

1. Handling When the Player Quits

2. Moving Each Box
 3. Bouncing a Box
4. Drawing the Boxes on the Window in Their New
Positions
5. Drawing the Window on the Screen
7. Summary
28. Chapter 19: Collision Detection

1. Sample Run of the Collision Detection Program

2. Source Code for the Collision Detection Program
3. Importing the Modules
4. Using a Clock to Pace the Program
5. Setting Up the Window and Data Structures
6. Setting Up Variables to Track Movement
7. Handling Events

1. Handling the KEYDOWN Event

2. Handling the KEYUP Event

8. Teleporting the Player

9. Adding New Food Squares
10. Moving the Player Around the Window

1. Drawing the Player on the Window

2. Checking for Collisions

11. Drawing the Food Squares on the Window

12. Summary

29. Chapter 20: Using Sounds and Images

1. Adding Images with Sprites

2. Sound and Image Files
3. Sample Run of the Sprites and Sounds Program
4. Source Code for the Sprites and Sounds Program
5. Setting Up the Window and the Data Structure

1. Adding a Sprite
2. Changing the Size of a Sprite

6. Setting Up the Music and Sounds

 1. Adding Sound Files
2. Toggling the Sound On and Off
7. Drawing the Player on the Window
8. Checking for Collisions
9. Drawing the Cherries on the Window
10. Summary
30. Chapter 21: A Dodger Game with Sounds and Images

1. Review of the Basic pygame Data Types

2. Sample Run of Dodger
3. Source Code for Dodger
4. Importing the Modules
5. Setting Up the Constant Variables
6. Defining Functions

1. Ending and Pausing the Game

2. Keeping Track of Baddie Collisions
3. Drawing Text to the Window

7. Initializing pygame and Setting Up the Window

8. Setting Up Font, Sound, and Image Objects
9. Displaying the Start Screen
10. Starting the Game
11. The Game Loop

1. Handling Keyboard Events

2. Handling Mouse Movement

12. Adding New Baddies

13. Moving the Player’s Character and the Baddies
14. Implementing the Cheat Codes
15. Removing the Baddies
16. Drawing the Window

1. Drawing the Player’s Score

2. Drawing the Player’s Character and Baddies

17. Checking for Collisions

18. The Game Over Screen
19. Modifying the Dodger Game
 20. Summary
31. Index
32. Resources
33. The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)
34. Don’t Just Play Games—Make Them!

1. i
2. ii
3. iii
4. iv
5. v
6. vi
7. vii
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 INVENT YOUR OWN
COMPUTER GAMES WITH
PYTHON
4TH EDITION

Al Sweigart

San Francisco
INVENT YOUR OWN COMPUTER GAMES WITH PYTHON, 4TH
EDITION.

Copyright © 2017 by Al Sweigart.

Some rights reserved. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. To view a
copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-
sa/3.0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain
View, CA 94042, USA.

Printed in USA

First printing

20 19 18 17 16 123456789

ISBN-10: 1-59327-795-4

ISBN-13: 978-1-59327-795-6

Publisher: William Pollock

Production Editor: Laurel Chun

Cover Illustration: Josh Ellingson

Interior Design: Octopod Studios

Developmental Editor: Jan Cash

Technical Reviewer: Ari Lacenski

Copyeditor: Rachel Monaghan

Compositor: Susan Glinert Stevens

Proofreader: Paula L. Fleming

Indexer: Nancy Guenther

The sprite images in Figure 20-1 on page 302, from left to right, were created
by fsvieira, przemek.sz, LordNeo, and Suppercut. The grass sprite image in
Figure 20-2 on page 302 was created by txturs. These images have been
dedicated to the public domain with a CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication.

For information on distribution, translations, or bulk sales, please contact

No Starch Press, Inc. directly:

No Starch Press, Inc.

245 8th Street, San Francisco, CA 94103

phone: 1.415.863.9900; [email protected]

www.nostarch.com

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Sweigart, Al, author.

Title: Invent your own computer games with Python / by Al Sweigart.

Description: San Francisco : No Starch Press, Inc., [2017]

Identifiers: LCCN 2016037817 (print) | LCCN 2016044807 (ebook) | ISBN

9781593277956 | ISBN 1593277954 | ISBN 9781593278113 (epub) | ISBN

159327811X (epub) | ISBN 9781593278120 (mobi) | ISBN 1593278128 (mobi)

Subjects: LCSH: Computer games--Programming. | Python (Computer program

language)

Classification: LCC QA76.76.C672 S785 2017 (print) | LCC QA76.76.C672

(ebook)

| DDC 794.8/1526--dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016037817

No Starch Press and the No Starch Press logo are registered trademarks of
No Starch Press, Inc. Other product and company names mentioned herein
may be the trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than use a
trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we are
using the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the
trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark.

The information in this book is distributed on an “As Is” basis, without

warranty. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this
work, neither the author nor No Starch Press, Inc. shall have any liability to
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 besieges Calais, 250.

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Bury of St. Edmunds, Abbey of, 241, 291, 390, 448.

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Camoys, Lord, 29, 40, 250.

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cathedral library of, 345.

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Capgrave, John, 386, 387, 416, 417, 428;

his Chronicle of England, 385;
connection with Gloucester, 385;
his Commentary on Genesis, 323, 385.

Carbone, Lodovico, 422.

Carentan, surrender of, 58.

Carlisle, Bishop of, 226, 227.

Cassidorus, 411.

Castiglionchio, Lapo da, 374, 375;

translation of Plutarch, 372, 373;
his Comparatio Studiorum et Rei Militaris, 373.
Castiglione, Zano,
Bishop of Bayeux, 247, 354, 360, 364, 373, 417, 422, 436;
admiration of Gloucester, 338, 374;
introduces Gloucester to Italian humanists, 351, 372;
represents Henry VI. at Council of Basel and Council of Florence, 351;
buys books for Gloucester, 351, 352;
correspondence with Decembrio, 355, 356.

Catherine of Burgundy, 12.

—— Queen of Henry V., 12, 75, 78, 86, 166, 215;

marriage contract with Henry V., 87;
enters London, 89;
coronation, 90;
pilgrimage to various shrines, 91;
goes to France, 102;
present at opening of Parliament (1423), 120;
married to Owen Tudor, 256;
death, 256.

Cato, 384.

Caudebec, capture of, 71, 72.

Caux, Chef de, 20.

Celsus, Cornelius, 363, 380.

Censorius, 365 note 1217.

Chamberlain, Sir Roger, 293.

Chandler, Thomas, 389.

Charles of Anjou, 283.

—— IV., Emperor, 35.

—— V., King of France, library of 345, 428, 432.

—— VI., King of France, 13, 50, 77, 78, 86, 87, 117, 417.

Charles VII., King of France, 70, 85, 97, 98, 99, 100, 117, 201, 260, 264;
challenged by Henry V. to single combat, 26, 45;
fails to meet Henry V. at Rouen, 75;
 truce with Burgundy, 139, 151;
treats with English at Arras, 244, 245;
peace with Burgundy, 246.

—— III., King of Navarre, 75, 76.

Charolais, Count of. See Burgundy, Philip of.

Chartres, 97, 98.

Chastellain, George, 451.

Châtel, Tanneguy du, 70.

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 389, 391, 395, 396, 445.

Cherbourg, 53, 56, 106, 320;

siege of, 60-69.

Chichele, Henry,
Archbishop of Canterbury, 14, 37, 115, 139, 176, 179, 212, 239, 262,
272, 397;
at conference of Meulan, 78;
at coronation of Catherine, 90;
opening speech in Parliament (1422), 113;
mediates between Gloucester and Beaufort, 172;
objects to Cardinal Legate in England, 192;
crowns Henry VI., 214;
one of the Duchess of Gloucester’s judges, 271;
quarrel with Pope Martin V., 324-327.

Church,
attitude towards French war, 12;
fear of Lollards, 195;
attack on endowments of, 222.

Cicero, 344, 351, 361, 365, 412, 436.

Cinque Ports, 34, 36, 95, 137;

Barons of, 89, 96, 220, 297, 336.

Clarence, Thomas, Duke of, 3, 7, 8, 13, 37, 78, 79, 80, 90, 98, 334, 347;
favours Armagnac party, 12;
summons jury to try Southampton conspirators, 16;
at siege of Harfleur, 21-26;
 Constable of army (1417), 45;
at siege of Caen, 46-58;
at siege of Falaise, 53;
in command of army, 54;
opens up way to Rouen, 70;
at siege of Rouen, 70-74;
accompanies Henry V. to Mantes, 78;
defeated and slain at Beaugé, 91.

Clement, Vincent, 323, 376.

Cobham, Eleanor. See Gloucester, Duchess of.

—— Reginald, commonly called Lord Cobham, 64 note 271, 165 and note
604, 248.

Cods, faction of, 91, 92 note 369, 145.

Coimbra, Duke of, 172, 175.

Columella, 365, 368.

Condé-sur-Noireau, capture of, 57 and note 240.

Constance, Council of, 36, 42, 127, 134, 192, 324, 345, 430.

Constitutional development in England, 181, 193, 209.

Conversan, Count of, 146.

Cornwall, Sir John, 27, 71, 176.

Côtentin, 70, 337; expedition in, 55-59.

Coutances, capture of, 59.

Cromwell, Ralph, Lord, 176, 179, 282;

member of Regency Council, 115;
superseded as Chamberlain, 230;
attack on Gloucester, 234;
Treasurer, 237;
commissioner on sorcery, 272.

Damascus, John of, 412.

Dante Alighieri, 351, 391, 394, 413.

Dauphin, Charles the. See Charles VII.

—— John the, 38, 91, 133, 447.

—— Louis the, 14.

Decembrio, Pier Candido, 323, 372, 380, 387, 388, 409, 412, 421, 426, 430;
translation of Greek classics, 353;
introduction to Gloucester, 354-356;
translation of Plato’s Republic, 354-357, 365;
Gloucester’s chief literary agent in Italy, 358;
correspondence with Gloucester, 358, 365, 367;
buys books for Gloucester, 363, 364, 365.

Deptford, 303, 304.

Devizes, Castle of, 444.

Devon, Thomas Courtenay, Earl of, 249, 314.

Dieppe, capture of, 74.

Disturbances,
rising in Wales (1403), 6;
rising in Wales (1423), 122;
disturbances in London (1425), 170;
disturbances in Norfolk (1427), 194;
disturbances in the Midlands (1428), 211;
Jack Sharpe’s insurrection, 222, 223, 226;
disturbances in South Wales (1441), 268;
Kentish rising (1450), 297;
disturbances in the West (1447) between the Earl of Devon and Sir
William Bonville, 314;
disturbances in York, Wales, Norwich, and Northampton, 314;
riots in London, Salisbury, and Derbyshire, 314.

Divette, river, 60.

Dordrecht, 42.

Dorset, Thomas Beaufort, Earl of. See Exeter, Duke of.

—— Edmund Beaufort, Marquis of. See Somerset, Duke of.

Douve, river, 59.

Dover, 32, 34, 36, 37, 89, 95, 97, 102, 138, 229, 235, 247, 297.

Eaton Tregoes, 2.

Edingen, Engilbert de, 146.

Edward I., King of England, 444.

—— III., King of England, 3, 12, 19, 89, 100, 245, 347, 444.

—— VI., King of England, 408.

Eltham, 175, 180, 183, 184.

Erpingham, Sir Thomas, 194.

Escallion, Sire de. See Robsart.

Espreleques, 253.

Este, Borso da, 421.

—— Lionello da, 421.

Estouteville, 46.

Eu, 27;
capture of, 74.

Eugenius IV., Pope, 329, 353, 369, 372.

Eusebius of Cæsarea, 411.

Everdon, John, 388.

Exeter, Thomas de Beaufort, Duke of, 70, 71, 342, 421, 444;
Captain of Harfleur, 26;
negotiates for marriage of Henry V., 78;
in Paris, 98;
governor of Paris, 101;
guardian of Henry VI., 103, 115, 163;
member of Council, 116;
commissioner to settle dispute between Beaufort and Gloucester, 179;
 death, 189, 210, 212.

Eye, Witch of, 205, 272, 273.

Falaise, siege of, 52-54.

Fanhope, Lord, 272.

Fécamp, 27;
capture of, 74;
Abbot of, 139.

Ferrara, 351, 379, 381, 421;

Council of, 329.

Filelfo, Francesco, 367, 372, 377.

Finance, financial distress, 221, 237, 242, 258, 314;

Lord Cromwell’s report on, 240;
commission on revenue, 240.

Flanders, 138, 247, 249;

raid of Gloucester in, 251-253.

Fleming, or Flemming, or Flemmyng, Robert, 421.

Flint Castle, 274.

Florence, Council of, 351.

Florus, Lucius, 365.

Fortescue, Sir John, 263.

Franchise, restriction of, 217.

Free, John, 421.

Galen (Claudius Galenus), 345, 380.

Garter, Order of, 3, 7, 38, 42;

Chapters of, 85, 102, 120, 131, 213, 222.

Gaucourt, Sire de, 22, 25.

Gaunt, John of. See Lancaster.

Gellius, Aulus, 365, 412.

Ghislain, St., 159.

Gisors, 98;
capitulation of, 79.

Giuliano, Andrea, 370.

Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of,

childhood, 1-9;
visit to Bardney Abbey, 8;
education, 8, 9, 346;
created Earl of Pembroke and Duke of Gloucester, 10;
his retinue in the 1415 campaign, 18-20;
siege of Harfleur, 21-26;
wounded at Agincourt, 31;
receives Sigismund at Dover, 36, 37;
hostage for Burgundy’s safety at St. Omer, 40-42;
his retinue for 1417 campaign, 44 and note 184;
second campaign in France, 45-80;
the Côtentin expedition, 55-70;
probable numbers of his detachment, 56, 64 note 271;
siege of Cherbourg, 60-68;
marriage negotiations, 75, 76;
Regent of England (1419), 81-89;
his middle-class policy, 84, 85;
friendship with James of Scotland, 86;
organises Queen Catherine’s coronation banquet, 90;
meets Jacqueline at Dover, 95;
his indentures for the 1421 campaign, 96 and note 383;
third campaign in France, 97-101;
Regent of England (1422), 102-109;
first opposition of Beaufort to, 109;
limitation of his power by the Council, 110, 111, 111 note 425, 115;
appointed Protector of England, 113-117;
alliance with Bedford, 117, 118;
friction with the Council, 121;
his conflicting ambitions, 124;
marriage to Jacqueline, 126, 127;
legality of his marriage, 126, 127, 127 note 472, 131-136;
preparations for Hainault expedition, 136-138;
reception in Hainault, 142-150;
fails to relieve Braine-le-Comte, 152;
correspondence with Burgundy, 154, 155;
the significance of his Hainault policy, 310, 311;
indifference to Jacqueline, 165, 167;
quarrel with Beaufort, 170-180;
indicts Beaufort before Parliament, 180-186;
settlement of the quarrel, 187;
relations with the Council, 189-192;
suppresses lawlessness, 194-196;
end of his connection with Jacqueline, 196-204;
marries Eleanor Cobham, 205;
attempt to increase his power, 206-208;
attack on Beaufort, 213;
Regent of England (1431-1432), 220-228;
his good government, 221;
suppresses rising of ‘Jack Sharpe,’ 222, 223;
increase of his salary, 226-228;
increased influence in Parliament, 231-234;
quarrel with Bedford, 242-244;
his raid into Flanders, 248-254;
retirement from politics, 256-258;
indictment of Beaufort’s policy, 260-264;
protest against the release of Orleans, 264-266;
his wife’s disgrace, 275;
loss of influence with Henry VI., 279, 290;
opposes Henry VI.’s marriage with Margaret of Anjou, 282-285;
removed from Privy Council, 290;
alleged malpractices, 290, 291;
death and burial, 291-305, 433, 450-452;
rivalry with the Beaufort faction, 306-309;
connection with the Duke of York, 288, 307-310;
foreign policy, 12, 13, 17, 18, 88, 125, 259, 283, 285, 286, 318, 319;
home policy, 311-316;
ecclesiastical policy, 321-332;
connection with St. Albans Abbey, 129, 130, 268, 294, 329-332, 439-
441;
his character, 33, 34, 42, 49, 106-108, 160, 161, 322-339;
military qualities, 48, 49, 68, 69, 106, 160, 254, 320, 337;
lack of statesmanship, 106, 115, 156, 168, 221, 228, 308, 310, 318;
patron of the Italian Humanists, 340-382;
his reputation in Italy, 381, 382;
patron of English scholars and poets, 382-396;
 connection with the University of Oxford, 397-409;
literary tastes, 275, 276, 409-419;
literary influence, 419-425;
his books, 24, 286, 365, 381, 387, 391, 414, 426-428;
offices, 9, 14, 34, 35, 64, 80, 90, 101 note 403, 114, 119, 194, 214,
234, 247, 249, 268;
salaries and money grants, 9, 34, 36, 119, 163, 175, 220, 227, 257,
268;
lands and possessions, 4, 6, 7, 9, 35, 212, 234, 248, 249, 258, 444-
446;
portraits, 446-450.

Gloucester, Eleanor, Duchess of, 269, 275, 315, 323, 331, 408, 418, 434,
443, 453;
Gloucester’s mistress, 165;
marries Gloucester, 205;
receives robes of the Order of the Garter, 248;
accused of witchcraft and treason against Henry VI., 271;
cited to appear before special commission, 272;
trial and sentence, 272, 273;
interest in the Black Art, 275;
influence over the King, 278;
position in the kingdom, 277-279;
evil influence on Gloucester’s career, 289;
death, 274;
portrait, 447;
character, 335.

Gloucester, Jacqueline, Duchess of. See Hainault, Countess of.

Gosfield, Church of St. Catherine at, 281.

Gouda, 197.

Gravelines, 40, 42, 251.

Greenwich, 303, 375, 444, 445, 448, 453;

Gloucester rebuilds palace at, 234;
in residence there, 188, 212, 221, 281.

Gregory I., Pope, ‘The Great,’ 343, 386.

Gregory of Tours, 386.

Grey, Lord, of Codnor, 56, 68.

—— Sir John, 47.

—— Lord, of Ruthyn, 314.

—— Sir Thomas, 15, 16.

—— William, 389, 421, 423.

Grocyn, William, 423.

Grys, John, 194.

Guarino da Verona, 351, 369, 370, 421, 422.

Guernsey, 62, 248.

Guisnes, 253;
castle of, 141.

Gunthorpe, John, 421.

Hadleigh Castle, 7.

Hainault, Jacqueline, Countess of, Duchess of Gloucester, 38, 102, 103, 108,
120, 124, 125, 137, 165, 206, 282, 311, 321, 325, 326, 327, 335, 349, 384,
390, 453;
early life, 91;
marriage to John of Brabant, 92;
flight to England, 93-95;
sponsor for Henry VI., 126;
marriage to Gloucester, 128;
received into the Fraternity of St. Albans, 129, 130;
the legality of her marriage to Gloucester, 133-135;
return to Hainault, 141, 142;
reception at Mons, 144;
validity of second marriage recognised, 128, 144;
left by Gloucester in Hainault, 159;
English sympathy with, 164;
letters to Gloucester, 165;
appeal to English Council for help, 197;
her divorce refused, 202;
sympathy of Londoners for, 203;
 personal appearance and portraits, 126, 434, 447.

Hainault, Margaret, Dowager-Countess of, 92, 142, 143, 159.

—— county of, 96, 118, 121, 151, 158, 201;

Burgundian ambitions in, 95;
decides to support the claims of Gloucester, 45;
Gloucester alienates sympathies, 150;
failure of Gloucester’s expeditions in, 159-161, 163.

Hambie, capture of, 58.

Harfleur, 39, 45, 48, 77;

siege of, 20-26.

Harrington, Lord, 36, 227.

Henry IV., King of England, 1, 9, 11, 13, 21, 86, 312, 322, 342, 347, 397,
444;
marriage, 2;
claims the throne, 3;
establishes the Order of the Bath, 3;
conspiracy against, 5;
second marriage, 6;
battle of Shrewsbury, 6;
visits Bardney Abbey, 8;
death, 9.

Henry V., King of England, 7, 9, 16, 17, 18, 20, 26, 34, 85, 90, 91, 111, 113,
123, 129, 180, 208, 222, 245, 261, 284, 313, 322, 324, 397, 400, 444;
popularity, 6;
prepares for war with France, 11-13;
receives envoys from the Dauphin, 14-15;
the campaign of 1415, 21-32;
negotiations with Sigismund, 38, 39;
conference with Burgundy at Calais, 39, 40, 42;
second campaign, 44-80;
siege of Caen, 47;
siege of Falaise, 52;
siege of Rouen, 70-74;
negotiations for peace, 75, 77, 78;
Treaty of Troyes, 87;
invites Jacqueline to England, 95, 126;
third campaign, 97-101;
 death-bed wishes, 103;
warns Gloucester not to quarrel with Burgundy, 104, 107;
relations with Beaufort, 107 and note 419;
objection to Cardinal Legate in England, 192, 324;
his foreign policy, 17, 18;
his interest in literature, 343.

Henry VI., King of England, 13, 85, 105, 206, 210, 239, 241, 303, 306, 312,
317, 319, 325, 340, 351, 376, 388, 397, 404, 407, 418, 435, 449;
present as a child in Parliament, 120, 163;
knighted, 188;
coronation in England, 214-215;
coronation in France, 220, 224;
appeases quarrel of Gloucester and Bedford, 244;
assumes the government of the kingdom, 257;
manifesto on the release of Orleans, 267;
marriage, 285;
alienated from Gloucester, 289-290;
in the hands of the Beaufort faction, 307.

Higden, Ralph, 411.

Hippocrates, 345, 423.

Hoccleve, Thomas, 343.

Holland, country of, 92, 129, 168, 199;

Henry V. procures ships from, 13;
Burgundian ambitions in, 91, 95;
John of Bavaria’s good government of, 142;
refuses to recognise Gloucester, 145, 158.

—— Jacqueline, Countess of. See Hainault, Countess of.

—— William, Count of, 38, 144.

Homme, John, Canon of Hereford, Gloucester’s secretary, 388.

Honfleur, 46; capture of, 74.

Hook faction, 91, 92 note 369, 145.

Hotspur, Harry. See Percy.

Hundred Years’ War, 11, 318.

Hungerford, Sir Walter, afterwards Lord Hungerford, 56, 64 note 271, 115,
188, 226, 227, 230, 272.

Huntingdon, John Holland I., Earl of, 6.

—— John Holland II., Earl of, afterwards Duke of Exeter, 262, 265, 316;
defeats the Genoese fleet, 45;
at siege of Caen, 47;
captures Coutances, 59;
at siege of Rouen, 71, 72;
quarrel with Duke of Norfolk, 211, 219, 230, 313;
accompanies Gloucester to Flanders, 248, 249, 252;
commissioner of sorcery, 272.

Hussites, Beaufort’s campaign against, 119, 239;

funds raised in England and Scotland for war against, 213.

Ireland, 3, 21, 313, 327.

Isabella, Queen of Charles VI. of France, 70, 78, 86, 166.

Isocrates, 372.

Italy. See Renaissance.

Ivry, siege of, 76, 77.

Jacqueline, daughter of Count of Holland. See Hainault Countess of.

James I., King of Scotland, 90, 169, 122, 261;

prisoner in England, 85;
at siege of Melun, 86;
captain in English army, 98, 99;
friendship with Gloucester, 122;
marriage with Lady Jane Beaufort, 122.

Jeanne d’Arc, 214, 278.

Jersey, 62, 248.

Jeumont, Lord of, 146.

Joachim of Flora, 341.

Joan, Queen of James I. of Scotland, 122, 263.

—— Queen of Henry IV., 6, 137, 183, 257, 276, 278, 329, 338.

John II., King of Arragon, 76.

Josephus, 411.

Kemp, John, Bishop of London, afterwards Archbishop of York, Archbishop of

Canterbury, and Cardinal, 203, 239, 271, 282, 290;
on Regency Council, 115;
Chancellor, 188;
his address to Bedford, 189;
his picture of the moral state of the country, 209;
opposition to Gloucester, 227;
Gloucester’s distrust of, 262;
favours continuance of war, 281 note 975;
local war against, 314;
appointed to See of York, 327;
supposed portrait, 448.

Kempe, Thomas, Bishop of London, 407.

Kendal, Earl of. See Bedford, Duke of.

Kenilworth, 274.

Kilwardby, Robert, Archbishop of Canterbury, 224.

Kirkby, Sir John, 50, 404.

Knollys, Sir Robert, 315.

Könisberg, 1.

Kyllynworth, Richard, 194.

Kymer, Gilbert, Gloucester’s physician, 401, 411;

report of Gloucester’s health, 141 and note 524, 299, 300, 300 note
1042, 381;
Chancellor of Oxford, 381 and note 1263;
his motto, 410 note 1363.
Lancaster, John of Gaunt, Duke of, 1, 2, 3, 119, 300.

—— Humphrey de. See Gloucester, Duke of.

—— House of, 18, 105, 316, 321, 347;

insecure position of, 3, 5, 6, 7, 17, 223, 307-309;
conspiracy against, 15, 123, 313;
advance of constitutional theory under, 209;
administrative qualities of, 210.

Landriani, Gerardo, Bishop of Lodi, 356.

Langham, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Cardinal, 224.

Langley, 137, 194, 257, 329.

—— Thomas, Bishop of Durham, 110.

Latimer, Thomas, 423.

Launceston, Prior of, 329.

Lazarde, river, 22.

Leeds Castle, 271, 274, 418.

Leland, John, 410, 413, 445.

Lewis, King of Hungary, 35.

—— King of Sicily, 52.

Libraries,of Charles V. of France, 345, 432;

of Charles VI. of France, 417, 428;
of Canterbury Cathedral, 345;
of Bishop Cobham at Oxford, 403;
of the Duke of Milan, 364;
of Rouen, 345.

Liége, Bishop of. See Bavaria, John Duke of.

Lille, 202, 251, 252.

Linacre, Thomas, 423.

Lincoln, Bishop of, 197, 272.

Lisieux, capture of, 50.

Livius, Titus, of Ferrara, 380, 395, 413;

praise of Gloucester, 31 note 137;
author of Vita Henrici Quinti, 379.

Livy (Titus Livius), 346, 361, 375, 376, 414, 416, 438.

Lodi, Bishop of. See Landriani, Gerardo.

Loire, river, 98, 100.

Lollards, 16;
danger to Lancastrian dynasty of, 9;
repression of, 10;
charges against, 195, 222;
government policy towards, 223;
executions, 269, 270;
Gloucester’s attitude towards, 322.

London, 95;
welcomes Henry V. after Agincourt, 32;
visit of Sigismund to, 36;
reception of Queen Catherine, 89;
citizens support Gloucester, 84, 116, 170, 186, 319;
Beaufort attacks, 172;
welcomes Bedford, 176;
reception of Henry VI. on his return from France, 229;
Duchess of Gloucester’s public penance through, 273;
Queen Margaret arrives in, 285.

—— Bridge, 171, 174, 18O, 223.

—— Bishop of. See Kemp, John, and Kempe, Thomas.

—— Mayor of, 112, 229;

escorts Henry IV. to Westminster, 4;
requested to support war with a gift of money, 14;
receives Sigismund, 38;
defends city against Beaufort, 171, 172;
petitions Parliament to help Jacqueline, 203;
takes part in Duchess of Gloucester’s public penance, 273.

—— Tower of, 5, 122, 170, 180, 270, 319.

Lorfevre, Jan, 144 and note 537.

Lorraine, René, Duke of, 75, 283.

Louviers, capture of, 70.

Lucian of Samosata, 361, 372.

Luxemburg, Jacquetta of. See Bedford, Duchess of.

Lydgate, John, 32 note 144;

praise of Gloucester, 31;
verses on Jacqueline, 205;
translation of the Psalms, 343;
quality of his poetry, 343, 390;
The Falls of Princes, 300;
A Ballade Warning Men to beware of Deceitful Women, 335 and note
1146;
connection with Gloucester, 390-393.

Lynn, 8, 385.

Lyntall, Sir Roland, 52.

Machiavelli, Niccolo, 342.

Magnus, Albertus, 410.

Maine, 51, 52;

added to France, 289.

Maisoncelles, 28.

Man, Isle of, 274.

Manny, Sire Olivier de, 53, 54.

Mans, Le, 54.

Mantes, 77, 78, 79, 98.

March, Edmund, Earl of, 16, 63, 122, 163, 309, 313;
Southampton conspiracy, 15;
claim to throne, 15 note 59;
Warden-general of marches of Duchy of Normandy, 64;
 at coronation of Queen Catherine, 90;
accompanies Henry V. to France, 97;
member of the Council, 115;
Gloucester suspicious of, 125.

Marche, La, 51.

Mardyke, capture of, 251.

Margaret of Anjou, Queen of Henry VI., 282, 284, 290, 297, 300, 305, 307,
390, 393, 418;
marriage, 285, 286;
sides with Beaufort faction, 288;
poisons King’s mind against Gloucester, 289;
friend of Suffolk, 296;
desires Gloucester’s death, 301;
her share of Gloucester’s lands, 302 and note 1050;
endows a theological Lectureship at Oxford, 397.

Martin V., Pope, 127 and note 472, 169, 197, 221, 234, 257, 278, 323, 324,
325, 326, 328, 330, 388;
urged by Bedford to divorce Jacqueline and John of Brabant, 136;
correspondence with Gloucester, 139, 149, 327;
declares Bull of divorce a forgery, 139;
forbids duel between Gloucester and Burgundy, 167;
creates Beaufort a Cardinal, 192;
declares Jacqueline’s marriage with Brabant legal, 202;
induces English and French to hold a Congress at Arras, 244;
his contest with Chichele over Præmunire, 324-327.

Maufurney, Gloucester’s secretary, 377.

Meaux, siege of, 101, 131.

Medici, Cosimo dei, 372, 376, 427.

Mela, Pomponius, 366.

Meulan, conference of, 77, 78, 87;

siege of, 79.

Middle classes, popularity of Gloucester with, 42, 84, 110, 168, 172, 319,
320;
popularity of Sigismund with, 42;
 growth in importance of, 43, 82, 83, 84, 341.

Milan, Archbishop of. See Picolpasso.

Moleyns, Adam, Dean of Salisbury, 281, 290, 349, 388;

prosecutor in trial of Duchess of Gloucester, 272;
suspected of treachery to Gloucester, 306.

Mons, correspondence with Jacqueline concerning her marriage to

Gloucester, 127, 128, 137, 138;
begs Duke and Duchess of Gloucester not to enter the city, 142, 143;
Gloucester’s relations with, 146-148;
disloyalty of, 158;
refuses to let Jacqueline go to England, 159.

Monte, Piero del, 418, 427;

Gloucester’s influence on, 338;
his connection and friendship with Gloucester, 369, 370-372, 388, 395,
421.

Montereau, bridge of, 86, 140.

Montfort, Lewis de, 197.

Montjoye, surrender of castle, 79.

Montreuil, 98.

Mortain, Edmund Beaufort, Earl of, 254, 256.

Mortimer, Sir Edmund, 6.

—— Sir John, 122, 123.

—— house of, 222.

Mussilwyk, William, 399.

Naghel, Fredericus, de Trajecto, 428.

Nantes, capture of, 74.

Nesle, ford of, 27.

Norfolk, John de Mowbray I., Duke of, 179;

 at Harfleur, 22;
at Caen, 47;
at Rouen, 71;
at Ivry, 76;
at Queen Catherine’s coronation feast, 90;
on the Regency Council, 115;
in command of army in Hainault, 140, 141, 150, 153;
dispute with Earl of Warwick, 163.

Norfolk, John de Mowbray II., Duke of, 211, 219, 230, 249, 311, 313.

—— county of, disturbances in, 194.

Normandy, Duchy of, 55, 59, 61, 64, 70, 74, 77, 80, 97, 99, 247, 265, 268,
269.

Northampton, 176, 178; riots at, 314.

Northumberland, Henry Percy, Earl of, 230, 314.

Norton, Thomas, chaplain to Gloucester, 393-394.

Norwich, Bishop of. See Alnwick.

—— disturbances at, 194, 314.

Obizis, John de, papal nuncio, 325.

Occam, William of, 410, 429.

Odon, river, 46, 48.

Oldcastle, Sir John, 82, 88, 195, 222, 322.

Orleans, 101.

—— Charles, Duke of, 103, 248, 283, 307, 318;

prisoner in England, 82;
Beaufort wishes release of, 260-262;
Gloucester opposes release of, 260 and note 913, 264-266;
release, 264-268;
literary retirement, 266;
proposes that Henry VI. should marry Margaret of Anjou, 282.
—— Maid of. See Jeanne d’Arc.

Orne, river, 46, 57.

Ovid, 412.

Oxford, University of, All Souls College, 377, 404;

Balliol College, 9, 346, 387;
Gloucester College, 384, 399;
New College, 388;
Divinity Schools, 397, 406, 407;
Duke Humphrey’s Library, 409;
St. Mary’s Church Library, 405, 426;
gift of books from Gloucester to, 24, 257, 286, 381, 387, 391, 395, 403,
404, 407, 409, 410, 423, 426, 428, 432, 436;
Gloucester educated at, 9;
gift of book from Henry IV., 342;
Henry V. student at, 347;
Gloucester’s protection of, 398, 400;
Gloucester settles disputes at, 398-401;
education of University unpopular, 402;
appeals to Gloucester for books, 403;
revival of learning, 406;
gratitude of University to Gloucester, 408.

Papacy, the, 36;

attitude to Gloucester’s marriage, 134, 323;
England’s fear of encroachment of, 225;
relations with Gloucester and Beaufort, 324-329.

Paris, 11, 31, 73, 79, 97, 98, 118, 138, 139, 151, 155, 202, 214, 224, 345,
369;
refuses help to Harfleur, 24, 25;
Sigismund visits, 36;
Armagnac party driven out of, 70;
Exeter, governor of, 101;
Gloucester, governor of, 101 note 403;
asks for help from England, 117.

—— Matthew, 432.

Parliament, 199, 216, 246, 282;

measures against Lollards, 10;
 grants money for war (1415), 43;
defines Regent’s powers, 81;
petitions Henry V. to return to England, 89;
settles the Protectorate, 114;
attainder of Sir John Mortimer, 122, 123;
naturalisation of the Duchesses of Bedford and Gloucester, 128;
loan to Gloucester for relief of Jacqueline, 163;
at Leicester (‘Parliament of Bats’) (1426), 176, 178-187;
refuses to grant more power to Gloucester, 207;
restriction of Franchise, 217;
Bedford vindicates himself before, 236, 237;
petitions Bedford to remain in England, 240;
at Bury St. Edmunds (1447), 291-293;
at Westminster (1455), vindication of Gloucester’s character by, 310,
443.

Pasini, Antonio, of Todi, 374, 375.

Paston, William, 194.

Patay, battle of, 214.

Pavia, Council of, 129.

Peacock, Reginald, Bishop of St. Asaph, 389.

Pembroke Castle, 444.

—— Earl of. See Gloucester, Duke of.

—— Priory of, 281, 331, 439.

Penshurst, manor of, 258, 444.

Percy, Henry, ‘Harry Hotspur,’ 67.

Periegetes, Dionysius, 377.

Perkins, William, alias William Maundyvyll. See Jack Sharpe of Wygmoreland.

Petrarch, Francesco, pioneer of new learning, 340, 343, 344, 348;

desire for fame, 362;
friend of Richard of Bury, inspirer of Chaucer, 391;
library bequeathed to Venice, 407;
Gloucester and the works of, 413.
Philip, Sir William, 230.

Picardy, 97, 151, 247, 317.

Picolpasso, Francesco, Archbishop of Milan, 323, 351, 356-359.

Piquet, Jean, captain of Cherbourg, 67.

Pius II., Pope, 333, 334.

Plato, 361, 365, 367, 387, 412, 418, 428;

read in translations, 350;
Decembrio’s translation of the Republic, 354, 356, 360;
Gloucester’s appreciation of, 414, 420.

Pliny, the elder, 363.

—— the younger, 363, 426, 436.

Plutarch’s Lives, 372-373, 374, 412, 428, 435.

Poggio. See Bracciolini.

Poissy, capture of, 79.

Pont de l’Arche, 70;

conference at, 75.

Pontefract, 444;
Hospital of St. John at, 315.

Pontoise, capture of, 79.

Poperinghes, 252.

Præmunire, Statute of,

used against Bishop of Lincoln, 197, 376;
used against Beaufort, 226, 233, 234, 326, 327;
Martin V. objects to, 324, 325.

Protectorate of Henry VI.,

limitation of power of, 208, 306, 307;
end of (1429), 216.

Provisors, Statute of, 234, 261.

Puncherdon, Katharine, Gloucester’s nurse, 8.

Radcliffe, Sir John, 250.

Randolph, Friar, 181, 183, 276 and note 955, 278.

Renaissance, the, 258, 341, 349, 419, 425;

Gloucester’s influence on progress of thought in England, 339;
slow progress of learning, 345;
progress due to Gloucester, 348, 420;
introduction of the Renaissance into England, 258, 381, 383;
spirit of, 386, 387;
the movement in Italy, 341-344.

Richard II., King of England, 2, 3, 5, 15, 322.

Richemont, Constable de, 140.

Rimesture, 252.

Robsart, Sir John, 57, 64 note 271, 93 note 373, 137.

—— Sir Lewis, 66, 93 note 373.

—— Lord of Escallion, 93 note 373, 94.

Roos, Sir Robert, 283, 417, 418.

Roses, Wars of the,

prelude to, 169, 175;
Gloucester’s influence on, 316.

Rouen, 54, 59, 68, 70, 77, 111;

siege of, 70-74;
library of, 345.

Russell, John, Gloucester’s servant, 393.

St. Albans Monastery, 129, 137, 188, 194, 204, 207, 211, 278, 281, 294, 323,
329, 332, 336, 357, 384, 393, 395, 399, 439.

—— Albans, battle of, 310.

—— Croix, Cardinal of, 234.

—— Germains, 79.

—— Ghislain, 148, 159.

—— Lo, capitulation of, 58.

—— Omer, 41, 156, 166, 252, 253, 318.

—— Pol, Count of, 86, 143, 151, 252, 325.

Salisbury, riots in, 314.

Salisbury, Thomas Montacute, Earl of, meets Sigismund, 36;

at Falaise, 52;
at Rouen, 74, 97;
supposed plot to murder Burgundy, 140;
his military reputation, 200.

—— Richard Neville, Earl of, 230, 231, 293, 311.

Sallust, 412.

Savoy, Duke of. See Amadeus.

Scotland, intrigues with Duke of Orleans, 82;

promises help to England, 99;
treaties between England and (1423), 121-123, 195;
Beaufort’s visit to, 213;
Gloucester guardian of Truce with, 257.

Scotus, Duns, 410.

Scrope, Henry, Lord, involved in Southampton conspiracy, 15, 16.

—— John, Lord, 226;

negotiates with Scotland, 221;
proposes an increase in Gloucester’s salary, as Regent, 227;
Treasurer, 230;
resigns, 237.

Seine, river, 20, 45, 71, 79.

Sele, Lord Say de, supports Queen Margaret and Suffolk, 298, 306;
suspected of murder of Gloucester, 302;
murdered, 288.
Selling, William, 423.

Seneca, 412.

Sharpe, Jack, of Wygmoreland, 222-226, 313.

Shrewsbury, battle of, 6, 7.

Sigismund, of Luxemburg, Emperor, 75, 91, 95, 134, 155, 259, 376;
his policy, 35;
desire to reconcile France and England, 36;
reception at Dover, 36, 37;
journey to London, 37;
receives Order of the Garter, 38;
refuses to recognise Jacqueline’s claims to her father’s inheritance, 38;
Treaty of Canterbury, 39;
results of his visit to England, 39;
returns to Dordrecht, 42;
his character, 42, 43.

Signorelli, Giovanni dei, Gloucester’s physician, 381.

Soignies, 146, 147, 153, 155.

Somerset, John Beaufort I., Earl of, 122.

—— John Beaufort II., Earl of (created Duke, 1443), 282, 287, 288, 307.

—— Edmund Beaufort, Duke of, 307.

Somme, river, 27, 28, 97.

Sopwell, cell of St. Albans Abbey, 194.

Southampton, 15, 20, 44, 261.

Southampton conspiracy, 15-18, 223.

Southwell, Thomas, 270, 272, 273.

Stafford, Edmund, Earl of, 7.

—— Humphrey, Earl of. See Buckingham, Duke of.

—— John, Bishop of Bath, 179, 180, 187, 188, 230.

Stanley, Sir John, 271 note 935, 273 note 939, 417, 418, 437.

Stiward, Sir John, 271, 273.

Stoke, John, Abbot of St. Albans, 75 and note 314, 330, 331, 354.

Suetonius, 411.

Suffolk, Michael de la Pole II., Earl of, 21, 25.

—— Michael de la Pole III., Earl of, 32.

—— William de la Pole, Earl of, 63, 85, 100, 230, 248, 287, 290, 303, 304,
307;
supposed plot to murder Burgundy, 140;
commissioner on sorcery, 272;
ordered to France, 248;
supports Beaufort faction, 282;
charged with murder of Gloucester, 296-297, 302, 303, 304;
supporter of Queen Margaret, 288, 302, 325;
murdered, 297, 306;
his share of Gloucester’s possessions, 302 and note 1050.

Talbot, Lord, 47, 71, 176.

Talenti, Rolando, 354, 355, 356.

Tankerville, Henry Grey, Earl of, knighted, 188;

marries Antigone, Gloucester’s daughter, 335.

Taramo, Simon de, 139, 327, 337.

Terence, 412.

Thomas, of England, 419.

Thorigny, surrender of, 58.

Tiptoft, John, Lord, afterwards Earl of Worcester, 230;

on Regency Council, 115;
his humanistic leanings, 342, 353 note 1187, 421.

Touques, 46, 47, 48, 54, 77;

siege of, 45, 48.
Trade, influence on French war, 12, 319;
industrial activity, 82-84;
increase in export of manufactured articles, 83;
power of Merchant Adventurers, 83;
commercial interest in foreign and home politics, 84;
the importance of Calais, 247, 248;
armourers and victuallers forbidden to raise prices, 248, 249;
growing importance of merchants and traders, 341.

Troyes, Treaty of, 82, 87, 88, 245.

Tudor, Owen, 256.

Upton, Nicholas, 388, 452.

Valenciennes, 93, 142, 146, 148, 158, 159.

Valognes, capture of, 59.

Valon-Chapelle, 252.

Vancouvilliers, surrender of, 79.

Varro, Marcus, 363, 412.

Vegetius, Flavius Renatus, 415, 435.

Vergil, Polydore, 380.

Verneuil, battle of, 133, 200.

Vernon, capture of, 74.

Vespasiano da Bistici, 353, 358.

Vignai, Jean de, 435.

Vinci, Leonardo da, 371.

Vire, capitulation of, 57.

—— river, 57, 58, 59.

Visconti, Filippo Maria, Grand Duke of Milan, 353, 364, 365, 367, 368, 369.
Vitruvius, 365, 369.

Vittorino da Feltre, 377.

Wales, 6, 34, 122, 194, 215, 303, 313;

revolt in, 314.

Walsingham, Thomas, 15, 270, 343.

Warigny, Mme. de, 158 and note 588.

Warwick, Richard de Beauchamp, Earl of, character of, 105;

guardian and tutor to Henry VI., 103, 211;
accompanies Henry VI. to France, 219;
dispute for precedence with the Earl Marshal, 163;
returns to France, 210;
expedition to Calais, 249.

—— Henry de Beauchamp, Earl of, 290.

Waterton, Sir Hugh, Gloucester’s guardian, 2.

—— Sir Robert, 40.

Wawe, William, 195, 395.

Westminster, 4, 9, 38, 81, 90, 176, 271;

Abbey of, 111;
St. Stephen’s Chapel, 271.

Wheathampsted (John Bostock), Abbot of St. Albans, 129, 295, 328 note
1114, 329, 393, 395, 417, 427, 432, 454;
quarrel with Abbot Stoke, 330;
devotion to Gloucester, 338;
Gloucester’s literary adviser, 383;
interested in occult sciences, 384;
builds a Library for St. Albans, 384;
gift of books to Oxford, 404;
his Granarium, 411.

Wight, Isle of, 35, 39.

Willoughby, Lord, 47, 71.

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