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Mike Keith, Merrick Schincariol and Massimo Nardone

Pro JPA 2 in Java EE 8

An In-Depth Guide to Java Persistence
APIs
3rd ed.
Mike Keith
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Merrick Schincariol
RR 3, RR 3, Almonte, Ontario, Canada

Massimo Nardone
Helsinki, Finland

Any source code or other supplementary material referenced by the

author in this book is available to readers on GitHub via the book’s
product page, located at www.apress.com/9781484234198 . For
more detailed information, please visit www.apress.com/source-
code .

ISBN 978-1-4842-3419-8 e-ISBN 978-1-4842-3420-4

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3420-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018932342

© Mike Keith, Merrick Schincariol, Massimo Nardone 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the

Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned,
specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
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To my wife Darleen, the perfect mother, and to Cierra, Ariana,
Jeremy, and Emma, who brighten my life and make me strive to be a
better person.
—Mike
To Anthony, whose boundless creativity continues to inspire me.
To Evan, whose boisterous enthusiasm motivates me to take on new
challenges. To Kate, who proves that size is no object when you
have the right attitude. I love you all.
—Merrick
I would like to dedicate this book to the memory of my beloved
late mother Maria Augusta Ciniglio. Thanks mom for all the great
things you taught me, for making me a good person, for making me
study to become a computing scientist, and for the great memories
you left me. You will be loved and missed forever. I love you mom.
RIP.
—Massimo
Acknowledgments
Many thanks go to my wonderful family—my wife Pia, and my
children Luna, Leo, and Neve—for supporting me when working on
this book. You are the most beautiful aspect of my life.
I want to thank my beloved late mother Maria Augusta Ciniglio
who always supported and loved me so much. I will love and miss
you forever, my dearest mom.
I also need to thank my beloved father Giuseppe and my
brothers Mario and Roberto for your endless love and for being the
best dad and brothers in the world.
This book is also dedicated to Doctor Antonio Catapano, for being
such a great person with a big heart and taking care of me and my
mother. To my sister in law Susanna Cennamo, to my dear cousins
Rosaria Scudieri, Pina and Elisa Franzese, and Francesco Ciniglio, for
loving and supporting me and my mother like no other. To Pertti and
Marianna Kantola, for teaching me how to be a good programmer,
taking care of me, and treating me like their son. To Antti, Piia, and
Daniela Jalonen for being great and supportive friends, as well as to
Anton Jalonen, who will become a great software engineer. Anton,
may this book be an inspiration to your great IT future.
I also want to thank Steve Anglin and Matthew Moodie for giving
me the opportunity to write this book. A special thanks goes, as
usual, to Mark Powers for doing such a great job and supporting me
during the editorial process.
Finally I want to thank Mario Faliero, a good friend and the
technical reviewer of this book, for helping me make a better book.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 :​Introduction

Relational Databases

Object-Relational Mapping

The Impedance Mismatch

Java Support for Persistence

Proprietary Solutions

JDBC

Enterprise JavaBeans

Java Data Objects

Why Another Standard?​

The Java Persistence API

History of the Specification

Overview

Summary

Chapter 2 :​Getting Started

Entity Overview

Persistability

Identity
 Transactionality​

Granularity

Entity Metadata

Annotations

XML

Configuration by Exception

Creating an Entity

Entity Manager

Obtaining an Entity Manager

Persisting an Entity

Finding an Entity

Removing an Entity

Updating an Entity

Transactions

Queries

Putting It All Together

Packaging It Up

Persistence Unit

Persistence Archive

Summary
Chapter 3 :​Enterprise Applications

Application Component Models

Session Beans

Stateless Session Beans

Stateful Session Beans

Singleton Session Beans

Servlets

Dependency Management and CDI

Dependency Lookup

Dependency Injection

Declaring Dependencies

CDI and Contextual Injection

CDI Beans

Injection and Resolution

Scopes and Contexts

Qualified Injection

Producer Methods and Fields

Using Producer Methods with JPA Resources

Transaction Management

Transaction Review
 Enterprise Transactions in Java

Putting It All Together

Defining the Component

Defining the User Interface

Packaging It Up

Summary

Chapter 4 :​Object-Relational Mapping

Persistence Annotations

Accessing Entity State

Field Access

Property Access

Mixed Access

Mapping to a Table

Mapping Simple Types

Column Mappings

Lazy Fetching

Large Objects

Enumerated Types

Temporal Types

Transient State
 Mapping the Primary Key

Overriding the Primary Key Column

Primary Key Types

Identifier Generation

Relationships

Relationship Concepts

Mappings Overview

Single-Valued Associations

Collection-Valued Associations

Lazy Relationships

Embedded Objects

Summary

Chapter 5 :​Collection Mapping

Relationships and Element Collections

Using Different Collection Types

Sets or Collections

Lists

Maps

Duplicates

Null Values
 Best Practices

Summary

Chapter 6 :​Entity Manager

Persistence Contexts

Entity Managers

Container-Managed Entity Managers

Application-Managed Entity Managers

Transaction Management

JTA Transaction Management

Resource-Local Transactions

Transaction Rollback and Entity State

Choosing an Entity Manager

Entity Manager Operations

Persisting an Entity

Finding an Entity

Removing an Entity

Cascading Operations

Clearing the Persistence Context

Synchronization with the Database

Detachment and Merging

 Detachment

Merging Detached Entities

Working with Detached Entities

Summary

Chapter 7 :​Using Queries

Java Persistence Query Language

Getting Started

Filtering Results

Projecting Results

Joins Between Entities

Aggregate Queries

Query Parameters

Defining Queries

Dynamic Query Definition

Named Query Definition

Dynamic Named Queries

Parameter Types

Executing Queries

Working with Query Results

Stream Query Results

 Query Paging

Queries and Uncommitted Changes

Query Timeouts

Bulk Update and Delete

Using Bulk Update and Delete

Bulk Delete and Relationships

Query Hints

Query Best Practices

Named Queries

Report Queries

Vendor Hints

Stateless Beans

Bulk Update and Delete

Provider Differences

Summary

Chapter 8 :​Query Language

Introducing JP QL

Terminology

Example Data Model

Example Application
 Select Queries

SELECT Clause

FROM Clause

WHERE Clause

Inheritance and Polymorphism

Scalar Expressions

ORDER BY Clause

Aggregate Queries

Aggregate Functions

GROUP BY Clause

HAVING Clause

Update Queries

Delete Queries

Summary

Chapter 9 :​Criteria API

Overview

The Criteria API

Parameterized Types

Dynamic Queries

Building Criteria API Queries

 Creating a Query Definition

Basic Structure

Criteria Objects and Mutability

Query Roots and Path Expressions

The SELECT Clause

The FROM Clause

The WHERE Clause

Building Expressions

The ORDER BY Clause

The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses

Bulk Update and Delete

Strongly Typed Query Definitions

The Metamodel API

Strongly Typed API Overview

The Canonical Metamodel

Choosing the Right Type of Query

Summary

Chapter 10 :​Advanced Object-Relational Mapping

Table and Column Names

Converting Entity State

 Creating a Converter

Declarative Attribute Conversion

Automatic Conversion

Converters and Queries

Complex Embedded Objects

Advanced Embedded Mappings

Overriding Embedded Relationships

Compound Primary Keys

ID Class

Embedded ID Class

Derived Identifiers

Basic Rules for Derived Identifiers

Shared Primary Key

Multiple Mapped Attributes

Using EmbeddedId

Advanced Mapping Elements

Read-Only Mappings

Optionality

Advanced Relationships

Using Join Tables

 Avoiding Join Tables

Compound Join Columns

Orphan Removal

Mapping Relationship State

Multiple Tables

Inheritance

Class Hierarchies

Inheritance Models

Mixed Inheritance

Summary

Chapter 11 :​Advanced Queries

SQL Queries

Native Queries vs.​JDBC

Defining and Executing SQL Queries

SQL Result Set Mapping

Parameter Binding

Stored Procedures

Entity Graphs

Entity Graph Annotations

Entity Graph API

 Managing Entity Graphs

Using Entity Graphs

Summary

Chapter 12 :​Other Advanced Topics

Lifecycle Callbacks

Lifecycle Events

Callback Methods

Entity Listeners

Inheritance and Lifecycle Events

Validation

Using Constraints

Invoking Validation

Validation Groups

Creating New Constraints

Validation in JPA

Enabling Validation

Setting Lifecycle Validation Groups

Concurrency

Entity Operations

Entity Access
 Refreshing Entity State

Locking

Optimistic Locking

Pessimistic Locking

Caching

Sorting Through the Layers

Shared Cache

Utility Classes

PersistenceUtil

PersistenceUnitU​til

Summary

Chapter 13 :​XML Mapping Files

The Metadata Puzzle

The Mapping File

Disabling Annotations

Persistence Unit Defaults

Mapping File Defaults

Queries and Generators

Managed Classes and Mappings

Converters
 Summary

Chapter 14 :​Packaging and Deployment

Configuring Persistence Units

Persistence Unit Name

Transaction Type

Persistence Provider

Data Source

Mapping Files

Managed Classes

Shared Cache Mode

Validation Mode

Adding Properties

Building and Deploying

Deployment Classpath

Packaging Options

Persistence Unit Scope

Outside the Server

Configuring the Persistence Unit

Specifying Properties at Runtime

System Classpath
 Schema Generation

The Generation Process

Deployment Properties

Runtime Properties

Mapping Annotations Used by Schema Generation

Unique Constraints

Null Constraints

Indexes

Foreign Key Constraints

String-Based Columns

Floating Point Columns

Defining the Column

Summary

Chapter 15 :​Testing

Testing Enterprise Applications

Terminology

Testing Outside the Server

JUnit

Unit Testing

Testing Entities
 Testing Entities in Components

The Entity Manager in Unit Tests

Integration Testing

Using the Entity Manager

Components and Persistence

Test Frameworks

Best Practices

Summary

Index
About the Authors and About the
Technical Reviewer
About the Authors
Mike Keith
was the co-specification lead for JPA 1.0 and
a member of the JPA 2.0 and JPA 2.1 expert
groups. He sits on a number of other Java
Community Process expert groups and the
Enterprise Expert Group (EEG) in the OSGi
Alliance. He holds a Master’s degree in
Computer Science from Carleton University,
and has over 20 years experience in
persistence and distributed systems research
and practice. He has written papers and
articles on JPA and spoken at numerous
conferences around the world. He is employed as an architect at
Oracle in Ottawa, Canada, and is married with four kids and two
dogs.

Merrick Schincariol
is a consulting engineer at Oracle, specializing in middleware
technologies. He has a Bachelor of Science degree in Computer
Science from Lakehead University, and has more than a decade of
experience in enterprise software development. He spent some time
consulting in the pre-Java enterprise and business intelligence fields
before moving on to write Java and J2EE applications. His
experience with large-scale systems and data warehouse design
gave him a mature and practiced perspective on enterprise software,
which later propelled him into doing Java EE
container implementation work.

Massimo Nardone

has more than 24 years of experience in

Security, Web/mobile development, cloud,
and IT architecture. His true IT passions are
security and Android.
He has been programming and teaching
others how to program with Android, Perl,
PHP, Java, VB, Python, C/C++, and MySQL
for more than 20 years.
He holds a Master of Science degree in
Computing Science from the University of
Salerno, Italy. He has worked as a Project
Manager, Software Engineer, Research Engineer, Chief Security
Architect, Information Security Manager, PCI/SCADA Auditor, and
Senior Lead IT Security/Cloud/SCADA Architect for many years.
His technical skills include security, Android, cloud, Java, MySQL,
Drupal, Cobol, Perl, Web and mobile development, MongoDB, D3,
Joomla, Couchbase, C/C++, WebGL, Python, Pro Rails, Django CMS,
Jekyll, Scratch, and more.
 He worked as a visiting lecturer and supervisor at the Networking
Laboratory of the Helsinki University of Technology (Aalto
University). He also holds four international patents (in the PKI, SIP,
SAML, and Proxy areas).
He currently works as Chief Information Security Office (CISO)
for Cargotec Oyj and is a member of the ISACA Finland Chapter
Board.
Massimo has reviewed more than 45 IT books for different
publishers and is the coauthor of Pro Android Games (Apress, 2015).

About the Technical Reviewer

Mario Faliero
is a telecommunications engineer and
entrepreneur. He has more than ten years of
experience with radio frequency hardware
engineering. Mario has extensive experience
in numerical coding, using scripting
languages (MATLAB and Python) and
compiled languages (C/C++ and Java). He
has been responsible for the development of
electromagnetic assessment tools for space
and commercial applications. Mario received his Master’s degree
from the University of Siena.
© Mike Keith, Merrick Schincariol, Massimo Nardone 2018
Mike Keith, Merrick Schincariol and Massimo Nardone, Pro JPA 2 in Java EE 8,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3420-4_1

1. Introduction
Mike Keith1 , Merrick Schincariol2 and
Massimo Nardone3
(1) Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
(2) RR 3, RR 3, Almonte, Ontario, Canada
(3) Helsinki, Finland

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this chapter (https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-1-
4842-3420-4_​1) contains supplementary material, which is available
to authorized users.

Enterprise applications are defined by their need to collect, process,

transform, and report on vast amounts of information. And, of
course, that information has to be kept somewhere. Storing and
retrieving data is a multibillion dollar business, evidenced in part by
the growth of the database market as well as the emergence of
cloud-based storage services. Despite all the available technologies
for data management, application designers still spend much of their
time trying to efficiently move their data to and from storage.
Despite the success the Java platform has had in working with
database systems, for a long time it suffered from the same problem
that has plagued other object-oriented programming languages.
Moving data back and forth between a database system and the
object model of a Java application was a lot harder than it needed to
be. Java developers either wrote lots of code to convert row and
column data into objects, or found themselves tied to proprietary
frameworks that tried to hide the database from them. Fortunately, a
standard solution, the Java Persistence API (JPA), was introduced
into the platform to bridge the gap between object-oriented domain
models and relational database systems.
This book introduces version 2.2 of the Java Persistence API as
part of the Java EE 8 and explores everything that it has to offer
developers.
Maintenance release of JPA 2.2 started during 2017 under JSR
338 and was finally approved on June 19, 2017.
Here is the official Java Persistence 2.2 Maintenance release
statement:
“The Java Persistence 2.2 specification enhances the Java
Persistence API with support for repeating annotations; injection into
attribute converters; support for mapping of the
java.time.LocalDate, java.time.LocalTime,
java.time.LocalDateTime, java.time.OffsetTime, and
java.time.OffsetDateTime types; and methods to retrieve the
results of Query and TypedQuery as streams.”
One of its strengths is that it can be slotted into whichever layer,
tier, or framework an application needs it to be in. Whether you are
building client-server applications to collect form data in a Swing
application or building a website using the latest application
framework, JPA can help you provide persistence more effectively.
To set the stage for JPA, this chapter first takes a step back to
show where we’ve been and what problems we are trying to solve.
From there, we will look at the history of the specification and give
you a high-level view of what it has to offer.

Relational Databases
Many ways of persisting data have come and gone over the years,
and no concept has more staying power than the relational
database. Even in the age of the cloud, when “Big Data” and
“NoSQL” regularly steal the headlines, relational database services
are in consistent demand to enable today's enterprise applications
running in the cloud. While key-value and document-oriented NoSQL
stores have their place, relational stores remain the most popular
general-purpose databases in existence, and they are where the vast
majority of the world’s corporate data is stored. They are the
starting point for every enterprise application and often have a
lifespan that continues long after the application has faded away.
Understanding relational data is key to successful enterprise
development. Developing applications to work well with database
systems is a commonly acknowledged hurdle of software
development. A good deal of Java’s success can be attributed to its
widespread adoption for building enterprise database systems. From
consumer websites to automated gateways, Java applications are at
the heart of enterprise application development. Figure 1-1 shows
an example of a relational database of user to car.

Figure 1-1 User to car relational database

Object-Relational Mapping
“The domain model has a class. The database has a table. They look
pretty similar. It should be simple to convert one to the other
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 No. 13.
ESTRADES TO POMPONNE.

Plans of the Spaniards.—Dispositions of the Venetian

Government.

Venice, February 26th, 1678.

Sir,
I have not had the honour of receiving any letters from you this
week. Indeed, I expected that the hurry of the King’s departure
would prevent your writing. I have learned from good authority, that
the government here have received intelligence, that the Spaniards
have renewed their proposals to form a league of the Princes of Italy
against France, and that it was at Rome that they concerted the
means to succeed in it: this is, without doubt, what has given
occasion to the report which has been current for some days, that
the Cardinal Porto Carrero177, in his way to Spain, where he is going
to take possession of the Archbishopric of Toledo, is to visit the
different Courts of Italy, to try to engage them in the party which
they call the common cause. It is said, that the Grand Duke178 has
already made known his opinion, that if they intend to unite, it ought
to be for the maintenance of their liberty, and that they ought not to
engage themselves in an extensive war, or to assist in enabling one
of the two belligerent powers to oppress them eventually with
greater ease. This intelligence has obliged me to give all my
attention to penetrate the sentiments of the Venetian government
upon this subject; and I have been informed, upon good authority,
that thus far the determination is to deliver themselves from the
importunities of the Spaniards, if they should be too pressing, by a
similar reply to that which is said to have been given at Florence;
but it now appears to me, that the fear and jealousy of the power of
the King, which existed here formerly, is very much reviving, and
they are becoming apprehensive that the designs of his Majesty are
not confined to the preservation of the conquests he has already
made, nor even to those he may make in Flanders. The senate is
confirmed in this opinion, by the letters of M. Contarini,179 who
sends them word that they must not look for peace, because the
King is against it. This way of talking persuades me, that M.
Contarini is either ill-intentioned or ignorant—and his intelligence is
very capable of augmenting the disquietudes of the senate. I have
shewn, as well as I was able, to those I have spoken to upon the
subject, that it is impossible to act with more sincerity in favour of
peace, or to facilitate more the means of procuring it, than his
Majesty has done. There is, however, no probability that, in the
present state of the affairs of the Republic of Venice, and under the
perpetual fear she is in of the Grand Vizier,180 she will dare to
declare herself in favour of the enemies of the King; but, Sir, I can
assure you, from the knowledge I have upon the subject, that at the
present time, we must only reckon upon the weakness of the
Venetians, and upon the poverty of their finances, and not upon
their good intentions towards us. If I might be permitted to give my
opinion upon the present conjuncture, I should say that there is not
a more ready, or more certain way of ruining all the measures of the
Spaniards in Italy, and of terminating in the King’s favour the
irresolutions of the Senate, than by binding the Duke of Mantua by
the treaty which he is willing to make with his Majesty: not only is
he always in the same resolution of concluding this affair, on account
of the Emperor’s having sent word to him that he does not wish to
deprive him of the succession of the Duke181 his father-in-law, but
that he only desires him to withdraw the garrison he has placed in
Guastalla: but besides, because his Imperial Majesty presses him to
execute a treaty made by the late Duke, his father; which was an
engagement that he should never have any but a German garrison
in Casale. The Duke of Mantua shows me the greatest confidence,
sends me word, by the Count Matthioli, what is deliberating on the
state of affairs, in order to know my opinions before he decides any
thing. You may be sure, Sir, that I omit nothing on my part to
encourage his good dispositions, and to keep the negociation always
in that state, that the King may be the complete master of it. The
Duke of Mantua requested me, ten days ago, to come and see him
ride at the academy. I went accordingly, and found that he was
really very firm on horseback, though he has not a graceful seat, on
account of his leg having been formerly broke, and that it is the
custom here to wear the stirrups very short. As he piques himself
upon being a good horseman, he was much pleased at my praises,
which were repeated to him by the Count Matthioli; and at my
promising to repeat them in the first letter I should have occasion to
write to you.
Two of the most considerable gentlemen of this republic, whose
names are, Cornaro the elder, called “of the great House,” and a
Foscarini, are already intriguing to succeed M. Contarini, in the
embassy to France, although the choice cannot be made till the
month of September; upon whichever of the two it shall fall, he will
fill the situation worthily, above all in the article of expense, as they
are both very rich and very generous.
Although I took the liberty, Sir, to request, in my last letter, your
protection with M. Colbert,182 for the payment of my appointment,
and, above all, for the payment of those of the first six months of
the year 1676, for which I have long had the orders, I have not yet
been able to obtain them. I am, however, forced by my pressing
necessities to renew my request, and to supplicate you most humbly
to procure me this favour from M. Colbert. I trust, Sir, you will be
kind enough to afford me this mark of your affection, which is the
greatest I can possibly receive, in the embarrassment in which I at
present find myself; and that you will be always persuaded that I
am, with profound respect, and unalterable attachment,
 Sir, &c.
The Abbé d’Estrades.183

177 Lewis Emmanuel Ferdinand Portocarrero, second son of the

Marquis of Almenara: created a Cardinal in 1669, by Clement IX.;
Archbishop of Toledo and Primate of Spain, 1677; commander of
the order of the St. Esprit, and Bishop of Palestrina. Was also, at
different periods of his life, Viceroy of Sicily, Ambassador at
Rome, Lieutenant-General at sea, and twice Governor of Spain.
Died at Madrid, September 14th, 1709.
178 Cosmo III., Grand Duke of Tuscany, son of Ferdinand II. and
Victoria Della Rovere, heiress of the Dukes of Urbino. Succeeded
his father in 1670, and died in 1723, aged 81 years. He was a
weak, narrow-minded, and bigoted Prince; and was the Duke of
Tuscany, whose travels in England, in the reign of Charles II. have
been published.
179 At that time Ambassador to France, from the Republic of Venice.
180 The Grand Vizier, at this moment, was Achmet Coprogli, the most
illustrious, perhaps, of all the ministers who have ever governed
the Ottoman Empire. He inherited the eminent talents of his
father, Mahomet Coprogli, whom he succeeded as Grand Vizier, in
1661; and was superior to him in humanity and generosity. His
military exploits were also more considerable. In 1669, he
successfully concluded the siege of Candia, which had lasted
twenty-two years. He died in 1678; having for seventeen years
sustained the throne, and rendered illustrious the reign of his
feeble and indolent master, Mahomet IV.
181 Of Guastalla.
182 John Baptist Colbert, one of the most eminent men of the many
who adorned and illustrated the reign of Lewis XIV. He was an
able and honest financier, a great statesman, and an enlightened
patron of letters and arts. The blots in his character were, his
persecution of Fouquet, and his enmity to the virtuous Arnaud de
Pomponne, to the disgrace of whom he largely contributed. He
was made Comptroller-general of the Finances, in 1664;
Secretary of State for the Marine, in 1669; and died in 1683.
183 From the Archives of the Office for Foreign Affairs, at Paris.
 No. 14.
POMPONNE TO ESTRADES.

Recommendations of Delay in the Negociation.

Cambray, March 1st, 1678.

Sir,
I have rendered an account to the King, during his journey, of
your despatches of the 29th of January and 5th of February. I shall
not now have time enough to send you a long answer to them. I
shall therefore only tell you, that his Majesty saw in them the
continuation of the negociation which you have entered into with the
Count Matthioli; that you had been discussing the points which he
proposed to you, and those which his Majesty wishes neither to
grant nor to refuse; that you had even descended to the detail of
the sum which had been demanded, and that you had reduced it to
one hundred thousand crowns. On these subjects I have to inform
you, Sir, that his Majesty approves entirely of your continuing a
negociation, which may eventually be of very considerable
importance; but for this it is necessary that the opportunities should
be favourable, and the more so, as the basis of whatever treaty is
concluded, must necessarily be the King’s sending a powerful army
across the Alps. You, I am sure, are sufficiently aware, that thus far
events do not seem to favour such a project; it is, however, always
advisable to continue to encourage the belief of it, and this is what
his Majesty thinks it will be best for you to do; but he does not see
the necessity for your entering into any engagement upon a point,
which must fail of success, and which would render useless any
expense his Majesty may go to. Therefore, Sir, your best course to
pursue is, to cultivate always the good intentions of the Count
Matthioli, and through him those of his master; not to put an end to
the hope they have to see the arms of France in Italy; but to defer
the answer they expect from you, partly upon the ground of the
journey and the campaign in which his Majesty is at present
engaged, which prevents his writing to you, and partly upon other
reasons; but still to keep the negociation, as much as you are able,
in such a state as his Majesty may be able to take advantage of,
according to the conjuncture of affairs. ∗ ∗ ∗
Pomponne.184

184 From the Archives of the Office for Foreign Affairs, at Paris.
 No. 15.
ESTRADES TO POMPONNE.

Information respecting the Dispositions of the Venetians.

Venice, March 12, 1678.

Sir,
The hurry which I know always prevails on a march, left me but
little hope of hearing from you till you arrived at Metz, and I am
therefore the more obliged to you for your kindness, in writing to me
on the 15th of last month from Vitry.
I have nothing certain to send you to-day; but next week I shall
have the honour of sending to the King an account of the
conference, which I am decidedly to have to-morrow evening with
the Duke of Mantua. All the measures are taken for this purpose;
and that Prince has sent me word that he will explain to me the
reasons which oblige him to send the Count Matthioli, without delay,
to your Majesty; he will not, however, set off for ten or twelve days,
and I explained to him that it was necessary first that I should be
made acquainted with the subject of his mission. I thought it
necessary to obtain a knowledge of it, in order that his Majesty may
be fully informed before the Count Matthioli waits upon him. I can
only assure you at present, that things could not be better disposed
for the formation of a powerful league in Italy, to drive the Spaniards
entirely out of it, in case the King chooses to turn his arms to this
side. This is what you shall be informed of more in detail, and more
particularly, in my next despatch; because I shall be able to speak to
you upon the subject with certainty, after I have learned from the
Count Matthioli, the success of a negociation which he has entered
into lately with the Republic, in the name of the Duke of Mantua, to
which I am privy. We agreed that the pretext he should make use of,
was the desire of that Prince to regulate himself by the counsels of
the Senate, after having communicated to them his legitimate rights
to Guastalla, and the well-grounded fears he entertains from the
sentiments displayed by the House of Austria towards him in this
affair. M. Matthioli has already had two conferences with a sage of
the terra firma, named Lando, a deputy of the College, and he is to
have three more with him this week; which will discover to us the
real dispositions of the Senate towards his Majesty. It is easy to see
by the manner in which this senator has already spoken, that if a
French army was to arrive in Italy, the Republic would prefer
profiting by the misfortunes and weakness of the House of Austria,
by joining her arms to those of the King, to remaining in a neutrality,
which would appear to her dangerous, while the army of so powerful
a prince was carrying on war at her gates. These political views of
the Venetians justify what I have already had the honour of
remarking to you, that we must expect nothing from them, except
what fear or interest may oblige them to. ∗ ∗ ∗
The Abbé d’Estrades.185

185 From the Archives of the Office for Foreign Affairs, at Paris.
 No. 16.
ESTRADES TO POMPONNE.

Fears of the Duke of Mantua.

Venice, March 19th, 1678.

Sir,
I have not had the honour of receiving any letter from you this
week. You will see by the account I send to the King, what passed at
the conference I had with the Duke of Mantua. I will only add to it,
Sir, that, if his Majesty deems it to his advantage, that this Prince
should be united with him, according to the conditions which have
been proposed, it appears to me that it will be necessary, before the
Count Matthioli sets off for Paris, to put this affair in a situation in
which it is no longer liable to be broken off; because I have seen the
Duke of Mantua so alarmed at the menaces of the Spaniards, and at
the protection they afford openly to the Count de Prades,186 who
pretends that the Duchy of Guastalla belongs to him, that I have
been unable to tranquillize his fears, except by giving him the hope
that the return of the Count Matthioli will deliver him from all his
embarrassments; and if he was to see him return without bringing
the King’s consent for the conclusion of the affair, and without a
certain assurance of speedy assistance, I do not know whether the
fear of being stripped of his territories would not make him change
his resolution. I have thought, Sir, that I ought to inform you
faithfully of the situation in which I find the mind of the Duke of
Mantua, in order that you may regulate yourself accordingly.
The Senate has discovered that the Pope187 has let drop, of his
own accord, the affair of the adjustment between the Republic and
Spain, on the occasion of what has passed at Trieste, because His
Holiness wishes to be the only Mediator of the Catholic Princes at
the Assembly of Nimeguen, and that the Ambassador of Venice
should not divide this honour with his Nuncio. ∗ ∗ ∗
I am, &c.
The Abbé d’Estrades.188

186 This is one of those mistakes into which the French are so liable
to fall from their slovenly way of writing the names of foreigners.
The Count de Prades means Emmanuel Count d’Eparêdés. Viceroy
of Valentia, a Spanish nobleman, whose daughter married
Vespasian Gonzaga, only brother of Ferdinand III., Duke of
Guastalla. The sole offspring of this marriage was Maria Louisa,
who, as has before been mentioned, (see note, page 18,) married
Thomas de la Cerda, Marquis of Laguna.
187 Innocent the Eleventh (Odescalchi;) see note, page 109. At this
time, the conferences for the peace of Nimeguen had
commenced. That peace was concluded and signed on the 10th
of August of this same year.
188 From the archives of the Office for Foreign Affairs, at Paris.
 No. 17.
ESTRADES TO LEWIS THE FOURTEENTH.

Account of his Interview with the Duke of Mantua.—The

latter insists upon sending Matthioli to Paris.

Venice, March 19th, 1678.

Sire,
A week ago I communicated to M. de Pomponne that I was to
have a conference the next day with the Duke of Mantua. We met,
as had been concerted, at midnight, in a small open place, which is
at an equal distance from his house and mine. I was an entire hour
with him, and not only did I tell him all that your Majesty had
desired me to apprize him of, and which he had already learned from
the Count Matthioli, but besides, I re-assured him, as much as I was
able, upon the subject of the constant, and indeed well-grounded,
alarms he is in with regard to the Spaniards. I did not explain myself
to him with regard to the present your Majesty intends making to
him in money, as soon as the treaty shall be concluded; but
contented myself with promising that he should have reason to be
content with it. He appeared to be much satisfied with our
conversation; and, on my side, I have no less reason to be so; since
he has confirmed to me all that the Count Matthioli told me from
him. I have given so exact an account of these things to your
Majesty in the letters I have had the honour to write to yourself and
to M. de Pomponne, that it is useless for me to enlarge more upon
this subject. When we were upon the point of separating, the Duke
of Mantua represented to me the risk he is in of being overwhelmed
by the Spaniards, whose bad intentions he cannot doubt of, after
their late earnest persuasions to him, to admit the Germans into
Casale, to withdraw his garrison from Guastalla, and to declare
himself openly and without delay in their favour. He added, that I
must be aware, that under the resolution he had taken of serving
your Majesty, both with his person and his territories, he would do
nothing prejudicial to your interests; but that, if the Spaniards did
not give him more money than what they were accustomed to
furnish him with, for the support of the garrison of Casale, as they
had declared to him was their intention, he should not be able to
support the expense of it himself, or to preserve that fortress; that
the danger was so pressing, that no time was to be lost in placing
him in a state of safety, and that affairs went on so slowly by means
of despatches, that he found himself obliged to send the Count
Matthioli to your Majesty, to expose to you the state to which he
finds himself reduced, and to implore you to deliver him from it as
quickly as may be possible.
I have not dared, Sire, to oppose myself to this journey, because I
perceived that the Duke of Mantua had taken some offence, or at
least that he had some uneasiness at the length of this negociation,
which I have protracted upon different pretexts as much as I was
able, without endangering it, as your Majesty had ordered me; and
because besides I have thought that you would be the more assured
of the firmness of the Duke of Mantua, when the Count Matthioli, in
whom he has a blind confidence, and who governs him absolutely,
should be with you. He will make known to your Majesty, better than
can be done by letters, the facilities you would find in conquering
the Milanese, the intelligences that may be established there, and
the detail of the whole negociation he has had with the Republic of
Venice in the name of the Duke of Mantua, who demanded the
advice of the Senate upon the affair of Guastalla, and its assistance,
in case it was attempted to disturb him by force in the possession of
that Duchy. The Senate has sent word to Matthioli, by a Sage of
terra firma, who was deputed for this purpose, that the Duke of
Mantua ought to retain possession of Guastalla; that the Republic
would render him all the good offices she could, and that even if her
intercession should be of no avail, she would still assist him secretly
with advice and money, and not abandon him. This Senator gave
him to understand, that if your Majesty was to send an army into
Italy, and that the Duke of Mantua should be in your interests, the
Republic would not be disinclined to enter into the same party; and
the Procurator Nani,189 with whom he has also had two
conversations, explained himself upon this subject still more clearly.
As the Count Matthioli is not to receive his instructions till the day
after to-morrow, he will not, certainly, set off from hence till towards
the end of the week. I shall have the honour of acquainting your
Majesty with what they contain of most importance, as well as with
the time by which the Count Matthioli can be with you.
I am,
with every kind of respect and submission,
Sire,
Your Majesty’s
most humble, most obedient, and
most faithful Servant and Subject,
The Abbé d’Estrades.190

189 John Baptist Felix Gaspar Nani was descended from an illustrious
family at Venice, and was born on the 30th of August, 1616. He
distinguished himself early in diplomacy, and was for twenty-five
years ambassador from the Republic to France. He was
subsequently chosen Procurator of St. Mark, the next dignity in
the Republic to that of Doge. He is best known to posterity by his
“Istoria della Republica Veneta,”—which is a valuable and useful
work, though it has been reprobated as being partial, and written
in a vicious and incorrect Italian. He died on the 25th of
November, 1678.
190 From the archives of the Office for Foreign Affairs, at Paris.
 No. 18.
ESTRADES TO POMPONNE.

Reasons for consenting to the mission of Matthioli to Paris.

Venice, March 26th, 1678.

Sir,
My last letters will have shown you that I had forestalled in some
measure, the orders which I received in the one of the 4th of this
month, which you did me the honour to write me. I had judged that,
in the present conjuncture, it would not be easy for the King to send
a powerful army into Italy, so speedily as was wished. It appeared to
me, nevertheless, that His Majesty considered the negociation which
I had commenced with the Duke of Mantua, through the means of
the Count Matthioli, as an affair which might eventually be of use to
him, and which he would wish to be in a situation to profit by.
Therefore, Sir, I have used all my endeavours to encourage the
opinion already entertained, that the arms of France will appear in
the Milanese, and to confirm the Duke of Mantua in his good
dispositions towards His Majesty, and in his suspicions of the
Spaniards. I had even made use of the same reasons, which you
prescribe to me to urge in your letter, to moderate his impatience to
conclude the treaty, which he is desirous of making with the King.
Before His Majesty left St. Germain, I represented to the Count
Matthioli that the negociations with England occupied him too much,
to permit him, in such very critical times, to apply himself as much
as was necessary to a new enterprize of the importance of the one
that was meditated in Italy; and since that, I have alleged to him the
difficulty of getting answers during the hurry of the journey, and the
occupations of the campaign, which oblige the King to go frequently
from one place to another. I have added, that I was by no means
surprized at this, and that, in preceding years, I had rarely received
any letters from you at those times. He has contented himself, thus
far, with the excuses I have given him; but the Duke of Mantua is so
violently alarmed at the peril in which he believes himself to be, and
at the length of the negociation, that he has absolutely determined
upon sending the Count Matthioli to the King—and I have not dared
to oppose myself to this, from the fear of giving him suspicions, or of
disgusting him with the negociation altogether. It is true, Sir, that
after having well considered the manner in which this journey could
be accomplished, I have thought that it would turn out to be the
most easy and the most infallible method to confirm still more the
dispositions of the Duke of Mantua, and to prolong this affair as long
as the King shall judge for the good of his service. I have for this
purpose persuaded the Count Matthioli that it was important he
should not go immediately to his Majesty, but that he should first
pay a visit to some of the towns in Italy, under the pretext of his
master’s interests, and his disputes with the Duke of Modena
respecting the Duchy of Guastalla, in order that there may be no
suspicion of his going into France. He is agreed upon this point with
me; and by the reckoning we have made together of his course, and
the halts he will make, I can assure you, Sir, that you will not see
him for these two months. It will be still easier for you, when he
does arrive, to detain him at least as long; and thus the campaign
will be nearly finished without the Duke of Mantua’s being able to
complain of the delay, or to take measures contrary to the King’s
intentions. Since this Prince left Venice, he is travelling about his
territories, without ever stopping more than three or four days in a
place, in order to avoid giving audience to the Spanish envoys, who
are waiting for him at Mantua, and to whom he has sent word that
they may address themselves to his Council; that for himself, he has
no answer to give them to their propositions, because he is waiting
for intelligence from Vienna, by which he intends to regulate his
conduct. The Count Matthioli went to him the beginning of this
week, in order to receive his instructions for his journey to Paris, and
to give him an account of his negociation with the Republic. He will
afterwards return here to explain to the Senate his Master’s
sentiments; and so, Sir, I shall perhaps have a further opportunity of
deferring his departure for a still longer time. ∗ ∗ ∗
I am, &c.
The Abbé d’Estrades.191

191 From the Archives of the Office for Foreign Affairs, at Paris.
 No. 19.
ESTRADES TO POMPONNE.

Venice, April 2d, 1678.

Sir,
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
I have nothing to add to what I have already had the honour of
writing to you, upon the affair which regards the Duke of Mantua. I
have received this morning a note from the Count Matthioli, in which
he gives me intelligence that he shall be here to-morrow; and that
he will come the same day to me, an hour after sunset. I will not fail
to give you an account, in my next letter, of the conversation I shall
have with him. I am glad that he did not return to Venice so soon as
he originally intended; because his journey to Paris will be, in
consequence, deferred some days longer. I will try to obtain
intelligence why the Resident from Mantua has had such frequent
audiences of the College for the last few days.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
The Abbé d’Estrades.192

192 From the Archives of the Office for Foreign Affairs, at Paris.
 No. 20.
POMPONNE TO ESTRADES.

Approval of Matthioli’s Mission to France.—Permission to

Estrades to leave Venice.

April 5th, 1678.

Sir,
We are now at the end of our journey, and consequently at the
end of my want of punctuality in writing to you. The being stationary
at St. Germain, will make me more regular. I took an opportunity,
yesterday, to give an account to his Majesty of your letters of the
5th, 12th, and 19th of last month. He appeared satisfied with the
manner in which you have conducted the business with the Duke of
Mantua; and was made acquainted, by your letter, written after your
interview with that prince, with the resolution he had taken of
sending the Count Matthioli to France. You will have already seen by
my despatches, that there is little probability of his Majesty’s being
able to send a considerable army into Italy this year. Now it appears,
that the expectation of his sending one, forms the foundation of all
the designs which the Duke of Mantua has communicated to you.
You must be aware, that it would answer no good purpose to
undeceive him; because this would be to break off a negociation,
which may otherwise have considerable results. Therefore one of the
advantages of the journey of the Count Matthioli is, that it gains
time; besides, perhaps it may be possible to remove difficulties, and
take measures with him in person, which might be difficult to be
arranged at a distance. Therefore, Sir, you will see that, as the King
cannot grant the principal conditions which have been required,
because they all turn upon an action in Italy, we cannot flatter
ourselves with concluding any thing with this prince, at present. This
is what makes me think, that if it is so particularly necessary for your
interests, as you say, to return to France, there is nothing that need
prevent your executing your wish. His Majesty appears to me so
much satisfied with your services, that, though he has doubtless the
intention of making use of them in a sphere which will give them a
wider scope than Venice does, he will willingly grant you leave of
absence. I have even already made him acquainted with your wish;
and it appears to me, that you are at liberty to do what you choose;
either to stay at Venice, or to come to Paris. ∗ ∗ ∗
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
Pomponne.193

193 From the Archives of the Office for Foreign Affairs, at Paris.
 No. 21.
ESTRADES TO POMPONNE.

Conversation with Matthioli.

Venice, April 9th, 1678.

Sir,
The Count Matthioli arrived here six days ago; I had a
conversation with him the same evening, and the day after he set
off for Bologna, where he was to meet the Duke of Mantua, who will
send him from thence to Paris, after having given him his last
orders. He assured me that he was charged to confirm to his
Majesty all that I have had the honour of acquainting him with, and
that his master had only recommended him not to consent to the
putting a French garrison into Casale, as long as he could fight it off.
But, Sir, he told me at the same time, that he saw too well that this
condition was the actual foundation of the proposed treaty, to wish
to raise a negociation respecting it; and that he had made the Duke
of Mantua understand that it was necessary to act with good faith
towards the King, and not to balance about giving him this security
and satisfaction, if he wished to attach himself to the interests of his
Majesty, as he had determined to do. I perceived notwithstanding,
though he did not speak openly of it, that the example of Messina194
had made him reflect upon the consequences of the engagement his
master was about to make with the King, which obliged me to
represent to him how much this fear was ill-founded, and what a
difference there was between a solemn treaty of two Sovereign
Princes, as the one we were now concerting would be, and the
assistance which his Majesty had only given to the Messinese from
pure generosity.
 The Count Matthioli professed to be of my opinion, and to have
great joy at seeing affairs as well-disposed as he could possibly have
wished.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
The Abbé d’Estrades.195

194 In 1674 the people of Messina in Sicily, unable any longer to bear
the harshness of the Spanish Government, revolted. The French
assisted them with a body of troops under the command of the
Chevalier de Valbelle. In 1676 the Marshal de Vivonne was sent
there with a powerful fleet, and gained a complete victory over
those of Spain and Holland. But in the beginning of 1678, the
French, alarmed at the prospect of a union of England with their
enemies, abandoned Sicily to its fate. It is to this latter event that
Estrades alludes.
195 From the Archives of the Office for Foreign Affairs, at Paris.
 No. 22.
POMPONNE TO ESTRADES.

St. Germain, April 13th, 1678.

Sir,
I have already sent you word that the King approves very much of
the manner in which you have carried on the negociation with the
Duke of Mantua, without either breaking it off or advancing it too
much. It is even advantageous, as a very natural means of gaining
time, that that Prince should have taken the part of sending the
Count Matthioli to the King. We may treat with him according to the
propositions he is charged with; but it would be a pity if the
foundation of them was to be the condition of sending a powerful
army into Italy this year, because I can tell you in confidence, that
the King has not yet taken any measures for the purpose.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
Pomponne.196

196 From the Archives of the Office for Foreign Affairs, at Paris.
 No. 23.
ESTRADES TO POMPONNE.

Means of protracting the Negociation.—Views of Matthioli.

Venice, April 30th, 1678.

Sir,
I consider myself very happy, that the King has so much approved
of the manner in which I have conducted myself, in the affair of the
Duke of Mantua, as you have informed me in the letter which you
did me the honour to write to me on the 13th of this month, and
that his Majesty has had the goodness to regard more the zeal I
have for his service than my capacity. I shall have nothing more in
future to tell you on this subject, but the Count Matthioli will give
you ample information, when he arrives at Court, of the sentiments
of his master; of the state of his affairs; and of what may be
expected from them. The disposition in which I have seen him,
makes me hope that it will not be impossible to protract this
negociation, without running the risk of breaking it off, until the
season for action is past, and that, when he shall see the necessity
that there is of waiting till the King can take measures for sending
an army into Italy, he will willingly employ the influence he
possesses over the mind of the Duke of Mantua, to take from him all
kind of suspicion, and to prevent his being impatient at this delay;
perhaps even he might be able to persuade his master, if he should
really endeavour it, to put himself under the declared protection of
the King, as he has thus far been under that of the House of Austria;
and to content himself with his Majesty’s paying the garrison he
intends to place in Casale. Finally, Sir, this affair will be in such good
hands, since it is yourself that will manage it, that even what
appears the most difficult in it may very well succeed. I will only
add, that I know that the Count Matthioli has a great desire, and
need of making his fortune, and that there are few things to which
his master would not consent for a considerable sum of money, and
from the hope of a great employment; of which, in fact, the title
alone need be given to him; as was the case with the Duke of
Modena in the service of France, and with the late Duke of Mantua
in that of the Emperor, whose Vicar-general he was in Italy, with the
command of an army there.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
The Abbé d’Estrades.197

197 From the Archives of the Office for Foreign Affairs, at Paris.
 No. 24.
ESTRADES TO POMPONNE.

Delay in Matthioli’s Journey to Paris.

Venice, May 21, 1678.

Sir,
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
The Count Matthioli has been here for the last four days with his
master. He came to me yesterday, to tell me that the Spaniards had
been, for the last two months, making such great advances to the
Duke of Mantua, that they would, perhaps, have obliged him to
consent to all they desired, which was the removing his garrison
from Guastalla, introducing the Germans into Casale, and declaring
himself openly against France, if he had separated himself for a
single moment from him; the Duchess-mother, and all the council of
this Prince, being devoted to the House of Austria. That it was
necessary he should wait for the return of the Marquis Galerati from
Milan, and that he should remain, besides, three weeks or a month
with the Duke of Mantua, who was to go, during that time, to
Casale, where he had persuaded him to wait for his return from
France. That, therefore, he could not set off till towards the end of
June, but that he would not delay beyond that time. I answered him,
that he had been in the right to remain with his master, at a time
when his presence was so necessary to him; that he ought not to set
off on his journey to Paris, till he was well assured that his absence
would cause no change, either in the sentiments or the affairs of
that Prince, but that I could assure him the King would see him with
pleasure, and that he would receive every kind of satisfaction from
his journey. ∗ ∗ ∗
 The Abbé d’Estrades.198

198 From the Archives of the Office for Foreign Affairs, at Paris.
 No. 25.
ESTRADES TO POMPONNE.

Interview with Matthioli.

Venice, June 11, 1678.

Sir,
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
The Count Matthioli, who does not lose sight of the Duke of
Mantua, for the reasons that I have already informed you of, is come
here to make a stay of three or four days with that Prince; he has
assured me that he is still in the resolution of setting off, the end of
this month, to go to Paris; and that he will first accompany his
master to Casale, where he has lately discovered the intrigues of the
Spaniards, for the purpose of obtaining possession of that place. I
have taken occasion, Sir, to represent to him, that, even if the
report, which has been spread of a general peace, should be true,
the Duke of Mantua would have still more need of the King’s
protection; that the House of Austria will not be in a condition to do
injury to any Prince, as long as she shall have to contend with the
power of his Majesty; but that if she had no longer this obstacle, it
would be easy for her to execute the designs, which his master
could not doubt her having against him; that it was greatly his
interest to put himself in such a state, that he need not fear being
deprived of Casale and the Montferrat, of which the Court of Vienna
had declared its wish to put the Empress Eleanor in possession, who
had no other view than that of leaving it some day to the Prince of
Lorrain,199 in favour of his marriage with the widow of the King of
Poland; that the Duke of Mantua could not avoid this misfortune,
except by procuring for himself the support of the King, by means of
an intimate connection of interests; as would be that he would have
with him, if his Majesty had a garrison in Casale, which would be
paid at his expense, and kept on the same conditions as we had
already agreed upon; that this would make him the more secure,
from the circumstance of his Majesty’s never having had any claims
upon his territories, and from his being the only sovereign who was
capable of defending them successfully against those, who thought
they had well-grounded claims upon them. I added to this, that if he
reflected upon what I told him, he would, without doubt, perceive,
that the Duke of Mantua could not take a better line, than the one
that I proposed to him. The Count Matthioli answered me, that he
was so persuaded of this, and that he was so assured of the
aversion which that Prince had for the Spaniards, and of his
inclination towards France, that even if at his arrival at Court he
should find the peace concluded and published, and that there
should be in consequence no more hope of seeing the war in the
Milanese, which his master so much wished for there, he would still
not hesitate to conclude in his name the affair which we have
commenced here, provided the King wished for it. Should this agree
with his Majesty’s designs, you, Sir, will know better than any body
how to make use of the good intentions of the Count Matthioli, when
he shall be with you.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
The Abbé d’Estrades.200

199 Charles V. Duke of Lorrain, married, in the commencement of this

year, Eleanor, daughter of the Emperor Leopold, and widow of
Michael Wiecnowiecki, King of Poland. For an account of him, see
note, page 48.
200 From the Archives of the Office for Foreign Affairs, at Paris.
 No. 26.
POMPONNE TO ESTRADES.

St. Germain, June 15, 1678.

Sir,
I answer your letters of the 21st and 28th of May, and of the 4th
of this month together; the first has made known to the King the
reasons which have delayed the Count Matthioli: if they are really
such as he told you, and that he has thought his presence
necessary, in order to prevent the injurious resolutions to which the
Spaniards might have persuaded his master, it is quite right in him
not to have left him; it would also be advantageous if he could soon
withdraw him from Mantua, and lead him to Casale. It will then be
more easy for him to make his journey into France, and to insure the
success of the measures which he has concerted with you.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
Pomponne.201

201 From the Archives of the Office for Foreign Affairs, at Paris.
 No. 27.
POMPONNE TO ESTRADES.

June 22, 1678.

Sir,
The King has seen the letter which you were pleased to write to
me, and his Majesty has learnt from it with pleasure, that the Count
Matthioli is always in the same sentiments of affection and zeal,
which he has already shown for his Majesty. Continue to strengthen
him in them, by the hope of the same advantages which you have
already shown him that the Duke his master will find in the alliance
and protection of the King. The Duke not being in a condition to
preserve Casale, without the assistance of some one more powerful
than himself, he cannot certainly receive it more usefully and more
surely than from the hands of his Majesty. I trust you will labour, as
you have already done, to inspire him with the desire of it, from the
pleasure that you will have in rendering a very agreeable service to
his Majesty.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
Pomponne.202

202 From the Archives of the Office for Foreign Affairs, at Paris.
 No. 28.
ESTRADES TO POMPONNE.

Differences between the Duke of Mantua and the

Spaniards.

Venice, July 2, 1678.

Sir,
I see by the letter, which you did me the honour to write to me on
the 15th of last month, that you have approved of the assiduity of
the Count Matthioli about the Duke of Mantua, from the reasons
which I sent you. It will appear to you still more useful, when you
are told that he has obliged that Prince to break off the marriage of
the great-nephew of Don Vincent of Gonzaga, Viceroy of Sicily, with
the second daughter of the late Duke of Guastalla, and sister of the
Duchess of Mantua, which was already concluded, and which had
been contrived by the Spaniards, in the view of putting him more
easily in possession of the Duchy of Guastalla; so that the Duke of
Mantua is at present so much at variance with the Spaniards, that it
is not difficult to make him comprehend that there is no other safe
part for him to take, than that of putting himself under the
protection of the King, and of fulfilling those engagements with his
Majesty, which he has already agreed upon. This is what I
represented to the Count Matthioli at his last visit to this place, and
he was the more easily brought to be of this opinion, because he
has a great interest that this affair should succeed, since the
Spaniards, who are all-powerful in the councils of his master, and
who have the Duchess-mother on their side, have easily discovered
that it is he alone who injures them in the mind of the Duke, and
would not fail to take vengeance on him, if he ever fell into their
hands. He departed yesterday to go and join the Duke of Mantua,
whom he does not quit, and whom he is to accompany to Mantua,
and afterwards to Casale, from whence he will proceed to Paris: but,
by the reckoning that we have made together, he cannot be there
before the end of the next month.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
Sir, I am obliged to tell you that the Nuncio is so devoted to the
Spaniards, and that he sees with so much chagrin the power of the
King, and the weakness of the House of Austria, that he would be
capable of inventing to me a story of this nature, even should it not
be true.203 ∗ ∗ ∗
The Abbé d’Estrades.204

203 As the letter breaks off here abruptly, it is impossible for us to

discover to what transaction Estrades alludes.
204 From the Archives of the Office for Foreign Affairs, at Paris.
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