Process Identification and PID Control 1st

Edition Su Whan Sung download

https://ebookultra.com/download/process-identification-and-pid-
control-1st-edition-su-whan-sung/

Explore and download more ebooks or textbooks

at ebookultra.com
 We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit ebookultra.com
to discover even more!

PID Control with Intelligent Compensation for Exoskeleton

Robots 1st Edition Wen Yu

https://ebookultra.com/download/pid-control-with-intelligent-
compensation-for-exoskeleton-robots-1st-edition-wen-yu/

Integrated Statistical and Automatic Process Control

Hybrid Process and Quality Control 1st Edition G.
Venkatesan
https://ebookultra.com/download/integrated-statistical-and-automatic-
process-control-hybrid-process-and-quality-control-1st-edition-g-
venkatesan/

Citrus Mites Identification Bionomy and Control First

Edition Vincenzo Vacante

https://ebookultra.com/download/citrus-mites-identification-bionomy-
and-control-first-edition-vincenzo-vacante/

Industrial Crystallization Process Monitoring and Control

1st Edition Angelo Chianese

https://ebookultra.com/download/industrial-crystallization-process-
monitoring-and-control-1st-edition-angelo-chianese/
Quantitative Process Control Theory 1st Edition Weidong
Zhang

https://ebookultra.com/download/quantitative-process-control-
theory-1st-edition-weidong-zhang/

Industrial Process Control Advances and Applications First

Edition Ghodrat Kalani

https://ebookultra.com/download/industrial-process-control-advances-
and-applications-first-edition-ghodrat-kalani/

Industrial Process Control Systems 2nd ed Edition Patrick

https://ebookultra.com/download/industrial-process-control-
systems-2nd-ed-edition-patrick/

Fieldbuses for Process Control Engineering Operation and

Maintenance 1st Edition Edition Jonas Berge

https://ebookultra.com/download/fieldbuses-for-process-control-
engineering-operation-and-maintenance-1st-edition-edition-jonas-berge/

Modeling and temperature control of heat exchanger process

First Edition Shanu Khan

https://ebookultra.com/download/modeling-and-temperature-control-of-
heat-exchanger-process-first-edition-shanu-khan/
Process Identification and PID Control 1st Edition Su
Whan Sung Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Su Whan Sung, Jietae Lee, In-Beum Lee
ISBN(s): 9780470824108, 0470824107
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 2.26 MB
Year: 2009
Language: english
PROCESS IDENTIFICATION
AND PID CONTROL

Su Whan Sung
Jietae Lee
Kyungpook National University, Republic of Korea

In-Beum Lee
Pohang University of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
PROCESS IDENTIFICATION
AND PID CONTROL
PROCESS IDENTIFICATION
AND PID CONTROL

Su Whan Sung
Jietae Lee
Kyungpook National University, Republic of Korea

In-Beum Lee
Pohang University of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
Copyright # 2009 John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop, # 02-01,
Singapore 129809

Visit our Home Page on www.wiley.com

MATLAB1 and Simulink1 are trademarks of The MathWorks, Inc. and are used with permission. The MathWorks
does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB1 and
Simulink1 software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a
particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB1 and Simulink1 software.

All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except
as expressly permitted by law, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization
through payment of the appropriate photocopy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center. Requests for
permission should be addressed to the Publisher, John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop, #02-01,
Singapore 129809, tel: 65-64632400, fax: 65-64646912, email: [email protected].

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and
product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their
respective owners. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. All
trademarks referred to in the text of this publication are the property of their respective owners.

This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter
covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If
professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Other Wiley Editorial Offices

John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA

Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstrasse 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany

John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 42 McDougall Street, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia

John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 5353 Dundas Street West, Suite 400, Toronto, ONT, M9B 6H8, Canada

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be
available in electronic books.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Sung, Su Whan.
Process identification and PID control / Su Whan Sung, Jietae Lee, In-Beum Lee.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-82410-8 (cloth)
1. Process control. 2. System identification. 3. PID controllers. I. Lee, Jietae. II. Lee, In, 1958- III. Title.
TS156.8.P7585 2009
629.8–dc22
2009001953

ISBN 978-0-470-82410-8 (HB)

Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Thomson Digital, Noida, India.

Printed and bound in Singapore by Markono Print Media Pte Ltd, Singapore.
This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two
trees are planted for each one used for paper production.
To our wives and children
Contents

Preface xi

Part One Basics of Process Dynamics 1

1 Mathematical Representations of Linear Processes 3

1.1 Introduction to Process Control and Identification 3
1.2 Properties of Linear Processes 9
1.3 Laplace Transform 16
1.4 Transfer Function and State-Space Systems 32
Problems 38

2 Simulations 45
2.1 Simulating Processes Composed of Differential Equations 45
2.2 Simulating Processes Including Time Delay 50
2.3 Simulating Closed-Loop Control Systems 57
2.4 Useful Numerical Analysis Methods 59
Problems 74

3 Dynamic Behavior of Linear Processes 79

3.1 Low-Order Plus Time-Delay Processes 79
3.2 Process Reaction Curve Method 84
3.3 Poles and Zeroes 86
3.4 Block Diagram 92
3.5 Frequency Responses 94
Problems 103

Part Two Process Control 109

4 Proportional–Integral–Derivative Control 111

4.1 Structure of Proportional–Integral–Derivative Controllers
and Implementation in Computers/Microprocessors 111
4.2 Roles of Three Parts of Proportional–Integral–Derivative Controllers 122
4.3 Integral Windup 129
viii Contents

4.4 Commercial Proportional–Integral–Derivative Controllers 135

Problems 147

5 Proportional–Integral–Derivative Controller Tuning 151

5.1 Trial-and-Error Tuning 151
5.2 Simple Process Identification Methods 154
5.3 Ziegler–Nichols Tuning Rule 157
5.4 Internal Model Control Tuning Rule 159
5.5 Integral of the Time-Weighted Absolute Value of the Error Tunning Rule
for a First-Order Plus Time-Delay Model (ITAE-1) 161
5.6 Integral of the Time-Weighted Absolute Value of the Error Tunning Rule
for a Second-Order Plus Time-Delay Model (ITAE-2) 166
5.7 Optimal Gain Margin Tuning Rule for an Unstable Second-Order
Plus Time-Delay Model (OGM-unstable) 169
5.8 Model Reduction Method for Proportional–Integral–Derivative
Controller Tuning 170
5.9 Consideration of Modeling Errors 196
5.10 Concluding Remarks 196
Problems 197

6 Dynamic Behavior of Closed-Loop Control Systems 201

6.1 Closed-Loop Transfer Function and Characteristic Equation 201
6.2 Bode Stability Criterion 203
6.3 Nyquist Stability Criterion 207
6.4 Gain Margin and Phase Margin 210
Problems 212

7 Enhanced Control Strategies 215

7.1 Cascade Control 215
7.2 Time-Delay Compensators 217
7.3 Gain Scheduling 225
7.4 Proportional–Integral–Derivative Control using Internal
Feedback Loop 228
Problems 231

Part Three Process Identification 233

8 Process Identification Methods for Frequency Response Models 235

8.1 Fourier Series 235
8.2 Frequency Response Analysis and Autotuning 240
8.3 Describing Function Analysis 241
8.4 Fourier Analysis 247
8.5 Modified Fourier Transform 250
8.6 Frequency Response Analysis with Integrals 261
Problems 271
Contents ix

9 Process Identification Methods for Continuous-Time Differential

Equation Models 275
9.1 Identification Methods Using Integral Transforms 275
9.2 Prediction Error Identification Method 291
Problems 315

10 Process Identification Methods for Discrete-Time Difference

Equation Models 317
10.1 Prediction Model: Autoregressive Exogenous Input Model and
Output Error Model 317
10.2 Prediction Error Identification Method for the Autoregressive Exogenous
Input Model 319
10.3 Prediction Error Identification Method for the Output Error Model 325
10.4 Concluding Remarks 335
Problems 336

11 Model Conversion from Discrete-Time to Continuous-Time

Linear Models 337
11.1 Transfer Function of Discrete-Time Processes 337
11.2 Frequency Responses of Discrete-Time Processes
and Model Conversion 338
Problems 342

Part Four Process Activation 343

12 Relay Feedback Methods 345

12.1 Conventional Relay Feedback Methods 345
12.2 Relay Feedback Method to Reject Static Disturbances 352
12.3 Relay Feedback Method under Nonlinearity and Static
Disturbances 357
12.4 Relay Feedback Method for a Large Range of Operation 365
Problems 370

13 Modifications of Relay Feedback Methods 373

13.1 Process Activation Method Using Pulse Signals 373
13.2 Process Activation Method Using Sine Signals 387
Problems 397

Appendix Use of Virtual Control System 399

A.1 Setup of the Virtual Control System 399
A.2 Examples 400

Index 409
Preface

This book focuses on the basics of process control, process identification, PID controllers and
autotuning. Our objective is to enable students and engineers who are not familiar with these
topics to understand the basic concepts of feedback control, process identification, autotuning
and design of real feedback controllers (especially PID controllers).
Parts One and Two are aimed at undergraduate students who have not taken any courses on
process control. Parts Three and Four are appropriate for graduate students and control
engineers who want to design real feedback controllers or perform research on process
identification and autotuning. Parts One and Two introduce the basics of process control and
dynamics, the analysis tools (Bode plot, Nyquist plot) to characterize the dynamics of the
process, PID controllers and tuning, and advanced control strategies that have been widely used
in industry. Also, simple simulation techniques required for practical controller designs and
research on process identification and autotuning are also included. Part Three provides useful
process identification methods actually used in industry. It includes several important
identification algorithms to obtain frequency models or continuous-time/discrete-time transfer
function models from the measured process input and output data sets. Part Four introduces
various relay feedback methods to activate the process effectively for process identification and
controller autotuning.
We have tried to include as many examples as possible. In particular, the readers can use the
numerical examples and the MATLAB R codes with slight modifications to solve actual
problems in their processes or research. The codes (MATLAB Rm-files) and real-time virtual
processes for the simulations and practices are available from the Wiley website at www.wiley.
com/go/swsung. The codes will be useful to those who want to understand the actual
implementation techniques for control, process identification and autotuning. Also, the readers
can design their own controllers, implement them and confirm the performances in real time
using real-time virtual processes. Also, the problem-solving ability of students can be enhanced
by performing a controller design project on the basis of the virtual process. We welcome the
comments of students and instructors to improve the book and the materials for lectures and
simulations. Please visit our other website at http://pse.knu.ac.kr for comments and questions
about this book or process systems engineering. We hope this book is useful to you.
We wish to express special thanks to the students at KNU who provided the simulation
results and detailed reviews: Cheol Ho Je, Chun Ho Jeon and Yu Jin Cheon. We acknowledge
xii Preface

John Wiley & Sons, especially James Murphy, Roger Bullen, Sarah Abdul Karim and Peter
Lewis, for their effective cooperation and great care in preparing this book. We also gratefully
acknowledge the financial support by Kyungpook National University (KNU Research Fund,
2006).

Su Whan Sung
Jietae Lee
In-Beum Lee
Part One
Basics of Process
Dynamics
Part One introduces the basics of process dynamics which are appropriate for an undergraduate
course. Chapter 1 defines linear processes and discusses how to represent linear processes in a
mathematical way. Chapter 2 introduces several simulation and numerical analysis techniques
required to simulate/design process controllers. Chapter 3 discusses the dynamic behaviors of
linear processes and provides several analysis tools to characterize the dynamics of the control
system.
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the

free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this
work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase
“Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of
the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or
online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand,
agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual
property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree
to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease
using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for
obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™
electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms
of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only

be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by
people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.
There are a few things that you can do with most Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the
full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There
are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™
electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and
help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright
law in the United States and you are located in the United
States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying,
distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works
based on the work as long as all references to Project
Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will
support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free
access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for
keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the
work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement
by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full
Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge
with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside
the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to
the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying,
displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works
based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The
Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright
status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project

Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project
Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed,
viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United

States and most other parts of the world at no cost and
with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it,
give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project
Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United
States, you will have to check the laws of the country
where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of
the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to
anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges.
If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of
paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use
of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth
in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and
distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder.
Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™
License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright
holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files
 containing a part of this work or any other work associated with
Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute

this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the
Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if
you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project
Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other format used in the official version posted on the official
Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must,
at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy,
a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy
upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project
Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™
works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or

providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive
from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
 payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt
that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project
Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project

Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different
terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain
permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3
below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on,
transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright
law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these
efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium
on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as,
but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data,
transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property
infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be
read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except

for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in
paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic
work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for
damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE
THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT
EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE
THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE
NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of
receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you
paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you
received the work from. If you received the work on a physical
medium, you must return the medium with your written
explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the
defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu
of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.
If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund
in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set

forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’,
WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this
agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this
agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the
maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable
state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of
this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the

Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless
from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that
arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you
do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project
Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or
deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect
you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission

of Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new
computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of
volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project
Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™
collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In
2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was
created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project
Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your
efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the
Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-
profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the
laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status
by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or
federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions
to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax
deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and
your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500

West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact
links and up to date contact information can be found at the
Foundation’s website and official page at
www.gutenberg.org/contact
 Section 4. Information about Donations to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission
of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works
that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form
accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated
equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly
important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws

regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of
the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform
and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many
fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not
solicit donations in locations where we have not received written
confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine
the status of compliance for any particular state visit
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states

where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know
of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from
donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot

make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations
received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp
our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current

donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a
number of other ways including checks, online payments and
credit card donations. To donate, please visit:
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About

Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could
be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose
network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several

printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by
copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus,
we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any
particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new
eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear
about new eBooks.
back
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookultra.com