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An Introduction to Practical Formal Methods Using
Temporal Logic 1st Edition Michael Fisher Digital
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ISBN(s): 9780470027882, 0470027886
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Language: english
 An Introduction to Practical Formal
Methods using Temporal Logic

An Introduction to Practical Formal Methods Using Temporal Logic, First Edition. Michael Fisher.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-02788-2
An Introduction to Practical Formal
Methods using Temporal Logic

Michael Fisher
Department of Computer Science,
University of Liverpool, UK

A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

This edition first published 2011
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Registered office
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission
to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.
The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK
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required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Fisher, Michael, 1962 –
An introduction to practical formal methods using temporal logic / Michael Fisher.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-02788-2 (cloth)
1. Temporal automata. 2. Logic, Symbolic and mathematical. I. Title.
QA267.5.T45F57 2011
511.3 – dc22
2010046372

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Print ISBN: 978-0-470-02788-2
e-Pdf ISBN: 978-0-470-98011-8
o-Book ISBN: 978-0-470-98010-1
e-Pub ISBN: 978-1-119-99146-5

Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India

Contents

Preface vii

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Aims of the book 2
1.2 Why temporal logic? 3
1.3 What is temporal logic? 4
1.4 Structure of the book 6

2 Temporal logic 9
2.1 Intuition 10
2.2 Syntactic aspects 12
2.3 Semantics 14
2.4 Reactive system properties 22
2.5 What is temporal logic? 25
2.6 Normal form 28
2.7 Büchi automata and temporal logic 29
2.8 Advanced topics 37
2.9 Final exercises 47

3 Specification 49
3.1 Describing simple behaviours 49
3.2 A semantics of imperative programs 53
3.3 Linking specifications 60
3.4 Advanced topics 74
3.5 Final exercises 82
3.6 Where to next? 83

4 Deduction 85
4.1 Temporal proof 85
4.2 Clausal temporal resolution 87
4.3 The TSPASS system 108
4.4 Advanced topics 122
4.5 Final exercises 127
vi CONTENTS

5 Model checking 129

5.1 Algorithmic verification 129
5.2 Automata-theoretic model checking 135
5.3 The Spin system 143
5.4 Advanced topics 171
5.5 Final exercises 181

6 Execution 185
6.1 From specifications to programs 185
6.2 MetateM: executing temporal formulae 188
6.3 The Concurrent MetateM system 211
6.4 Advanced topics 233

7 Selected applications 243

7.1 Model checking programs 243
7.2 Security protocol analysis 246
7.3 Recognizing temporal patterns 251
7.4 Parameterized systems 255
7.5 Reasoning with intervals 260
7.6 Planning 264

8 Summary 267

A Review of classical logic 269

A.1 Introduction 269
A.2 Propositional logic 271
A.3 Normal forms 276
A.4 Propositional resolution 279
A.5 Horn clauses 286
A.6 First-order logic 288

B Solutions to exercises 307

References 321

Index 349
Preface
I look to the future because that’s where I’m going to spend the rest of my life.
– George Burns

In this book, I have tried to introduce temporal logics and then show why they might be
useful in system specification, verification and development. That I can even attempt this
is due to the work of very many outstanding researchers who have tackled this area over
the last 30 years. I am enormously indebted to these people for their research on defining,
refining and expanding this subject and so making my task here at least possible. (For
an indication of who at least some of the key researchers are, just look at the References
section at the end of this book.) Never has the motto ‘standing on the shoulders of giants’
seemed more appropriate.
As well as reading, and hearing, about the work of such experts, I have been very
fortunate to have collaborated directly with quite a few of them. Though I cannot list
everyone I have worked with (the references will again identify some of them), I would
like to thank all of them for helping me to understand the area a little better. I have
always learnt a great deal from all of them, and value their continued collaboration.
Finally, I would like to thank those who have provided detailed comments on earlier
drafts of this book. Their advice and suggestions have been invaluable: Rafael Bordini;
Stéphane Demri; Jürgen Dix; Clare Dixon; Valentin Goranko; Anthony Hepple; Koen
Hindriks; Gerard Holzmann; Alexei Lisitsa; Alessio Lomuscio; Michel Ludwig; Stephan
Merz; Mark Ryan; Sven Schewe; and Mike Wooldridge. Thanks to all of you for recog-
nizing my misunderstandings, highlighting my omissions and correcting my mistakes.
This book is dedicated to Joan, for making it all possible, and to Sue, Christopher
and James, for making it all worthwhile.
For more examples and resources used in this book, please visit my website at
http://www.csc.liv.ac.uk/∼michael/TLBook.

Michael Fisher
Liverpool, 2010.
1

Introduction
Time is an illusion, lunchtime doubly so.
– Douglas Adams

Time plays a central role in our lives. In describing the world, or our activities within
it, we naturally invoke temporal descriptions. Some of these are explicit, such as ‘next
week’ or ‘in 5 minutes’, while others implicitly acknowledge the passing of time, for
example ‘during’, ‘did’ or ‘will do’. Not surprisingly, it is also important to be able
to describe temporal aspects within the world of Computer Science: computations nat-
urally proceed through time, and so have a history of activity; computational processes
take time to act; some processes must finish before others can start; and so on. Con-
sequently, being able to understand, and reason about, temporal concepts is central to
Computer Science.
In this book, we will explain how some of these temporal notions can be described
and manipulated. This, in turn, will allow us to carry out a temporal analysis of certain
aspects of computation. To be precise in our temporal descriptions, we will use formal
logic. These not only provide a concise and unambiguous basis for our descriptions, but
are supported by many well-developed tools, techniques and results that we can take
advantage of.
This book will provide an introduction to work concerned with formal logic for
capturing temporal notions, called temporal logic, together with some of its applications
in the formal development and analysis of computational systems. The name ‘temporal
logic’ may sound complex and daunting. Indeed, the subject can sometimes be difficult
because it essentially aims to capture the notion of time in a logical framework. However,
while describing potentially complex scenarios, temporal logic is often based on a few
simple, and fundamental, concepts. We aim to highlight these in this book.

An Introduction to Practical Formal Methods Using Temporal Logic, First Edition. Michael Fisher.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-02788-2
2 INTRODUCTION

As we might expect, this combination of expressive power and conceptual simplicity

has led to the use of temporal logic in a range of subjects concerned with computation:
Computer Science, Electronic Engineering, Information Systems and Artificial Intelli-
gence. This representation of dynamic activity via temporal formalisms is used in a wide
variety of areas within these broad fields, for example Robotics [176, 452], Control Sys-
tems [317, 466], Dynamic Databases [62, 110, 467], Program Specification [339, 363],
System Verification [34, 122, 285], and Agent-Based Systems [207, 429]. Yet that is not
all. Temporal logic also has an important role to play in Philosophy, Linguistics and
Mathematics [222, 470], and is beginning to be used in areas as diverse as the Social
Sciences and Systems Biology.
But why is temporal logic so useful? And is it really so simple? And how can we
use practical tools based on temporal logic? This book aims to (at least begin to) answer
these questions.

1.1 Aims of the book

Our aims here are to

• provide the reader with some of the background to the development and use of
temporal logic;

• introduce the foundations (both informal and formal) of a simple temporal logic; and

• describe techniques and tools based on temporal logic and apply them to sample
applications.

This book is not deeply technical. It simply aims to provide sufficient introduction to a
number of areas surrounding temporal logic to enable either further, in-depth, study or
the use of some of the tools described. Consequently, we would expect the readership
to consist of those studying Computer Science, Information Systems or Artificial Intelli-
gence at either undergraduate or postgraduate level, or software professionals who wish
to expand their knowledge in this area. Since this is an introductory text, we aim to
provide references to additional papers, books and online resources that can be used for
further, and deeper, study. There are also several excellent, more advanced, textbooks and
monographs that provide much greater technical detail concerning some of the aspects
we cover, notably [34, 50, 122, 224, 299, 327, 339, 363, 364].
While there are very few proofs in this book, some of the elements are quite complex.
In order to support the reader in understanding these aspects, we have often provided both
exercises and pointers to further study in each chapter. We have interspersed exercises
throughout the text, and sometimes provide a further selection of exercises at the end of
each chapter, with answers in Appendix B. In addition, further resources can be found
on the Web pages associated with this book:

http://www.csc.liv.ac.uk/∼michael/TLBook

This URL provides links not only to additional material related to the book, but also
contains pointers to a range of systems that are, at least in part, based on temporal logic.
 WHY TEMPORAL LOGIC? 3

1.2 Why temporal logic?

As computational systems become more complex, it is often important to be able to
describe, clearly and unambiguously, their behaviour. Formal languages with well-defined
semantics are increasingly used for this purpose, with formal logic being particularly
prominent. This logic not only presents a precise language in which computational
properties can be described, but also provides well-developed logical machinery for
manipulating and analysing such descriptions.
For example, it is increasingly important to verify that a computational system behaves
as required. These requirements can be captured as a formal specification in an appro-
priately chosen formal logic, with this specification then providing the basis for formal
verification. While a system can be tested on many different inputs, formal verifica-
tion provides a comprehensive approach to potentially establishing the correctness of the
system in all possible situations. Verification within formal logic is aided by a logic’s
machinery, such as proof rules, normal form and decision procedures. Alternatively, we
may wish to use the logical specification of a system in other ways, such as treating it as
a program and directly executing it. Again, the well-developed logical machinery helps
us with this.
Though logical specifications are clearly an important area to develop, the increased
complexity of contemporary computational systems has meant that specifications in terms
of traditional logic can become inappropriate and cumbersome. Consequently, much of the
recent work concerning the use of formal logic in Computer Science has concentrated on
developing logic that provides an appropriate level of abstraction for representing complex
dynamic properties. It is precisely for this reason that temporal logic has been developed.
Temporal logic has been used in Linguistics since the 1960s. In particular, temporal logic
was originally used to represent tense in natural language [420]. However, in the late
1970s, temporal logic began to achieve a significant role in the formal specification and
verification of concurrent and distributed systems [411, 412]. This logic is now at the
heart of many specification, analysis and implementation approaches.

1.2.1 Motivation: evolution of computational systems

The way computational systems are designed and programmed has evolved considerably
over the last 40 years. Correspondingly, the abstractions used to characterize such systems
have changed during that time. When formal approaches to program development were
initially envisaged, the key abstraction was that of a transformational system [260].
Transformational systems are essentially those whose behaviour can be described in
terms of each component’s input/output behaviour:

Input TRANSFORMATIONAL Output

COMPONENT

In other words, each component in a system receives some input, carries out some oper-
ation (typically on data structures), and terminates having produced some output. The
4 INTRODUCTION

Formal Methods that have been developed for such systems describe the data structures
and the behaviour of operations (via pre- and post-conditions) on these structures. Spec-
ification notations particularly relevant to this type of system were developed in the late
1960s and came to prominence in the 1970s. Typical examples include Floyd-Hoare
Logics [214, 274, 418], weakest precondition semantics [146], VDM [304], Z [135], and
(more recently) B [7, 340, 446], as well as the functional programming metaphor.
While the use of Formal Methods for transformational systems has been very effective
in many areas, it became clear in the 1970s that an increasing number of systems could
not easily be categorized as ‘transformational’. Typically, this was because the compo-
nents were either non-terminating, continuously reading input (not just at the beginning
of computation), continuously producing output (not just at the end), or regularly inter-
acting with other concurrent or distributed components. These have been termed reactive
systems [260] and can be visualized in a more complex way, for example:

Request Sensor

Report

REACTIVE Request
COMPONENT
Update

Trigger

Test
Request

This diagram highlights the fact that multiple inputs can be received, and multiple outputs
can be generated, by reactive systems. Such systems are typically interacting, evolving,
non-terminating systems.
Formal Methods for reactive systems often require more sophisticated techniques than
the pre- and post-conditions provided in notations such as VDM or Z. In particular, in
the late 1970s, temporal logic was applied to the specification of reactive systems, with
this approach coming to prominence in the 1980s [363, 414]. It is widely recognized that
reactive systems [260], as described above, represent one of the most important classes
of systems in Computer Science and, although the analysis of such systems is difficult,
it has been successfully tackled using temporal representations [168, 411, 460], where
a number of useful concepts, such as safety, liveness and fairness properties can be
formally, and concisely, specified [363]. Such a logical representation of a system then
permits the analysis of the system’s properties via logical methods, such as logical proof .
A specific proof method for deciding whether a temporal formula is true or false is one
of the aspects that we will examine later in this book.

1.3 What is temporal logic?

Temporal logic is an extension of classical logic1 , specifically adding operators relating to
time [168, 196, 210, 224, 225, 279, 433, 460, 478]. Modal logic [67, 68, 109, 226, 291]
1
A very brief review of classical logic is provided in Appendix A.
 WHAT IS TEMPORAL LOGIC? 5

provides some of the formal foundations of temporal logic, and many of the techniques
used in temporal logic are derived from their modal counterparts. In addition to the
operators of classical logic, temporal logic often contains operators such as ‘ ’, meaning
in the next moment in time, ‘ ’, meaning at every future moment, and ‘♦’, meaning at
some future moment. These additional operators allow us to construct formulae such as

(try_to_print ⇒ ♦¬try_to_print )

to characterize the statement that

“whenever we try to print a document then at some future moment we will

not try to print it”.

The flexibility of temporal logic allows us also to provide formulae such as

(try_to_print ⇒ (printed ∨ try_to_print ))

meant to characterize

“whenever we try to print a document then, at the next moment in time,

either the document will be printed or we again try to print it”

and
(printed ⇒  ¬try_to_print )

meaning

“whenever the document has been printed, the system will never try to print
it (ever again)”.

Given the above formulae then, if we try to print a document, i.e.

try_to_print

we should be able to show that, eventually, it will stop trying to print the document.
Specifically, the statement
♦ ¬try_to_print
can be inferred from the above formulae. We will see later how to establish automatically
that this is, indeed, the case.
Although there are many different temporal logics [168, 196, 279], we will mainly
concentrate on one very popular variety that is:
• propositional , with no explicit first-order quantification;
• discrete, with the underlying model of time being isomorphic to the Natural Num-
bers (i.e. an infinite, discrete sequence with distinguished initial point); and
• linear, with each moment in time having at most one successor.
6 INTRODUCTION

Note that the infinite and linear constraints ensure that each moment in time has exactly
one successor, hence the use of just one form of ‘ ’ operator. If we allow several
immediate successors, then we typically require other operators. (More details concerning
such logics will be provided in Chapter 2.)

1.4 Structure of the book

The book comprises four parts, of very different sizes.
• In the first part, we introduce temporal logic (Chapter 2), and show how it can be
used to specify a variety of computational systems (Chapter 3).
• In the second part, we then describe techniques that use these temporal specifi-
cations, namely deductive verification (proof; Chapter 4), algorithmic verification
(model checking; Chapter 5), and model building (direct execution; Chapter 6).
• In the third part (Chapter 7), we provide an overview of some of the areas where
temporal-based formal techniques are being used, not only in Computer Science,
but also in Artificial Intelligence and Engineering.
• Finally, in Appendices A and B, we provide a review of classical logic and sample
answers to exercises, respectively.
In the first part, we essentially introduce the basic concepts of temporal logic and temporal
specification. Throughout the chapters in this first part we provide a range of examples
and exercises to reinforce the topics. In the second part, comprising chapters describing
verification and execution approaches, we split each chapter into:
• an introductory section conveying the motivation for, and principles of, the
approach being tackled;
• details of a particular technique epitomizing the approach;
• an overview of a particular system implementing the technique described; and
• a selection of advanced topics concerning this area and an overview of alternative
systems tackling this problem.
Again, within this structure, examples and (some) exercises will be provided.
To give an idea of the substructure of Chapters 4, 5 and 6, we can give the following
broad distribution of topics.
• Chapter 4 (Deduction)

Introductory: the idea behind deductive verification and temporal

proof.
Technique: clausal temporal resolution.
System: TSPASS.
Advanced: including alternative approaches, such as tableaux and
extensions.
 STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK 7

• Chapter 5 (Model Checking)

Introductory: the idea behind algorithmic temporal verification and

model checking.
Technique: the automata-theoretic view of model checking.
System: Spin.
Advanced: including alternative approaches, such as extended,
bounded, or abstracted model checking.
• Chapter 6 (Execution)

Introductory: model construction through direct execution.

Technique: MetateM execution algorithm.
System: Concurrent MetateM.
Advanced: including alternative approaches, such as temporal
logic programming and interval-based execution.

Finally, in Chapter 7, we provide an overview of selected applications where temporal-

based formal methods have been, or are being, used. Some use the techniques described
in the book, others use alternative temporal approaches, but all help to highlight the wide
applicability of temporal methods.
2

Temporal logic

Time flies like an arrow. Fruit flies like a banana.

– Groucho Marx

In this Chapter, we will:

• provide the basic intuition behind temporal logics (Section 2.1);
• define the syntax of a simple propositional temporal logic (Section 2.2);
• examine the formal semantics of this temporal logic (Section 2.3);
• explore some classes of temporal logic formulae that are useful in reactive
system specification (Section 2.4);
• revisit the question ‘what is temporal logic’ (Section 2.5);
• introduce a normal form for our temporal logic that will be useful in Chapters 4
and 6 (Section 2.6);
• discuss the link between propositional temporal logic and finite state automata,
something that will be essential in Chapter 5 (Section 2.7);
• provide pointers to some more advanced work in this area (Section 2.8); and
• give a final selection of exercises (Section 2.9), the solutions to which can be
found in Appendix B.

To begin with we will only describe a simple propositional, discrete, temporal logic.
However, much of the temporal framework we develop below is applicable to other
variants of temporal logic we will see later.

An Introduction to Practical Formal Methods Using Temporal Logic, First Edition. Michael Fisher.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-02788-2
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"jotakin Kuststadin jutusta", kuten Kivinen oli nimikorttiinsa
kirjoittanut.

Kivinen tervehti, samoin Jorre, ja prinssi viittasi vieraita istumaan.

"Mikä tuottaa minulle kunnian…?" aloitti hän ja kiinnitti tutkivan

katseensa sanomalehtimiehiin. "Ei suinkaan tässä ole tarkoituksena,
omituisen verukkeen varassa, haastatella minua? Ilmoitan heti
alussa, etten alistu minkäänlaiseen haastatteluun."
 "Voitte olla rauhassa siinä suhteessa", sanoi Kivinen kylmästi.
"Meillä on tärkeämpää asiaa. Kuten kirjoitin nimikortilleni, on
aikomuksemme selvittää hiukan Kuststadin juttua."

"Mitä ihmettä", huudahti prinssi. "Mitä tekemistä minulla on

jonkun
Kuststadin jutun kanssa?"

"Anteeksi, teidän ylhäisyytenne, mutta siinä suhteessa ei vallitse

mitään epäilyksiä. Luutnantti Karl Riger salakuljetti lentokoneella
kaksi kertaa jalokiviä Kuststadiin, jossa ne vastaanotti hänen
sisarensa neiti Elise Riger. Jalokivet olivat teidän ylhäisyytenne
perhekalleuksia."

Prinssi oli Kivisen puhuessa käynyt kalpeaksi, hänen piirteensä

jännittyivät, ja kuin huomaamattaan koetti hän saada auki
kirjoituspöydän laatikkoa.

"Siis kysymyksessä on kiristys?" lausui hän hitaasti ja silmäsi

ylenkatseellisesti sanomalehtimiehiä.

"Kyllä, tavallaan", vastasi Kivinen samaan äänilajiin. "Me aiomme

teitä hiukan kiristää, mutta pyydämme, että jättäisitte pöytälaatikon
ja siellä todennäköisesti olevan ampuma-aseen rauhaan. Me emme
ole tulleet tänne sitä varten, ettekä te sillä tavoin asemastanne
selviä."

Prinssi tempasi kätensä pois kuin pahanteosta tavattuna ja jäi

istumaan aivan liikkumatta.

"Kas niin, ymmärrän asemani. Olen joutunut roistojen käsiin ja

saan maksaa. Paljonko vaaditte?"
 Kivinen tunsi poskiensa kuumenevan, mutta hän hillitsi itsensä.
Prinssi saisi pyytää loukkauksensa anteeksi.

"Paljonko vaadimme? Ainoastaan kymmenen prosenttia."

"Niinkö? Ja paljonko luulette sen olevan?"

"Noin miljoona kruunua."

Prinssi nauroi katkerasti.

"Kaunis summa. Mutta olkoon, esittäkää ehtonne! Minähän voin

vain alistua."

Hän sytytti savukkeen ja sulki silmänsä, jääden puolittain

makaamaan nojatuolissaan.

Sanomalehtimies alkoi puhua. Hän kertoi prinssille heidän

osuutensa jutussa, kertoi seikkailut Kuststadissa ja Tukholmassa, ja
prinssi kuunteli virkkamatta sanaakaan.

"Te puhuitte kiristyksestä", jatkoi sanomalehtimies, "ja sitähän

meidän suunnitelmamme onkin, mutta ei sellaista kiristystä
kuitenkaan kuin te luulitte. Me emme tahdo rahoja itsellemme."

Prinssi kohottautui makaavasta asennostaan.

"Kenelle sitten?" tiedusti hän ivallisesti ja epäuskoisesti.

"Teidän ylhäisyytenne! Te olette aatelismies ja tiedätte tai ainakin

teidän pitäisi tietää, että aateluus velvoittaa. Te olette menettänyt
vallankumouksessa paljon, paljon sellaista, jonka katsotte kuuluvan
itsellenne, mutta jos teillä on hitunenkin isänmaanrakkautta jäljellä,
niin teidän täytyy myöntää, että salakuljetuksenne oli rikos
nääntyvää kansaanne kohtaan, kansaa, joka nyt on kuolemaisillaan
neljän sotavuoden kiroihin. Teillä ei ole oikeutta riistää kansalle
tulevaa osaa. Olen varma siitä, että te itsekin myönnätte tämän. Ja
syynä siihen, etten paljastanut salakuljetusjuttua, oli se, että toivoin
voivani hyvittää sen kaikessa hiljaisuudessa. Ja nyt aion sen tehdä.
Te saatte, prinssi, miljoonanne, mutta kymmenen prosenttia on
teidän lähetettävä Wienin nääntyvälle väestölle. Ja huomatkaa vielä:
tuntemattomana lahjoittajana, sillä kaiken sen jälkeen, mitä on
tapahtunut, teillä ei ole enää oikeutta esiintyä minään jalomielisenä
isänmaan auttajana. Te ette lahjoita, vaan te annatte sen, mikä
teidän on annettava. Tietenkin, tämä on kiristystä, ja kiristäjät ovat
roistoja, mutta ennemmin minä kuitenkin olen sellainen. Te lähetätte
tänään pankin kautta mainitun summan Wieniin."

Prinssi oli kuunnellut Kivisen jyrkkää puhetta liikkumattomana,

mutta väri vaihteli hänen kasvoillaan. Hän nousi ylös ja astui
sanomalehtimiesten luo, ojentaen kätensä.

"Pyydän todellakin anteeksi loukkaavia sanojani", virkkoi hän

miehekkäästi, "mutta en ole ehkä minäkään niin huono kuin te
luulette.
Kas tässä on maksuosoitus miljoonalle. Aioin sen lähettää Wieniin.
Teillä oli sama ajatus."

Kivinen tunsi menevänsä hiukan hämilleen. "Sitten ei meillä

olekaan muuta asiaa. Jalokivenne ovat tässä." Kivinen nosti
kirjoituspöydälle matkalaukun ja avasi sen. Aamuauringon säteet
loihtivat häikäisevän ilmestyksen, sattuessaan timanttien tuhansiin
särmiin.

"Onko jalokivetkin teillä?" huudahti prinssi.

 "On, me varastimme ne neiti Rigeriltä."

Prinssi seisoi tuokion sanattomana.

"Te leikitte kuten kissa hiirellä! Selittäkää toki hiukan."

Kivinen hymyili. "Se on pian tehty. Varastin nämä jalokivet juuri

ennenkuin neiti Riger ehti ne pantata Ruotsissa, ja salakuljetin ne
itse omakätisesti tänne Norjaan. Ymmärtääkö teidän ylhäisyytenne?"

"En ymmärrä syytä. Miksi te ne varastitte antaaksenne ne sitten

takaisin minulle?"

"Huomatkaa, etten anna niitä teille koskemattomina. Miljoona

menee
Wieniin."

"Kyllä, mutta olisittehan saanut sen kiristetyksi joka tapauksessa

ilmiannonkin uhalla?"

"Niin kyllä, mutta…" Kivinen sekaantui puheessaan.

"… mutta?" tarttui prinssi ja silmäsi tutkivasti sanomalehtimiestä,

virkkaen sitten merkitsevästi: "Ou est la femme?"

Kivinen kohautti olkapäitään. "Kuinka teidän ylhäisyytenne vain

haluaa."

"Neiti Riger! Hyvä herra, teillä ei ole huono maku."

"Kiitän. Minulla olisi yksi pyyntö teidän ylhäisyydellenne."

"Niinkö! Lupaan tehdä voitavani."

 "Neiti Riger…"

"Niin, entä sitten?"

"Hän ei saa tietää mitään siitä, että te olette saanut jalokivenne."

"Todellakin! Ja mitä minä sanon, jos hän kysyy?"

"Teidän ylhäisyytenne, hän ei kysy mitään, sillä hän ei aavista

voivansa kysellä. Te kyselette ja hän vastaa."

"Anteeksi, mutta mihin te kaikella tällä pyritte?"

"Tahdon kostaa, teidän ylhäisyytenne!"

"Onko neiti Riger teitä loukannut?"

"Ei, me olemme ainoastaan lyöneet vetoa. Muuten, voitteko

selittää, miksi neiti Riger on yhtynyt tähän rumaan juttuun?"

"En voi, enkä gentlemannina tahdo. Kysykää häneltä itseltään."

"Hyvä. Odotinkin tällaista vastausta. Minä aavistan kyllä."

"Mitä te aavistatte, jos saan luvan kysyä? Minun tietääkseni ei neiti

Rigeriä voida syyttää mistään pahasta."

"Niin, häntä ainoastaan muodollisesti, mutta, teidän ylhäisyytenne,

sitä enemmän hänen veljeään! Teillä on huonoja palvelijoita!"

"Sanokaa: on ollut! Minulla ei ole enää mitään tekemistä Karl

Rigerin kanssa."
 "Hyvä. Ja nyt vielä pyyntö: älkää mainitko sanallakaan, että me
kävimme luonanne, älkää ilmaisko liikkeelläkään, että tunnette
meidät, kun tulette tänään kylpypaikkaan!"

"Te tiedätte näköjään kaikki. Olkoon menneeksi mutta teidän on

vakuutettava, ettette käytä myöntyväisyyttäni kenenkään
vahingoksi."

"Vakuutan. Näkemiin, teidän ylhäisyytenne!"

Prinssi ojensi kätensä, jota molemmat puristivat, sitte poistuen.

Noustuaan autoon he ajoivat hotelliin, selvittivät asiansa siellä ja
lähtivät takaisin kylpylään. Heidän poissaolonsa ei ollut herättänyt
huomiota. Neiti Riger oli kysellyt pari kertaa, mutta Kivisen
valmistamana oli käytäväpalvelija vastannut sanomalehtimiesten
lähteneen ajelulle sisämaahan päin.

Iltapäivällä saapui prinssi, mutta päättäen siitä, ettei hänen

tulonsa herättänyt mitään huomiota, otaksui Kivinen, että prinssi
esiintyi täällä täydellisesti incognito. Käytäväpalvelijan välityksellä
saivat sanomalehtimiehet tietää, että neiti Rigerin "serkku" oli käynyt
hänen luonaan, viipyen huoneessa yli tunnin.

Olle sähkötti Tukholmasta salakuljettajien jutusta. Se oli herättänyt

suunnatonta huomiota. Popovia ei oltu vieläkään saatu kiinni, ja Olle
tiedusti suomalaiselta jutun loppuvaiheita, ilmoittaen itse palaavansa
Kuststadiin jatkamaan keskeytynyttä kesälomaansa. Kuststadin
toinen lentovierailu oli edelleenkin täydellisen salaperäisyyden
verhoama. Poliisiviranomaiset eivät edes tienneet, oliko sen
yhteydessä tapahtunut salakuljetusta vai eikö.
 Illalla Kivinen kirjoitti pienen lapun ja lähetti sen käytäväpalvelijan
välityksellä neiti Rigerille. Hän otti hattunsa ja ilmoitti Jorrelle
palaavansa myöhempään. Nuori sanomalehtimies jäi jatkamaan
selostussarjaansa salakuljetusjutuista.

Kivinen käveli niemiravintolaan päin. Ehdittyään jonkun matkan

päähän siitä hän kääntyi takaisin.

Puolimatkassa tuli neiti Riger vastaan.

"Hyvää iltaa! Mitä prinssi sanoi?" tiedusti sanomalehtimies.

Neiti Riger katsoi pitkään Kivistä.

"En ymmärrä nyt mitään. Prinssi tuntui ottavan asian sangen

tyynesti, ja hän arveli, että jos jalokivet ovat kadonneet, niin ei niistä
sen enempää. Mutta minä en voi tietenkään tyytyä siihen."

Kivinen puraisi kieltään. Prinssi oli puhunut nyt koko asian

sekavaksi, mutta ei ollut kuitenkaan rikkonut lupaustaan.

"Oletteko saanut mitään selkoa?" kysyi neiti Riger ja silmäsi

syrjittäin Kivistä.

"Kyllä", vastasi tämä välinpitämättömästi. "Prinssi on saanut

jalokivensä takaisin."

"Saanut? Keneltä?"

"Minulta", lisäsi Kivinen vaatimattomasti. "Minähän ne varastinkin

siellä rajakauppalassa."

Neiti Rigerin silmät laajenivat, ja hän koetti arvata, puhuiko

sanomalehtimies totta vai leikkiä.
 "Siinä ei ole mitään ihmeellistä. Leikistä on maksettava leikin hinta.
Te narrasitte minua ja minä teitä. Olemme kuitit."

Sanomalehtimies kertoi lyhyesti kepposensa. Neiti Riger kuunteli

ääneti, nojaten kivireunukseen ja antaen katseensa kiitää hämärälle
lahdelle.

"Minä olen siis voittanut", lopetti Kivinen ja kumartui neiti Rigeriä

kohti. "Ainoa seikka, jota en ole saanut selville on se, mistä te
aavistitte, että me silloin herra Nordgrenin kanssa epäilimme teitä."

Neiti Riger naurahti. "Sehän on selvä. Te kerroitte seisoneenne

tienhaarassa, kun Kahl ajoi ohi. Teidän täytyi nähdä, että hän heitti
paketin puutarhaan."

"Olette oikeassa. Ja sitten: mistä syystä rupesitte salakuljettajaksi?

Veljenne…"

"Älkää puhuko hänestä mitään, herra Kivinen! Hän on kuitenkin

veljeni! Hän viekoitteli ensin prinssin ja sitten pakoitti minut,
valehdellen minulle. Sain tietää totuuden liian myöhään, voidakseni
peräytyä. Huomatessani sitten, että te epäilitte minua, päätin
käyttää vaikutusvaltaani teihin nähden, jota olin huomannut hiukan
saavuttaneeni. Mutta minä erehdyin", lisäsi neitonen hiljaa.

"Niin, se mahdollisuus ei juolahtanut mieleenne. Ja sitten teidän

kepposenne! Olitte toimittaa meidät vangituksi omaan asuntoomme
Tukholmassa."

Neiti Riger huudahti. "Te tiedätte minun osuuteni siihenkin!"

"Kyllä, ja kaiken muunkin. Neiti Riger huomatkaa, että olen

voittanut!
Minulla on oikeus saada palkintoni!"

"Ei, ei oikeutta saada, mutta kyllä ottaa", ja neitonen nauroi

vallattomasti. Sanomalehtimies kietoi kätensä hänen vartalonsa
ympäri ja hitaasti taivutti sen luokseen, suudellen pitkään väriseviä
huulia. Kauempaa kuului askeleita.

"Kadutteko erehdystänne?" kysyi hän hiljaa ja laski neiti Rigerin

irti.

"Odottakaas, herra Kivinen! Te olette tehnyt minulle suuren

anteeksiantamattoman kepposen, mutta en ole teille vihoissani. Te
olette suunnitellut minun kukistamiseni, ja sitten, saatuanne minut
sen tunnustamaan, te aiotte sanoa jotakin, ylpeänä ja
voitonvarmana, nauttien voitostanne. Mutta, muistakaa, mitä
sanoitte itse kerran, että se parhaiten nauraa, joka viimeksi nauraa.
Minä sieppaan teiltä voiton viime hetkellä! Te ette voi kysyä minulta
mitään ylpeänä ja voitonvarmana, vaan minä, voittamattomana
viime hetkelläkin, sanon teille ärsyttäen: rakastan sinua! Se
parhaiten nauraa, joka viimeksi…" Loppu hukkui suudelmaan, ja
ohikulkija, kylpylän poliisikonstaapeli, käänsi päänsä hienotuntoisesti
poispäin.
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