Network Theorem

DC Network Analysis
(Cont’d)
Superposition Theorem
• Then, once voltage drops
• The method is to
and/or currents have been
eliminate all but one
determined for each power
source of power within
source working separately,
a network at a time,
the values are all
using series/parallel
“superimposed” on top of
analysis to determine
each other (added
voltage drops (and/or
algebraically) to find the
currents) within the
actual voltage
modified network for
drops/currents with all
each power source
sources act
separately.
 Example

Solution
• Since we have two sources of power in this circuit, we will
have to calculate two sets of values for voltage drops and/or
currents, one for the circuit with only the 28 volt battery in
effect. . .. . . and one for the circuit with only the 7 volt battery
in effect.
• When re-drawing the circuit for series/parallel analysis with
one source, all other voltage sources are replaced by wires
(shorts), and all current sources with open circuits (breaks).
• Analyzing the circuit with only the 28 volt battery, we obtain
the following values for voltage and current:
• Analyzing the circuit with only the 7 volt
battery, we obtain the following values for
voltage and current:
• When superimposing
these values of
voltage and current,
we have to be very
careful to consider
polarity (voltage
drop) and direction
(electron flow), as
the values have to be
added algebraically.
• Applying these
superimposed
voltage figures to
the circuit, the end
result looks
something like this:
• Once again
applying these
superimposed
figures to our
circuit:
Thevenin’s Theorem
• Thevenin’s Theorem states and other circuits where one
that it is possible to simplify particular resistor in the
any linear circuit, no matter circuit (called the “load”
how complex, to an resistor) is subject to change,
equivalent circuit with just and re-calculation of the
a single voltage source and circuit is necessary with
series resistance connected each trial value of load
to a load. resistance, to determine
• Thevenin’s Theorem is voltage across it and current
especially useful in through it.
analyzing power systems
 Example

Solution
• Thevenin’s Theorem makes this easy by temporarily removing the load resistance
from the original circuit and reducing what’s left to an equivalent circuit
composed of a single voltage source and series resistance.
• The load resistance can then be re-connected to this “Thevenin equivalent circuit”
and calculations carried out as if the whole network were nothing but a simple
series circuit:
. . . after Thevenin conversion . . .
• The advantage in performing the “Thevenin conversion” to the
simpler circuit, of course, is that it makes load voltage and load
current so much easier to solve than in the original network.
• Calculating the equivalent Thevenin source voltage and series
resistance is actually quite easy.
• First, the chosen load resistor is removed from the original
circuit, replaced with a break (open circuit):
• Next, the voltage between the two points where the load
resistor used to be attached is determined. Use whatever
analysis methods are at your disposal to do this.
• In this case, the original circuit with the load resistor
removed is nothing more than a simple series circuit with
opposing batteries, and so we can determine the voltage
across the open load terminals by applying the rules of
series circuits, Ohm’s Law, and Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:
• The voltage between the two load connection points can be
figured from the one of the battery’s voltage and one of the
resistor’s voltage drops, and comes out to 11.2 volts. This is
our “Thevenin voltage” (E-Thevenin) in the equivalent
circuit:
• To find the Thevenin series resistance for our equivalent circuit,
we need to take the original circuit (with the load resistor still
removed), remove the power sources (in the same style as we
did with the Superposition Theorem:
• voltage sources replaced with wires and current sources
replaced with breaks), and figure the resistance from one load
terminal to the other:
• With the removal of the two batteries, the total resistance
measured at this location is equal to R1 and R3 in parallel: 0.8 Ω.
• This is our “Thevenin resistance” (RThevenin) for the equivalent
circuit:
• With the load resistor (2 Ω) attached between the
connection points, we can determine voltage across it and
current through it as though the whole network were
nothing more than a simple series circuit:
Norton’s Theorem
• Norton’s Theorem states that it is possible to
simplify any linear circuit, no matter how
complex, to an equivalent circuit with just a
single current source and parallel resistance
connected to a load. Just as with Thevenin’s
Theorem, the qualification of “linear” is
identical to that found in the Superposition
Theorem: all underlying equations must be
linear (no exponents or roots).
 Example

Solution
• As with Thevenin’s Theorem, everything in the original circuit except
the load resistance has been reduced to an equivalent circuit that is
simpler to analyze. Also similar to Thevenin’s Theorem are the steps
used in Norton’s Theorem to calculate the Norton source current
(INorton) and Norton resistance (RNorton).
. . . after Norton conversion . . .

• NOTE: that a current source is

a component whose job is to
provide a constant amount of
current, outputting as much
or as little voltage necessary to
maintain that constant
current.
• Then, to find the Norton current (for the current source in the Norton
equivalent circuit), place a direct wire (short) connection between the
load points and determine the resultant current.
• Note that this step is exactly opposite the respective step in
Thevenin’s Theorem, where we replaced the load resistor with a
break (open circuit):
• With zero voltage dropped between the load resistor connection
points, the current through R1 is strictly a function of B1‘s voltage
and R1‘s resistance: 7 amps (I=E/R). Likewise, the current through R3
is now strictly a function of B2‘s voltage and R3‘s resistance: 7 amps
(I=E/R).
• The total current through the short between the load connection
points is the sum of these two currents: 7 amps + 7 amps = 14 amps.
This figure of 14 amps becomes the Norton source current (INorton) in
our equivalent circuit:
• To calculate the Norton resistance (RNorton), we do the exact same
thing as we did for calculating Thevenin resistance (RThevenin)
• If we re-connect our original load resistance of 2 Ω, we
can analyze the Norton circuit as a simple parallel
arrangement:

• As with the Thevenin equivalent circuit, the only useful

information from this analysis is the voltage and current values
for R2; the rest of the information is irrelevant to the original
circuit.
Thevenin-Norton Equivalencies
Star-Delta (Δ-Y and Y-Δ) Conversions
• In many circuit
applications, we
encounter components
connected together in
one of two ways to
form a three-terminal
network: the “Delta,”
or Δ (also known as the
“Pi,” or π)
configuration, and the
“Y” (also known as the
“T”) configuration.
• Δ and Y networks are seen frequently in 3-phase AC power systems
Example

• Find the value of the voltage source (Vs) that delivers 2 Amps
current through the circuit
Solution
• Convert the three
terminals Δ-
network (a-c-d & e-
f-g) into an
equivalent Y-
connected network.
• Consider the Δ-
connected network
‘a-c-d’ and the
corresponding
equivalent Y-
connected resistor
values are given as
Example

• Find the equivalent resistance between the terminals A and B of

network
Solution
The circuit shown can further be reduced by considering two pairs of parallel branches

and the corresponding simplified circuit

• Now one can find the equivalent

resistance between the terminals
‘A’ and ‘B’ as