TESOL TRAINING

CENTER
GRAMMAR NOTE
LEVEL TWO
COMPILED BY: MUSTAFA AMIRZAI
 WILL:

A. We use will to show future time.

I will go to Kabul next year.
She will invite all of us tomorrow.
The train will leave the station at five o’clock.
B. We don’t use will for things that we have already arranged.
We will go to the movie on Tuesday.
We will kill the prisoner tomorrow.
I will buy a couple of shoes after noon.
C. We use will when we decide to do something at the moment of speaking.
The bag is to heavy. “ I will carry it for you.”
I will pay the bill.
My car is too dirty. “We will clean it for you.”
Negative:
Subject+ will+ not…
D. We use will to show willingness and vice versa.
I will give you my phone number.
Leila will marry you.
They will hire you as an EFL instructor.
The teacher will let you go out of the class.
Your father will find you a wife.
E. We can use will for request or when we ask someone whether they do things for us
or not.
Will you help me in writing the homework?
Will you bring me a laptop from London?
Will you give me information about the new classes?
Will you send my brother the geography assignment?
WILL

F. We us will when we make decision at the moment of speaking.

I will pay the bill.
I will call him.
We will wash it.
I will teach you.
SHALL:

A. Shall is used to ask for a request. ( too formal)

Shall I call you tonight?
Shall I erase the board?
Shall we leave the class?
MIGHT:

A) It is used to talk about possibility. ( common in American English)

I might go to Pakistan next Friday.
You might pass the test.
They might celebrate the independence day.
She might not invite the class.
We might not go on vocation this semester.
MIGHT

B. We use it to make request or ask for permission.

Might I come in?
Might I ask a question?
Might you give me your phone number?
MAY:

A. May is used to show possibility. ( common in British English.)

Ali may leave the class forever.
Mahmood may forget the homework.
She may not teach us tomorrow.
We may not go to the gym.
Ashraf Ghani may not come back to Afghanistan.
B. May is used to ask for request or permission.
May I come in?
May I use your phone?
May we leave the class?
May I call you tonight?
May I switch on the fan?
May I go out?
Note: we use may and can both for asking permission.
Can I use your pen?
May I use your pen?
Can I sit here?
May I sit your?
Can I switch on the fan?
May I switch on the fan?
CAN AND COULD:

A) They are used to show ability.

Afghans can defeat any force on earth.
Americans can’t attack our country again.
The dog can bark very loudly.

Note: we use could to talk about abilities in the past.

The thief could escape from the prison.
The manager could make you absent but he didn’t.
She could play very well a time.
 CAN AND COULD

B) They are used for formal request.

Can you open the window, please?
Can you give a comment, please?
Could you erase the board, please?
Can you help me, please?
Can I ask you a question?
Could I ask you a question?
CAN AND COULD

C) They are used ask for permission.

Can I go out?
Could I go out?
Can I sit here?
Could I sit here?
Can I play football here?
Could I play football here.
 CAN AND COULD

D) We use can and could to show possibility.

They can get there on time.
Ali can get the first position.
We can receive the scholarship.
You can take the train.
 MUST

A) It is used to talk about obligation. ( sometimes used for official rules)

Leila must marry Ahmad.
Everyone must take off their shoes while interring to the office.
We must offer the prayer five times a day.
Muslims must not( mustn’t) drink wine because it’s illegal.
Children must not ( mustn’t) disrespect elders.

NB: must shows the highest degree of obligation.

MUST:

B) It is used to show strong or certain possibility.

She goes to work every day. But today she is not at work, in this case we say she must be at
home today.
They are not at school today. So they must be at home.
Ali must be sick because he is not in the class.
When you see a person who is similar to your friend, Ahmad , then you see “ you must be
Ahmad’s brother.”
WHAT IS THE PAST FORM OF MUST?

NB: The past form of must is the same as have to.

We must learn English.
We had to learn English last year.
I must talk to my father about my marriage.
I had to talk to my father about my marriage.
She must call me tomorrow.
She had to call me yesterday.
INTERROGATIVE?

If we want to make the interrogative form of must, the only thing that we have to do is
invert the subject and “must.”
Must we do our homework on time?
Must she invite her boss?
Must they collaborate with the surveyors?
HAVE TO/ HAS TO:

A) They are used to show obligation. ( regular responsibility)

We have to leave the class on time.
You have to call me after you come out of the meeting.
You don’t have to wash the car.
They don’t have to hire Ali as finance manager.
She doesn’t have to help you in writing homework.
INTERROGATIVE:

Do I have to call you tomorrow?

Does Leila have to buy a gift for Waris?
Do they have to learn English?
Does he have to teach his daughter?
Does our teacher have to explain the lesson in Dari?
SHOULD

A) It is used to talk about general advice.( rightness and wrongness) or suggestion.

You should go home if you are tired.
She should take a day off.
He should go to Pakistan once to see its beauties.
We should learn English because it’s an international language.
He should wear formal clothes in the office but he wears too casual clothes.
SHOULD:

Ahmad should not behave rude with the teacher.

Leila should not help her mother in making the meal.
Teachers should give time to the students to practice more in the class.
Students should not speak in the class.
We should not disturb our neighbors.
WOULD YOU LIKE?

A) We use it to offer things.

Would you like some coffee?
Yes, I would. Or no I would not.
would you like a car or a bicycle?
I would like a car.
Would you like to eat a banana?
Yes, I would. Or no I wouldn’t.
WOULD YOU LIKE?

B) We use would you like to invite somebody for something.

Would you like to go on a picnic?
Would you like to come to a dinner party at my house?
Would you like to play football?
Would you like to teach me some grammar?
I’D LIKE….

C) It is a polite way to say I want to…

I would like a glass of water.
I would like to use the bathroom.
We would like to stay here for the night.
We would like to take the entry test.
WOULD YOU LIKE OR DO YOU LIKE?

Note: Would you like means( do you want) and do you like means( do you like it’s
good).
Do you like ice-cream? (do you think ice-cream is good)
Would you like to eat ice-cream? (do you want to eat ice-cream)
Do like to wear suit?
Would you like to wear suit?
WOULD RATHER:

A) It is used to show preference.

Would you like to eat a banana or a pear?
I would rather(prefer) to eat a pear.
I would rather to sit on the chair.
I would rather not go out side.
I would rather not play football?
Would you rather have milk or water?
WOULD RATHER….THAN….

Would you rather stay home or go out?

I would rather stay home than go out.
Would you rather play football or cricket?
I would rather play football than cricket.
Would you rather buy a car or a motorbike?
I would rather a car than a motorbike.
CAUSATIVE VERBS:

They are used to cause something to happen. The subject does not do the action itself, but
it makes an other person do the actions.

Let: It is used to permit something to happen.

Let+subject+verb
I don’t let Ali open the door.
She lets her son lough a lot.
We let our friend complain to the office.
LET:

Ahmad lets his little sister go out during the night.

Our teacher does not let the students get out of the class.

Past:
My father let me go to the US last year.
My boss did not let me take a day of last month.
The students did not let the other student make noise.
 ALLOW OR PERMIT?

We can use (allow) and (permit) instead of let in a sentence. But we must use the infinitive TO
with these words.
I let my baby go out in cold weather.
I allow my baby to go out in cold weather.
I permit my baby to go out in cold weather.
She lets her brother wash the dishes.
She allows her brother wash the dishes.
She permits her brother wash the dishes.
MAKE:

It is used to force or require someone to do something.

Make+subject+verb
They make their neighbor give them water.

Ali makes his small brother bring him a glass of water.

The teacher made the students write the homework.

The manager does not make you leave the class.

Do we make Ahmad play in the team?
MAKE, FORCE OR REQUIRE?

When we use force or require instead of make we must use TO with the verb.
NB: require is used to show that there is a rule.
NB: force is used to show violence or extremely high pressure.
I force the students to listen to the audio.
She forces her husband to buy her a couple of clothes.
The office requires the teachers to wear formal clothes.
I require you to come on time to the class.
HAVE:

It is used when we give responsibility to others to do something.

Have+subject+verb+com+.
I have Ali clean the board.
She has her brother wash the dishes.
The manager has the assistant call the attendance.
The teacher does not have the students read the passage.
Do you have your little brother wash your car.
PAST OF HAVE:

I had my secretary invite you to the meeting.

We had the security guard keep you away from any danger.
My father didn’t have me bring the vegetable from the bazaar.
Did Ahmad have Leila cook the lunch last night.

Future:
I will have the group admin remove you from the group.
The president will have his spokesman speak to the media.
GET:

It is used when encourage or convince some one to do something.

Get+ subject+to+ verb+com
I can’t get the students to do their homework.
The manager of the office gets the students to register themselves.
Every one gets their children to go to school.
I get my friend to study English in tesol training center.
She does not get her husband to celebrate her birthday party.
HELP:

It is used to when we help someone to do something.

Help+subject+verb+com(more common)
Help+subject+to+verb+com+.
I help you learn English.
I help you to learn English.
She helps you carry the plates.
She helps you to carry the boxes.
HELP:

Listening to music helps me relax.

Listening to music helps me to relax.
My son does not help me irrigate the plants.
You don’t help me to get my passport.
Did you help Ahmad to paint the room.
Police helped the prisoner to flee the prison.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE:

It is used to talk about an action which was happened in an unspecific time in the past and
its result is on the present.
Subject+have/has+verb(third form)+object/com+.
Subject+have/has+not+verb(third form)+object/com+.
Have/has+subject+verb(third form)+object/com+?
Have/has+subject+not+verb(third form)+object/com?
Have/has+not+subject+verb(third form)+object/com?
She has done her homework.
She has not done her homework.
Has she done her homework?
Has she not done her homework?
Has nor she done her homework.
We use some adverbs like already, never, ever, so far, yet.... to show different situations.
Already:
I have already sent him an email.
She has already washed the dishes.
They haven’t already received vaccine.
Never:
The teacher has never got me out of the class.
Our father has never let us disrespect elders.
My brother has never brought me gifts from USA.
Ever:
Have you ever been to Mazar?
Has she ever met her mother?
Have you ever used iPhone?
Has Ahmad ever attended any English class?
So far:
She hasn’t eaten dinner so far.
I have taught four classes so far this day.
Have you watched Money Heist movie so far?
So far I have been to Kabul three times.
Yet:
Our neighbors have not received the electricity bills yet.
She has not prepared breakfast yet.
Have we irrigated the plants yet?
Has Ahmad invited his friends for dinner yet?
SINCE AND FOR:

Since:
it is used to show the starting date of an action.
I have taught English since 2019. ( it shows the starting time of teaching)
She has studied English since her childhood.
For: it shows the length of an action.
I have taught English for (4) years. ( it shows the length of an action)
She has studied English for two months.
Still: up to now
I still have not written my homework.
She still has not taken the test.
Just: it shows a short time.
I just have finished my report.
Ahmad has just solved the question.
He has just taken a shower.
PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE:

It is used to show the continuation of an action in the past.

Subject+was/were+verb+ing+object/com+
Subject+was/were+not+verb+ing+object/com+
Was/were+subject+verb+ing+onj/com+?
They were offering their prayers.
She was living in Kabul.
I was sleeping last morning.
PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE:

We use some conjunctions with past continuous tense such as before, when,
while … to show the continuation of an action before another action.
I was sleeping when you called me.
He was not smoking before you marry him.
They were working while you were sleeping.
Ahmad was shouting after he lost his phone.
The policeman was running when he saw the thief stealing money from the store.
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE:

It is used to talk about an action that will be in progress in the future.

Subject+will+be +verb+ing+ object/ com+.
Subject+will+not+ be +verb+ing+ object/ com+.
Will+Subject++be +verb+ing+ object/ com+?
I will be writing homework tonight when you call me.
She will not be playing football next Friday.
Will you be working at home next weekend?
PAST PERFECT TENSE:

It is used to talk about an action that was completed before another action in the past.
subject+had+verb(third form)+object/com+ simple past tense.
subject+had+not+ verb(third form)+object/com+ simple past tense.
Had + subject+verb(third form)+object/com+ simple past tense?
I had filled the blanks when the teacher came.
She had not finished housework when her mother arrived from work.
The teacher had taught a lot of grammar when we came.
 PAST PERFECT TENSE:

Ahmad had left the door open when his father returned.
Had the government freed the prisoners before the media conference?
My father had left Kabul airport when I called him.
The American troops had not left Afghanistan when Taliban entered Kabul city.
Had you already received the email before Ahmad left?
She had already cooked the dinner by the time Ali came here.
PAST PERFECT PREGRRASSIVE:

It talks about the duration of an action that was in progress before an other action in the past.
Or it talks about an action that was close in time to an other action in the past.
Subject+ had been+ verb+ ing + object/com+
They had been waiting for five hours when their father arrived.
She had been playing football for two hours after the rain fell.
She had not been drinking milk when mom walked to the kitchen.
The teacher had been teaching grammar after Ali arrived.
We had been working at home when the rain started to rain.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE:

It is used to talk about an action which will be completed before another action in the
future.
Subject+will+have+verb( third form)+ onbject/ com+.
Subject+will+not+have+verb( third form)+ onbject/ com+.
Will+ Subject++have+verb( third form)+ onbject/ com+.
I will have written my homework by the time you call me.
She will have washed her car by the time her father arrives.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE:

We will have arrived when you come to the airport.

Ahmad will have already left the class before the teacher get him out of the class.
My friend will not have invited me after I come from turkey.
FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:

It is used to talk about the duration of an action that will be in progress before another
action in the future.
Subject+will+have+been+verb+ing+object/com+simple present tense.
Our teacher will have been teaching us for fifteen minutes when the manager comes to the
class.
This government will have been working on this project for two years after Ashraf Ghani
comes to Afghanistan.
FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:

We will have been playing football when the opponent team arrives.
Ali will not have been presenting the presentation when I go there.
The Israel will have been bombarding Ghaza before the Muslim youth arrives there.