buama

Mame iu tf data unil of tR data liak aueL 9t sehexalu the data qum
dutinatien Amay be iougi of as
foutal

baming is a þureius of cualing pame maku ecL

a soweL can b made a binge tuame bud'
bud it
t
the
Corlud and
lompll Bamu xebanumuen utuch is inaunt- So runiya au
genally
divided nlo small Ruamesof managabe
Eed Siu brames dalinat.
Teed no boundaes to le dajned, it ots au a
Aine
ATM xam somutumes called A1M lu:
gamu
2 Vain, Siz bam
daynethu
ia vaxiabe, ut need toto daline dasting and endiug
fhe fuamu can aleo be dakined.
uo abþxoohu au theL:
a) Characx Ouiuntd Athuoasl
chaac bluch as ASC codes, othe
The data of such fuamas ae 8- bt
Aoue and detinaion addes and oOL detcton and couchon bats
ie
8-bu .
also sugani zed as
bit is added at thu
uame fem anothu an &-
and
endinacontainsthe a "fucial of chaacles e shos tiu slat and end ot

tapula wfen omly chaactu

chaunc wte used asta ezchaug
Thus lachrugue ioa that cnnot 6ccwr in the
dala
The chauatu
in thu dala, thu leewe
But ohen oth
Could miaintpu~ the lad and end of fuama
 ElagHuadu Data aaito Elng
Ru prollm due 1o inution, bye sltbung
Hu, a
a spucial by s added to thu dala
wsed.
achnigue 0as chauncu wrfh tha same haln as a
wtun th ç a which has a
The data deotom is stuhtd wrth an exta ESC chaadu bie
Heciu encounduthe ESC chaiocu, it temoves it
paned hallan Whenew the as data not o delimitug Bag
and tuat thu nat chaacn
the dala secton ESC chaactu,thu plag.
than
tfa dota (ontoins

chanluu which au te pat of

u thu esoapu
by anotte ercabe chaaoi
data must also de maukad
ESC

ESC ESCESC
Elng Huade
Byte Sautfng

6) Bit Guind Abbuoacl

the statand end o franea
delimtu
0 W|0 uused au thu
d7ucial bit hattun ag
olllo Headu Ata bais ollo

it au he end of Iexta b
iç used,hu w add

do maka the data diyxen om

au cncountud an exa 0 u added. This exta bt i
ls
a 00and 5 Conscutue tha data
 2(4)

O00moo |llolooo

(Flag Hundu 0001|||10llooll||lq olooo (tal Lag

uslion

ESC ESC EScESC Elag

ESCESC|ESc ESC Esc|ESC

Elag Hadu ESC ESC ESC

uaileEng
the data

louloHad 0001lolloolTTloolo0o|||||0ll|||000olll

Tuailu olil||lo
 20)
wt
uit is
Tbal of a oen data
Gügk bit bit e o - meann tant
chauged faomt'b0

konut do 0eon in ssal tbusmison

mou biy in Re data uit hae leen
a
usl eL- men that
tRe
Luto condiion aL nut,
Ete ditesluon -
in cuigiaal
codausod -
the scciex ha1 a liit of alid odutoud inyald
a)
ceiginal codusd lai ceuged 1o
do
b) he
Ro' olich t ii dauigud
daoction
dtfieult tean
Rid tee suiginal codauod Aeut
The xeceiueL hasds do
&umpt laxdy Chesk Code bt wod ote n= Rt)
chauged to
do an n- tetal
daugd
a k-bit itod is fe paxits bt iu &alecled do make
called
te
The extra bit (odeud eueu.
I6 in te kimitation - it an detbet an
odd

0001 ’000|| numlse

00 l0 ’00l01
00 ’00||
ol00oloo|
check
0s a d-D each xoo and
A batteu abpxeac a tatle fo
Data ganizad
cheok bt is
Yaloulatd :
cotumo,

4 As Cau not e detcted

o
 yte hedundaucy Chck
lUAd in LAN, and lOANA
AR- bt dtauoud i chaugad
he wod.
(n-k) Os to the xiglt hand side o E
The n-bat neLutt iu fed to te genxalo 21
(n- k+1), rada<ucd and agued nhon
d
t dietdes te auomentd datawad by dicius La quolunt
dutsiom iu dioaudid and he Hemaude iu abhuded to te dalaod

datauod (n: 4 buta )

diviss lol|
(k-l=3 bta )
augmeulad bit
buta 000
odesad loo looo lo0!.

lo lo oloo o lo

o010 Remaiudee
Codecod ’ loolllo to e Aut

lol1 |loo|||o b lolooollo I

lo l |

Remaiude =0
Remaide 0
dataucoud aceptid dotaund diucaded
Gplic odeu
yle Redundnuey Qhack
ued in LAN, and lOANA
AR- bit dalasud is hauged 'ulo nr bil codaisd by agman
(n-k) 04 to tâe kiglt hand side of te loond
to te genalo t As a divLo
(n-ka1), pudekinad añd agd nho
t dindes e augmentd datausud by diius: Te quolient
duwtaion i disonded and e Hemaiudes iu

’ dataud lool (n4 bats )

|ol| (k- 4 bata )
diviss
(k-l-3 bt: )
Qugmeatud bit 000
odesad l00 lo00 lool

lolo olo o oo| lo |)

Remauude

Codetod ’ loolllo do be Atut

olo| loll loo ollool I

lol! looIl lol|

l011

Remauudea z0 Remaudee t0
dataucoed acektid dotaucd ducade
 ()
ERROR
Mainly
Rt Exro - kead to o0ew

Adallienof Hudundaat inomaiou do dutet ovou

Exm Covvestion - How
mang
Exo Deteotion -ohathex thoe 'iu an evoL 02 not in the
Codubod =dala tood+ odundat bids
diuanee- dutance bdwen o0 Lods is the numae of dethxeness
Hommng bhaseun the coveeshondug
on tA l d aud out the
Luo
lan ensdy be XOR opaton
numle
(auyCheck Codes
n:ktl,tha exla
a R- bit dátawd is Conuted to an n-bt Coded ohee
bit callad tfu bit 's stleoted to make the otal numbo of ls n he
Codsod even
Cyelie Codes
Check
CRC
Eruo lootion code
Radundnuey
te
datawsd is aLameutd
augma by k)ot n he niglut haud side ohee kiu
nunbe bits in
Diisien sis (aorid out by tha quevale
Quotent is discaded
abheudd do dataod to cente codesod
Remauda is
PRC- betynrninl Reduudnuey

5)
Chuckuum
Es dalactirn hchnque
Muage is duided inlo m-id un

Recie aso chucks aud comþaxe chuckuum and ace7t ou ducauds accndu y
4-bit nunbau
1, I1, 12,0,6
add the numbes HW+2+0t6 = 36
bunt 7, |1, 12,0,6,36
boblom- 36 is no a 4-bit nunbe

9) numbeL has mae than m bils , the exta letnost kts need to be
added do the mkightnost b.
W (looloo), ++(ioz
|o

To make it ens send he complement e the aum

(Qlo1o)-> omlmuad (loo[,.

1+Il+12+ 0+ 6t9 =45 = (1o|lo Dn

8,3,9. 12,7 :39
8,3,9, 12, , 39 Compluneut 6000
Coved
is o teo data is
18 Cemplemeut - O|| |
32 16 8 4 2 1

ol00
8.3.9.12.7,5 A4) (lollo)