0625 IGCSE Physics Formula Sheet

Cosmo
March 28, 2025

Contents
1 General Physics 2
1.1 Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Hooke’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6 Moments Of Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.7 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.8 Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.9 Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.10 Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.11 Collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2 Thermal Physics 6
2.1 Kelvin Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Boyle’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Heat Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3 Waves 6
3.1 Wave Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2 Law of Reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 Refractive Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4 Electricity 7
4.1 Circuit Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2 Work Done . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.3 Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.4 Resistors in Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.5 Resistors in Parallel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.6 Transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1
5 Astrophysics 9
5.1 Orbital Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.2 Hubble Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.3 Age of the Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1 General Physics
1.1 Force
F = ma

W = mg

F →
− force (N )
m→
− mass (kg)
− acceleration (m/s2 )
a→
W →
− weight (N )
− acceleration due to freefall // gravitational field strength (m/s2 )
g→

1.2 Velocity
d
v=
t
∆d
v=
∆t
dtotal
vaverage =
ttotal

v→
− velocity/speed (m/s)
∆d →
− change in displacement/distance m
t→
− time taken (s)
∆t →
− change in time taken (s)

2
1.2.1 Acceleration
v
a=
t
∆v
a=
∆t

− acceleration (m/s−2 )
a→
v→
− velocity/speed (m/s)
∆v →
− change in velocity/speed m
t→
− time taken (s)
∆t →
− change in time taken (s)

1.3 Density
m
ρ=
V

− density (kg/m3 )
ρ→
− volume (m3 )
V →
m→
− mass (kg)

1.4 Momentum
p = mv
p
F =
t
I = Ft

p→
− momentum (kgm/s)
v→
− velocity/speed (m/s)
m→
− mass (kg)
F →
− force (N )
t→
− time taken (s)
I→
− impulse (N s)

3
1.5 Hooke’s Law
F = kx

F →
− force (N )
k→
− spring constant (N/m)
x→
− extension (m)

1.6 Moments Of Force

Moment = F d

F →
− force (N )
d→
− distance (m)

1.7 Energy
1
Ek = mv 2
2
EGP = mgh
W = Fd

Ek →
− kinetic energy (J)
EGP →
− gravitational potential energy (J)
W →
− work done (J)
F →
− force (N )
d→
− distance (m)
v→
− velocity/speed (m/s)
m→
− mass (kg)
− acceleration due to freefall // gravitational field strength (m/s2 )
g→
h→
− height (m)

4
1.8 Power
E
P =
t
W
P =
t

P →
− power (W )
W →
− work done (J)
E→
− energy (J)
t→
− time taken (s)

1.9 Efficiency
NOTE: The symbol for efficiency is η, however you are not required to know
this, I have used it purely for simplicity.
useful energy output
η=
useful energy input
useful power output
η=
useful power input
Remember to multiply by 100 to convert to a percentage if needed.

1.10 Pressure
F
p=
A
p = ρgh

− pressure (N/m2 )
p→
F →
− force (N )
− area (m2 )
A→
− acceleration due to freefall // gravitational field strength (m/s2 )
g→
h→
− height (m)

1.11 Collisions
m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2

v→
− velocity/speed (m/s)
m→
− mass (kg)

5
2 Thermal Physics
2.1 Kelvin Conversion
T = θ + 273

T →
− temperature in Kelvin (K)
θ→
− temperature in degrees celsius

2.2 Boyle’s Law

pV = constant
p1 V1 = p2 V2

− pressure (N/m2 )
p→
− volume (m3 )
V →

2.3 Heat Energy

Q = mc∆θ

Q→
− heat energy (J)
m→
− mass (kg)
c→
− specific heat capacity (J/kg deg C
θ→
− temperature in degrees celsius

3 Waves
3.1 Wave Formula
v = fλ

1
T =
f

v→
− velocity/speed (m/s)
f→
− frequency (Hz)
λ→
− wavelength (m)
T →
− time period (s)

6
3.2 Law of Reflection
i=r

r→
− angle of reflection
i→
− angle of incidence

3.3 Refractive Index

This formula can be used when i is the angle in a rarer medium and r is the
angle in the denser medium.
sin i
n=
sin r
This formula can be used in all cases, where θi is the angle of incidence, and
θr is the angle of refraction.
sin θi
n=
sin θr
1
n=
sin c

n→
− refractive index
θi →
− angle of incidence (deg)
θr →
− angle of refraction (deg)
c→
− critical angle (deg)

4 Electricity
4.1 Circuit Formulae
Q
I=
t
V
R=
I
V = IR

I→
− current (A)
V →
− voltage (V )
R→
− resistance (Ω)
P →
− power (W )
t→
− time taken (s)

7
4.2 Work Done
V2
W = t
R
W = I 2 Rt
W = V It
W = Pt
W =VQ

W →
− work done (J)
V →
− emf (voltage) (V )
R→
− resistance (Ω)
I→
− current (A)
Q→
− charge (C)
t→
− time (s)

4.3 Power
P =VI
V2
P =
R
P = I 2R
W
P =
t
I→
− current (A)
V →
− voltage (V )
R→
− resistance (Ω)
P →
− power (W )
W →
− work done (J)
t→
− time (s)

4.4 Resistors in Series

R = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn

R→
− resistance (Ω)

8
4.5 Resistors in Parallel
1 1 1 1
= + + ... +
R R1 R2 Rn

R→
− resistance (Ω)

4.6 Transformer
Pin = Pout
Vp Np Is
= =
Vs Ns Ip

P →
− power (W)
V →
− voltage in primary (P) or secondary (S) (V)
I→
− current in primary (P) or secondary (S) (A)
N→
− number of turns in primary (P) or secondary (S)

5 Astrophysics
5.1 Orbital Velocity
2πr
v=
T

v→
− orbital velocity/speed (m/s)
r→
− orbital radius (m)
T →
− orbital time period (s)

5.2 Hubble Constant

v = Ho d

Ho →
− hubble constant
v→
− recession speed (m/s)
d→
− distance from galaxy (m)

5.3 Age of the Universe

The approximate age of the universe (in seconds) can be calculated using:
1
Age =
Ho

Ho →
− hubble constant