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LAB MANUAL

Subject: DATA STRUCTURE AND ALGORITHIM

Course Code: CD3281

Semester: V

Regulation: 2021

Prepared By,
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Ex.No:1 IMPLEMENT SIMPLE ADTS AS PYTHON CLASSES

AIM:
To Implement simple ADTs as Python classes using Stack,Queue,List using python.

ALGORITHM:
1. Create a Stack[ ],Queue[],List[] with MAX size as your wish.
2. Write function for all the basic operations of stack,Queue,List - PUSH(), POP() and
DISPLAY(),append(),Extend().
3. Close the program

POGRAM :
Stack:
stack = []
stack.append('a')
stack.append('b')
stack.append('c')
print('Initial stack')
print(stack)
print('\nElements poped from stack:')
print(stack.pop())
print(stack.pop())
print(stack.pop())
print('\nStack after elements are poped:')
print(stack)

Queue:
queue = []
queue.append('a')
queue.append('b')
queue.append('c')
print("Initial queue")
print(queue)
print("\nElements dequeued from queue")
print(queue.pop(0))
print(queue.pop(0))
print(queue.pop(0))
print("\nQueue after removing elements")
print(queue)
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List:
List = [1,2,3,4]
print("Initial List: ")
print(List)
List.extend([8, 'Geeks', 'Always'])
print("\nList after performing Extend Operation: ")
print(List)

OUTPUT:
Stack:
Initial stack
['a', 'b', 'c']
Elements poped from stack:
c
b
a
Stack after elements are poped:
[]
Queue:
['a', 'b', 'c']
Elements dequeued from queue
a
b
c
Queue after removing elements
[]
List:
Initial List:
[1, 2, 3, 4]
List after performing Extend Operation:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 'Geeks', 'Always']

RESULT:
Thus the Implementation of simple ADTs as Python classes was executed successfully.

2
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EX.NO:2 RECURSIVE ALGORITHM

AIM:
To Implement a recursive algorithms in Python using Fibonacci Series

ALGORITHM:

Step 1:Input the 'n' value until which the Fibonacci series has to be generated.

Step 2:Initialize sum = 0, a = 0, b = 1 and count = 1

Step 3:while (count <= n)

Step 4:print sum

Step 5:Increment the count variable

Step 6:swap a and b

Step 7:sum = a + b

Step 8:while (count > n)

Step 9:End the algorithm

Step 10:Else

Step 11:Repeat from steps 4 to 7

PROGRAM:

No = 10
num1, num2 = 0, 1
count = 0
if No <= 0:
print("Invalid Number")
elif No == 1:
print("Fibonacci sequence for limit of ",No,":")
print(num1)
else:
print("Fibonacci sequence:")
while count < No:
print(num1)
3
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nth = num1 + num2

num1 = num2
num2 = nth
count += 1

OUTPUT:

Fibonacci sequence:
0
1
1
2
3
5
8
13
21
34

RESULT:
Thus the Implementation of recursive algorithms in Python using Fibonacci series was
executed successfully.

4
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EX.NO:3 LIST ADT USING PYTHON ARRAYS

AIM:

To Implement List ADT using Python arrays

ALGORITHM:

1. Using define function intialise the list

2. while loop to declare the elements until the condition is satisfied.
3.using convertarr function to convert the elemnts to an array
4.Stop the program
PROGRAM:
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index=0 cur=head
while(cur!=None): arr.append(cur.data) cur=cur.next
printarray(arr, len) head=node(0) head=add(6)
head.next = add(4) head.next.next = add(3) head.next.next.next = add(4) convertarr(head)

Output:
[6,4,3,4]
[6 4 3 4]

RESULT:
Thus the implementation of List in arrays was executed successfully.

6
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Ex.NO:4 LINKED LIST IMPLEMENTATIONS OF LIST

AIM:
To Implement the Linked list implementations of List using python.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1:Create a list[ ] with MAX size as your wish.
Step 2:Write function for all the basic operations of list - create(), insert(), deletion(),
display().
Step 3:Using append() to extend the elements, removal() to delete the elements
Step :Close the program.

PROGRAM:
List = [1,2,3,4]
print("Initial List: ")
print(List)
List.extend([8, 'Geeks', 'Always'])
print("\nList after performing Extend Operation: ")
print(List)
List = []
print("Blank List: ")
print(List)
List = [10, 20, 14]
print("\nList of numbers: ")
print(List)
List = ["Geeks", "For", "Geeks"]
print("\nList Items: ")
print(List[0])
print(List[2])
Adding the elements:
List = [1,2,3,4]
print("Initial List: ")
print(List)
List.insert(3, 12)
List.insert(0, 'Geeks')
print("\nList after performing Insert Operation: ")
print(List)
List = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]

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print("Intial List: ")

print(List)

List.remove(5)
List.remove(6)
print("\nList after Removal of two elements: ")
print(List)
for i in range(1, 5):
List.remove(i)
print("\nList after Removing a range of elements: ")
print(List)
List = [['Geeks', 'For'] , ['Geeks']]
print("\nMulti-Dimensional List: ")
print(List)

OUTPUT:
Initial blank List:
[]
List after Addition of Three elements:
[1, 2, 4]
List after Addition of elements from 1-3:
[1, 2, 4, 1, 2, 3]
>>>
===================== RESTART: Z:/New folder/queue 1.py
=====================
Initial List:
[1, 2, 3, 4]
List after performing Insert Operation:
['Geeks', 1, 2, 3, 12, 4]
>>>
===================== RESTART: Z:/New folder/queue 1.py
=====================
Intial List:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]
List after Removal of two elements:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]
List after Removing a range of elements:
[7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]

RESULT:
Thus the list was created, inserted, removed and extend the element was executed successfully
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EX.NO:5 IMPLEMENTATION OF STACK AND QUEUE ADTS

AIM:
To Implement of Stack and Queue ADTs in python.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Create a Stack[ ],Queue[] with MAX size as your wish.

Step 2:Write function for all the basic operations of stack - append(),
POP()
Step 3: Close the program.
PROGRAM:
stack = []
stack.append('a')
stack.append('b')
stack.append('c')
print('Initial stack')
print(stack)
print('\nElements poped from stack:')
print(stack.pop())
print(stack.pop())
print(stack.pop())
print('\nStack after elements are poped:')
print(stack)

Queue:
queue = []
queue.append('a')
queue.append('b')
queue.append('c')
print("Initial queue")
print(queue)
print("\nElements dequeued from queue")
print(queue.pop(0))
print(queue.pop(0))
print(queue.pop(0))
print("\nQueue after removing elements")
print(queue)
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Output:
Initial stack
['a', 'b', 'c']
Elements poped from stack:
c
b
a
Stack after elements are poped:
[]

Result:
Thus the program was executed successfully.
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EX.NO:6A APPLICATION OF LIST

AIM:
To implement list application using Polynomial Addition in python.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Using the define function intial elements will be
declared.
Step 2: for loop gives the output of sum of the elements
Step 3: print[poly] statement have the sum of two polynomial
elements.
Step 4: Close the program.

PROGRAM:
def add(A, B, m, n):
size = max(m, n);
sum = [0 for i in range(size)]
for i in range(0, m, 1):
sum[i] = A[i]
for i in range(n):
sum[i] += B[i]
return sum
def printPoly(poly, n):
for i in range(n):
print(poly[i], end = "")
if (i != 0):
print("x^", i, end = "")
if (i != n - 1):
print(" + ", end = "")
if name == ' main ':
A = [5, 0, 10, 6]
B = [1, 2, 4]
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m = len(A)
n = len(B)
print("First polynomial is")
printPoly(A, m)
print("\n", end = "")
print("Second polynomial is")
printPoly(B, n)
print("\n", end = "")
sum = add(A, B, m, n)
size = max(m, n)
print("sum polynomial is")
printPoly(sum, size)

OUTPUT:
First polynomial is
5 + 0x^1 + 10x^2 + 6x^3
Second polynomial is
1 + 2x^1 + 4x^2
Sum polynomial is

6 + 2x^1 + 14x^2 + 6x^3

RESULT:
Thus the program was executed successfully.

.
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EX.NO:6B APPLICATION OF STACK

AIM:
To implement the conversion of infix to postfix in stack.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Read the given expression
Step 2: check if empty or not ,the stack will insert the elements.
Step 3: Using push(),pop() to insert the element or remove the
element.
Step 4: Check the operator based on the precedence the expression will be
evaluated.
Step 5: Close the program

PROGRAM:
class Conversion:

def init (self, capacity):

self.top = -1
self.capacity = capacity

self.array = []
self.output = []
self.precedence = {'+':1, '-':1, '*':2, '/':2, '^':3}

def isEmpty(self):
return True if self.top == -1 else False

def peek(self):
return self.array[-1]

def pop(self):
if not self.isEmpty():
self.top -= 1
return self.array.pop()
else:
return "$"

def push(self, op):

self.top += 1
self.array.append(op)

def isOperand(self, ch):

return ch.isalpha()
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def notGreater(self, i):

try:
a = self.precedence[i]
b = self.precedence[self.peek()]
return True if a <= b else False
except KeyError:
return False
def infixToPostfix(self, exp):

for i in exp:
if self.isOperand(i):
self.output.append(i)

elif i == '(':
self.push(i)

elif i == ')':
while( (not self.isEmpty()) and
self.peek() != '('):
a = self.pop()
self.output.append(a)
if (not self.isEmpty() and self.peek() !=
'('): return -1
else:
self.pop()

else:
while(not self.isEmpty() and self.notGreater(i)):
self.output.append(self.pop())
self.push(i)

while not self.isEmpty():

self.output.append(self.pop())
print "".join(self.output)

exp = "a+b*(c^d-e)^(f+g*h)-i"
obj = Conversion(len(exp))
obj.infixToPostfix(exp)

OUTPUT:
abcd^e-fgh*+^*+i-

RESULT:
Thus the conversion can be successfully executed
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Ex.No:6c APPLICATION OF QUEUE

AIM:
To implement the application of queue using FCFS CPU Scheduling.
ALGORITHM:
1. Input the number of processes required to be scheduled using FCFS, burst time for
each process and its arrival time.

2. Calculate the Finish Time, Turn Around Time and Waiting Time for each process which
in turn help to calculate Average Waiting Time and Average Turn Around Time required
by CPU to schedule given set of process using FCFS.

a. for i = 0, Finish Time T 0 = Arrival Time T 0 + Burst Time T 0

b. for i >= 1, Finish Time T i = Burst Time T i + Finish Time T i - 1

c. for i = 0, Turn Around Time T 0 = Finish Time T 0 - Arrival Time T 0

d. for i >= 1, Turn Around Time T i = Finish Time T i - Arrival Time T i

e. for i = 0, Waiting Time T 0 = Turn Around Time T 0 - Burst Time T 0

f. for i >= 1, Waiting Time T i = Turn Around Time T i - Burst Time T i - 1

3. Process with less arrival time comes first and gets scheduled first by the CPU.

4. Calculate the Average Waiting Time and Average Turn Around Time.
5. Stop the program
PROGRAM:
def findWaitingTime(processes, n,bt, wt):

wt[0] = 0
for i in range(1, n ):
wt[i] = bt[i - 1] + wt[i - 1]

def findTurnAroundTime(processes, n,bt, wt, tat): # calculating

turnaround
# time by adding bt[i] + wt[i]
for i in range(n):
tat[i] = bt[i] + wt[i]

def findavgTime( processes, n, bt):

wt = [0] * n
tat = [0] * n
total_wt = 0
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total_tat = 0

findWaitingTime(processes, n, bt, wt)

findTurnAroundTime(processes, n,bt, wt, tat)

print( "Processes Burst time " +" Waiting time " +" Turn around time")

for i in range(n):
total_wt = total_wt + wt[i]
total_tat = total_tat + tat[i]
print(" " + str(i + 1) + "\t\t" +str(bt[i]) + "\t "
str(wt[i]) + "\t\t " +str(tat[i]))

print( "Average waiting time = "+

str(total_wt / n))
print("Average turn around time = "+
str(total_tat / n))

if name ==" main ":

processes = [ 1, 2, 3]
n = len(processes)
burst_time = [10, 5, 8]
findavgTime(processes, n, burst_time)
Output:
Processes Burst time Waiting time Turn around time
1 10 0 10
2 5 10 15
3 8 15 23

Average waiting time = 8.33333

Average turn around time = 16

RESULT:
Thus the FCFS CPU Scheduling was Executed Successfully.
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EX.NO:7A LINEAR SEARCH

AIM:
To implement the linear search program using python.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Call Sequential _Search() with list of arguments. Step 3:
Assign pos=0
Step 4: Assign found=False
Step 5: Repeat step 5 to 7 until pos<len (dlist) occur false
Step 6: Check if dlist[pos]==item then go to step 6 otherwise go
to step 7. Step 7: Assign found = True
Step 8: Calculate pos =pos + 1
Step 9: Return and print found ,pos to Sequential_Search. Step
10: Stop.

PROGRAM:
list_of_elements = [4, 3, 8, 9, 2, 7] x=int (input ("Enter no to
search :")) found = False
for i in range (len(list_of_elements)): if (list_of_elements[i] ==
x):
found = True
print ("%d found at %dth position"%( x,i)) break
if (found == False):
print ("%d is not in list"%x)

OUTPUT:
Enter no to search:4
4 found at 0th position

RESULT:
Thus the python program for the implementation
of linear search was executed and the output was obtained.
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Ex.No:7B BINARY SEARCH

AIM:
To implement the binary search program using
python.
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ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Call binary_search() with list of arguments. STEP 3:
Assign first=0.
STEP 4: Calculate last = len(item_list)-1 STEP 5: Assign
found =False
STEP 6: Repeat step 7 to 12 until first <=last and not to found
occur false. STEP 7: Calculate mid = (first + last)/ / 2
STEP 8: Check if item_list[mid]==item then go to step 9
otherwise go to step 10. STEP 9: Assign found=True
STEP 10: Check if then < item_list[mid]then go to step 11
otherwise go to step 12. STEP 11: Calculate last=mid – 1
STEP 12: Calculate first=mid + 1
STEP 13: Repeat found to binary_search() and print the value.
STEP 14: Repeat the step 2 to 13 for binary_search()
STEP 15: Repeat the step 2 to 13 for binary_search() STEP
16: Stop.

PROGRAM: BINARY SEARCH

def binary_search(item_list,item): first = 0

last = len(item_list)-1 found = False
while( first<=last and not found): mid = (first + last)//2
if item_list[mid] == item : found = True
else:
if item < item_list[mid]: last = mid – 1
else:
first = mid + 1
return found

print(binary_search([1,82,3,5,8], 9))
print(binary_search([1,2,3,5,8], 5))
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OUTPUT:
False
True

RESULT:

Thus the python program for the implementation of binary search was executed
and output was obtained.
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EX.NO:7C SELECTION SORT

AIM:

To sort the list of elements using selection sort.

ALGORITHM:

STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Call selection sort() with list of arguments.
STEP 3: Repeat step 4 to step 5 until range occur false.
STEP 4: Check nlist[location]>nlist[maxpos] then go to step 5 otherwise go to step 6.
STEP 5: Assign maxpos = location
STEP 6: Assign temp = nlist[fillslot]
STEP 7: Assign nlist[fillslot]=nlist[maxpos]
STEP 8: Assign nlist[maxpos]=temp
STEP 9: Return and print the sorted numbers.

PROGRAM: SELECTION SORT

def selectionSort(alist):
for fillslot in range(len(alist)-1,0,-1):
positionOfMax=0
for location in range(1,fillslot+1):
if alist[location]>alist[positionOfMax]:
positionOfMax = location
temp = alist[fillslot]
alist[fillslot] = alist[positionOfMax] alist[positionOfMax] = temp
alist = [45,62,13,71,77,31,49,53,20]
selectionSort (alist) print(alist)
OUTPUT:
13,20,31,45,49,53,62,71,77

RESULT

Thus the python program for the implementation of selection sort was executed and the output was
obtained.
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EX.NO:7D INSERTION SORT

AIM:

To sort list of elements using Insertion sort

ALGORITHM:

STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Call insertion Sort() with list of
arguments. STEP 3: Repeat the step 4 to
step 8 until range occur false STEP 4:
Assign current value = alist[index]
STEP 5:Assign position = index

STEP 6: Repeat the step 7 to step 8 until

position >0 and alist[position-
1]>current value occur false.
STEP 7: Assign
alist[position]=alist[position-1]
STEP 8: Calculate position =
position – 1.
STEP 9: Assign
alist[position]=current value STEP
10: Print the sorted values.

PROGRAM: INSERTION SORT

def insertionSort(alist):

for index in range(1,len(alist)):

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currentvalue = alist[index]
position = index
while position > 0 and alist[position - 1] > currentvalue:
alist[position] = alist[position - 1]
position = position - 1
alist[position] = currentvalue
alist = [15, 22, 39,41 , 67, 73, 85, 86, 90]
insertionSort(alist)
print(alist)
OUTPUT:

15,22,39,41,67,73,58,56,90

RESULT:
Thus the python program for the implementation of insertion sort was executed
and output was obtained.
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EX.NO:8 IMPLEMENTATION OF HASH TABLES

AIM:
To Implement the Hash tables using python
ALGORITHM:
1.Create a structure, data (hash table item) with key and value as data.
2.for loops to define the range within the set of elements.
3. hashfunction(key) for the size of capacity
4. Using insert(),removal() data to be presented or removed.
5. Stop the program
Coding:
hashTable = [[],] * 10
def checkPrime(n):
if n == 1 or n == 0:
return 0
for i in range(2, n//2):
if n % i == 0:
return 0
return 1
def getPrime(n):
if n % 2 == 0:
n=n+1
while not checkPrime(n):
n += 2
return n
def hashFunction(key):
capacity = getPrime(10)
return key % capacity
def insertData(key, data):
index = hashFunction(key)
hashTable[index] = [key, data]
def removeData(key):
index = hashFunction(key)
hashTable[index] = 0
insertData(123, "apple")
insertData(432, "mango")
insertData(213, "banana")
insertData(654, "guava")
print(hashTable)
removeData(123)
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print(hashTable)

OUTPUT:
[[], [], [123, 'apple'], [432, 'mango'], [213, 'banana'], [654, 'guava'], [], [], [], []]
[[], [], 0, [432, 'mango'], [213, 'banana'], [654, 'guava'], [], [], [], []]

RESULT:
Thus the Implementation of hashing was executed successfully
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Ex.No:9a Tree representation

Aim:
To implement tree representation in binary tree format
Algorithm:
1. Create a binary tree.
2. Intially all the left and right vertex are none , then declare the values using insert()
function. 3.If data>right element place the element in right
4.If data<left element place the element in left
5.prin the tree
6.Stop the program
Coding:
class Node:
def init (self, data):
self.left = None
self.right = None
self.data = data
def insert(self, data):
if self.data:
if data < self.data:
if self.left is None:
self.left = Node(data)
else:
self.left.insert(data)
elif data > self.data:
if self.right is None:
self.right = Node(data)
else:
self.right.insert(data)
else:
self.data = data
def PrintTree(self):
if self.left:
self.left.PrintTree()
print( self.data),
if self.right:
self.right.PrintTree()
root = Node(12)
root.insert(6)
root.insert(14)
root.insert(3)
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root.PrintTree()

Output:
3
6
12
14

Result:
Thus the binary tree was successfully created
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Ex.No:9b Tree Traversal Algorithms

Aim: To Implement traversal using Inorder,Preorder,Postorder techniques.

Algorithm:
Inorder(tree)
1. Traverse the left subtree, i.e., call Inorder(left-subtree)
2. Visit the root.
3. Traverse the right subtree, i.e., call Inorder(right-subtree)
Preorder(tree)
1. Visit the root.
2. Traverse the left subtree, i.e., call Preorder(left-subtree)
3. Traverse the right subtree, i.e., call Preorder(right-subtree)
Postorder(tree)
1. Traverse the left subtree, i.e., call Postorder(left-subtree)
2. Traverse the right subtree, i.e., call Postorder(right-subtree)
3. Visit the root
Coding:
class Node:
def init (self,key):
self.left = None
self.right = None
self.val = key
def printInorder(root):
if root:
printInorder(root.left)
print(root.val),
printInorder(root.right)
def printPostorder(root):
if root:
printPostorder(root.left)
printPostorder(root.right)
print(root.val),
def printPreorder(root):
if root:
print(root.val),
printPreorder(root.left)
printPreorder(root.right)
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root = Node(1)
root.left = Node(2)
root.right = Node(3)
root.left.left = Node(4)
root.left.right = Node(5)
print ("\nPreorder traversal of binary tree is")
printPreorder(root)
print ("\nInorder traversal of binary tree is")
printInorder(root)
print ("\nPostorder traversal of binary tree is")
printPostorder(root)

Output:
Preorder traversal of binary tree is
1
2
4
5
3
Inorder traversal of binary tree is
4
2
5
1
3
Postorder traversal of binary tree is
4
5
2
3
1

Result:
Thus the Implementation of traversal using Inorder,Preorder,Postorder techniques was executed
successfully
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Ex.No:10 Implementation of Binary Search Trees

Aim:
To Implement the Binary Search Trees using python
Algorithm:

Step 1-Read the search element from the user.

Step 2 - Compare the search element with the value of root node in the tree.

Step 3 - If both are matched, then display "Given node is found!!!" and terminate the function

Step 4 - If both are not matched, then check whether search element is smaller or larger than that
node value.

Step 5 - If search element is smaller, then continue the search process in left subtree.

Step 6- If search element is larger, then continue the search process in right subtree.

Step 7 - Repeat the same until we find the exact element or until the search element is compared
with the leaf node

Step 8 - If we reach to the node having the value equal to the search value then display "Element
is found" and terminate the function.

Coding:
class Node:
def init (self, data):
self.left = None
self.right = None
self.data = data

def insert(self, data):

if self.data:
if data < self.data:
if self.left is None:
self.left = Node(data)
else:
self.left.insert(data)
elif data > self.data:
if self.right is None:
self.right = Node(data)
else:
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self.right.insert(data)
else:
self.data = data

def findval(self, lkpval):

if lkpval < self.data:
if self.left is None:
return str(lkpval)+" Not Found"
return self.left.findval(lkpval)
elif lkpval > self.data:
if self.right is None:
return str(lkpval)+" Not Found"
return self.right.findval(lkpval)
else:
print(str(self.data) + ' is found')

def PrintTree(self):
if self.left:
self.left.PrintTree()
print( self.data),
if self.right:
self.right.PrintTree()
root = Node(12)
root.insert(6)
root.insert(14)
root.insert(3)
print(root.findval(7))

Output:
7 Not Found
14 is found

Result:
Thus the Implementation of Binary Search Trees using python was executed successfully.
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Ex.NO:11 Implementation of Heaps

Aim:
To Implement the Heap algorithm using python
Algorithm:
1. Insert the heap function in the list
2. using heappush(),heappop(),heapify() to insert ,delete,display the elements.
3.Stop the program
Coding:
import heapq
H = [21,1,45,78,3,5]
heapq.heapify(H)
print(H)
heapq.heappush(H,8)
print(H)
heapq.heappop(H)
print(H)

Output:
1, 3, 5, 78, 21, 45
[1, 3, 5, 78, 21, 45, 8]
[3, 8, 5, 78, 21, 45]

Result:
Thus the Implementation of the Heap algorithm was executed succeefully.
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Ex.No:12a Graph representation

Aim:
To implement the graph representation using python
Algorithm:

Graph Representation Coding:

class graph:
def init (self,gdict=None):
if gdict is None:
gdict = []
self.gdict = gdict
def getVertices(self):
return list(self.gdict.keys())
graph_elements = { "a" : ["b","c"],
"b" : ["a", "d"],
"c" : ["a", "d"],
"d" : ["e"],
"e" : ["d"]
}
g = graph(graph_elements)
print(g.getVertices())
class graph:
def init (self,gdict=None):
if gdict is None:
gdict = {}
self.gdict = gdict
def edges(self):
return self.findedges()
def findedges(self):
edgename = []
for vrtx in self.gdict:
for nxtvrtx in self.gdict[vrtx]:
if {nxtvrtx, vrtx} not in edgename:
edgename.append({vrtx, nxtvrtx})
return edgename
graph_elements = { "a" : ["b","c"],
"b" : ["a", "d"],
"c" : ["a", "d"],
"d" : ["e"],
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"e" : ["d"]
}
g = graph(graph_elements)
print(g.edges())

Output:
DISPLAYING VERTICES
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
DISPLAYING EDGES
[{'a', 'b'}, {'a', 'c'}, {'d', 'b'}, {'c', 'd'}, {'d', 'e'}]

Result:
Thus the implementation of graphs was executed successfully.
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Ex.No:12b Graph Traversal Algorithms

Aim:
To Implement using BFS,DFS can be traversed.
Algorithm:
DFS:

Step 1 - Define a Stack of size total number of vertices in the graph.

Step 2 - Select any vertex as starting point for traversal. Visit that vertex and push it on to the
Stack.

Step 3 - Visit any one of the non-visited adjacent vertices of a vertex which is at the top of stack
and push it on to the stack.

Step 4 - Repeat step 3 until there is no new vertex to be visited from the vertex which is at the
top of the stack.

Step 5 - When there is no new vertex to visit then use back tracking and pop one vertex from the
stack.

Step 6 - Repeat steps 3, 4 and 5 until stack becomes Empty.

Step 7 - When stack becomes Empty, then produce final spanning tree by removing unused edges
from the graph

BFS:

Step 1 - Define a Queue of size total number of vertices in the graph.

Step 2 - Select any vertex as starting point for traversal. Visit that vertex and insert it into the
Queue.

Step 3 - Visit all the non-visited adjacent vertices of the vertex which is at front of the Queue and
insert them into the Queue.

Step 4 - When there is no new vertex to be visited from the vertex which is at front of the Queue
then delete that vertex.

Step 5 - Repeat steps 3 and 4 until queue becomes empty.

Step 6 - When queue becomes empty, then produce final spanning tree by removing unused edges
from the graph
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Coding:
BFS
import collections
def bfs(graph, root):
visited, queue = set(), collections.deque([root])
visited.add(root)
while queue:
vertex = queue.popleft()
print(str(vertex) + " ", end="")
for neighbour in graph[vertex]:
if neighbour not in visited:
visited.add(neighbour)
queue.append(neighbour)
if name == ' main ':
graph = {0: [1, 2], 1: [2], 2: [3], 3: [1, 2]}
print("Following is Breadth First Traversal: ")
bfs(graph, 0)

Output:
Following is Breadth First Traversal:
0123
DFS Coding:
import sys
def ret_graph():
return {
'A': {'B':5.5, 'C':2, 'D':6},
'B': {'A':5.5, 'E':3},
'C': {'A':2, 'F':2.5},
'D': {'A':6, 'F':1.5},
'E': {'B':3, 'J':7},
'F': {'C':2.5, 'D':1.5, 'K':1.5, 'G':3.5},
'G': {'F':3.5, 'I':4},
'H': {'J':2},
'I': {'G':4, 'J':4},
'J': {'H':2, 'I':4},
'K': {'F':1.5}
}
start = 'A'
dest = 'J'
visited = []
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stack = []
graph = ret_graph()
path = []
stack.append(start)
visited.append(start)
while stack:
curr = stack.pop()
path.append(curr)
for neigh in graph[curr]:
if neigh not in visited:
visited.append(neigh)
stack.append(neigh)
if neigh == dest :
print("FOUND:", neigh)
print(path)
sys.exit(0)
print("Not found")
print(path)
Output:
FOUND: J
['A', 'D', 'F', 'G', 'I']

Result:
Thus the implementation of using BFS,DFS graph can be traversed.
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Ex.No:13 Implementation of single source shortest path algorithm

Aim:
To Implement single source shortest path algorithm using Bellman Ford Algorithm
Algorithm:

1) This step initializes distances from source to all vertices as infinite and distance to source
itself as 0. Create an array dist[] of size |V| with all values as infinite except dist[src] where src
is source vertex.
2) This step calculates shortest distances. Do following |V|-1 times where |V| is the number of
vertices in given graph.
a) Do following for each edge u-v
If dist[v] > dist[u] + weight of edge uv, then update dist[v]
dist[v] = dist[u] + weight of edge uv
3) This step reports if there is a negative weight cycle in graph. Do following for each edge u-v
If dist[v] > dist[u] + weight of edge uv, then “Graph contains negative weight cycle”
The idea of step 3 is, step 2 guarantees shortest distances if graph doesn’t contain negative
weight cycle. If we iterate through all edges one more time and get a shorter path for any vertex,
then there is a negative weight cycle

Coding:
from sys import maxsize
def BellmanFord(graph, V, E, src):
dis = [maxsize] * V
dis[src] = 0
for i in range(V - 1):
for j in range(E):
if dis[graph[j][0]] + \
graph[j][2] < dis[graph[j][1]]:
dis[graph[j][1]] = dis[graph[j][0]] + \
graph[j][2]
for i in range(E):
x = graph[i][0]
y = graph[i][1]
weight = graph[i][2]
if dis[x] != maxsize and dis[x] + \
weight < dis[y]:
print("Graph contains negative weight cycle")
print("Vertex Distance from Source")
for i in range(V): print("%d\t\t
%d" % (i, dis[i]))
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if name == " main ":

V = 5 # Number of vertices in graph
E = 8 # Number of edges in graph
graph = [[0, 1, -1], [0, 2, 4], [1, 2, 3],
[1, 3, 2], [1, 4, 2], [3, 2, 5],
[3, 1, 1], [4, 3, -3]]
BellmanFord(graph, V, E, 0)

Output:
Vertex Distance from Source
0 0
1 -1
2 2
3 -2

Result:
Thus the Implementation of single source shortest path algorithm was successfully executed.
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Ex.No:14 Implementation of minimum spanning tree algorithms

Aim:
To implement the minimum spanning tree algorithms using Kruskal Algorithm
Algorithm:
1. Label each vertex
2. List the edges in non-decreasing order of weight.
3. Start with the smallest weighted and beginning growing the minimum weighted spanning
tree from this edge.
4. Add the next available edge that does not form a cycle to the construction of the minimum
weighted spanning tree. If the addition of the next least weighted edge forms a cycle, do not
use it.
5. Continue with step 4 until you have a spanning tree.
Coding:
class Graph:
def init (self, vertices):
self.V = vertices
self.graph = []
def add_edge(self, u, v, w):
self.graph.append([u, v, w])
def find(self, parent, i):
return self.find(parent, parent[i])
def apply_union(self, parent, rank, x,
y): xroot = self.find(parent, x)
yroot = self.find(parent, y)
if rank[xroot] < rank[yroot]:
parent[xroot] = yroot
elif rank[xroot] > rank[yroot]:
parent[yroot] = xroot
else:
parent[yroot] = xroot
rank[xroot] += 1
def kruskal_algo(self):
result = []
i, e = 0, 0
self.graph = sorted(self.graph, key=lambda item: item[2])
parent = []
rank = []
for node in range(self.V):
parent.append(node)
rank.append(0)
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while e < self.V - 1:

u, v, w = self.graph[i]
i=i+1
x = self.find(parent, u)
y = self.find(parent, v)
if x != y:
e = e + 1
result.append([u, v, w])
self.apply_union(parent, rank, x, y)
for u, v, weight in result:
print("%d - %d: %d" % (u, v, weight))
g = Graph(6)
g.add_edge(0, 1, 4)
g.add_edge(0, 2, 4)
g.add_edge(1, 2, 2)
g.add_edge(1, 0, 4)
g.add_edge(2, 0, 4)
g.add_edge(2, 1, 2)
g.add_edge(2, 3, 3)
g.add_edge(2, 5, 2)
g.add_edge(2, 4, 4)
g.add_edge(3, 2, 3)
g.add_edge(3, 4, 3)
g.add_edge(4, 2, 4)
g.add_edge(4, 3, 3)
g.add_edge(5, 2, 2)
g.add_edge(5, 4, 3)
g.kruskal_algo()

Output:
1 - 2: 2
2 - 5: 2
2 - 3: 3
3 - 4: 3
0 - 1: 4

Result:
Thus the program was executed successfully.
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