Syllabus for selection to the post of Assistant Engineer (Electronics)

in Public Works Department.

Cat No:071/2024
Total marks : 100

Module-1 (10 Marks)

Electronic devices: Evolution of electronics – Vacuum tubes to nano electronics.
Resistors, Capacitors and Inductors (constructional features not required): types,
specifications. Standard values, color coding. PN Junction diode: Principle of
operation, V-I characteristics, principle of avalanche breakdown, Zener diode, Photo
Diode, Light Emitting Diodes (LED), Bipolar Junction Transistors: PNP and NPN
structures, Principle of operation, relation between current gains in CE, CB and CC,
input and output characteristics of common emitter configuration. MOSFET- Structure,
Enhancement and Depletion types, principle of operation and characteristics. Power
Electronic Devices : Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR), TRIAC working,
characteristics.

Module-2 (10 Marks)

Analog circuits: RC differentiating and integrating circuits, Diode Clipping circuits,
Diode Clamping circuits, Transistor biasing: operating point, DC load line, bias
stabilization. BJT Amplifiers: RC coupled amplifier– design, AC load lines, voltage gain
and frequency response. Small signal analysis of CE configuration using small signal
hybrid-pi model for mid frequency and low frequency. High frequency equivalent circuits
of BJT, Miller effect, Analysis of high frequency response of CE amplifier. MOSFET
amplifiers: MOSFET circuits at DC, MOSFET as an amplifier, Biasing of discrete
MOSFET amplifier, small signal equivalent circuit. Multistage amplifiers - effect of
cascading on gain and bandwidth. Cascode amplifier. Feedback amplifiers: Effect of
positive and negative feedback on gain, frequency response and distortion. The four
basic feedback topologies, Analysis of discrete BJT circuits in voltage-series and
voltage-shunt feedback topologies. Oscillators: Classification, criterion for oscillation,
Wien bridge oscillator, Hartley and Crystal oscillator. Power amplifiers: Classification,
Transformer coupled class A power amplifier, push pull class B and class AB power
amplifiers, complementary-symmetry class B and Class AB power amplifiers, efficiency
and distortion. Operational amplifiers(Op Amps): The 741 Op Amp, Differential
Amplifiers using BJT, DC Analysis- transfer characteristics; AC analysis- differential and
common mode gains, CMRR, input and output resistance, Voltage gain. Op-amp with
negative feedback: Op Amp circuits with voltage series and voltage shunt feedback,
current series and current shunt negative feedback, Virtual ground Concept; Closed
loop gain, Input Resistance and Output Resistance of inverting and non-inverting
amplifiers. Op-amp applications: Summer, Voltage Follower-loading effects, Differential
and Instrumentation Amplifiers, Voltage to current and Current to voltage converters,
Integrator, Differentiator, Precision rectifiers, Comparators, Schmitt Triggers, Log and
antilog amplifiers. Op-amp Oscillators and Multivibrators: Phase Shift and Wien-
bridge Oscillators, Triangular and Sawtooth waveform generators, Astable and
monostable multivibrators. Active filters: Comparison with passive filters, First and
second order low pass, High pass, Band pass and band reject active filters, state
variable filters. Timer and VCO: Timer IC 555- Functional diagram, Astable and
monostable operations;. Basic concepts of Voltage Controlled Oscillator and application
of VCO IC LM566, Phase Locked Loop – Operation, Closed loop analysis, Lock and
capture range, Basic building blocks, PLL IC 565, Applications of PLL.

Module-3 (10 Marks)

Digital Circuits: Binary and hexadecimal number systems; Methods of base
conversions; Binary and hexadecimal arithmetic; Representation of signed numbers;
Fixed and floating point numbers; Binary coded decimal codes; Gray codes; Excess 3
code. Alphanumeric codes: ASCII. Basics of verilog -- basic language elements:
identifiers, data objects, scalar data types, operators. Boolean Postulates and
Fundamental Gates : Boolean postulates and laws – Logic Functions and Gates De-
Morgan’s Theorems, Principle of Duality, Minimization of Boolean expressions, Sum of
Products (SOP), Product of Sums (POS), Canonical forms, Karnaugh map
Minimization. Modeling in verilog, Implementation of gates with simple verilog codes.
Combinatorial and Arithmetic Circuits : Combinatorial Logic Systems - Comparators,
Multiplexers, Demultiplexers, Encoder, Decoder. Half and Full Adders, Subtractors,
Serial and Parallel Adders, BCD Adder. Modeling and simulation of combinatorial
circuits with verilog codes at the gate level. Sequential Logic Circuits: Building blocks
like S-R, JK and Master-Slave JK FF, Edge triggered FF, Conversion of Flipflops,
Excitation table and characteristic equation. Implementation with verilog codes. Ripple
and Synchronous counters and implementation in verilog, Shift registers-SIPO, SISO,
PISO, PIPO. Shift Registers with parallel Load/Shift, Ring counter and Johnsons
counter. Asynchronous and Synchronous counter design, Mod N counter. Logic
families and its characteristics: TTL, ECL, CMOS - Electrical characteristics of logic
gates – logic levels and noise margins, fan-out, propagation delay, transition time,
power consumption and power-delay product. TTL inverter - circuit description and
operation; CMOS inverter - circuit description and operation; Structure and operations of
TTL and CMOS gates; NAND in TTL and CMOS, NAND and NOR in CMOS.

Module-4 (10 Marks)

Microprocessors : Algorithms for binary multiplication and division. Fixed and
floating-point number representation. Functional units of a computer, Von Neumann and
Harvard computer architectures, CISC and RISC architectures. Processor Architecture
– General internal architecture, Address bus, Data bus, control bus. Register set –
status register, accumulator, program counter, stack pointer, general purpose registers.
Processor operation – instruction cycle, instruction fetch, instruction decode, instruction
execute, timing response, instruction sequencing and execution (basic concepts, data
path. Architecture of Microprocessors and Embedded Processors : Architecture –
Block diagram, Registers, Internal Memory, Timers, Port Structures, Interrupts.
Assembly Language Programming - Addressing Modes, Instruction set. Programming
and Interfacing: Simple programming examples in assembly language. Interfacing
using Assembly language programming: LED, Seven segment LED display.
Programming in C - Declaring variables, Simple examples – delay generation, port
programming, code conversion. Interfacing of – LCD display, Keyboard, Stepper Motor,
DAC and ADC with microprocessors and its programming. Advanced Concepts :
Timers/Counters - Modes and Applications. Serial Data Transfer – SFRs of serial port,
working, Programming to transfer data serially. Introduction to ARM The Memory
System : Types of memory - RAM, ROM. Memory Characteristics and Hierarchy.
Cache memory – The basics of Caches, Mapping techniques, Improving Cache
performance. Virtual memory – Overlay, Memory management, Address translation.
Input/Output Organization – Introduction, Synchronous vs. asynchronous I/O,
Programmed I/O, Interrupt driven I/O, Direct Memory Access.

Module-5 (10 Marks)

Introduction to Continuous Time Signals : Definition of signal. Basic
continuous-time signals. Frequency and angular frequency of continuous time signals .
Basic operation on signals. Classification of continuous-time signals: Periodic and Non
periodic signals. Even and Odd signals, Energy and power signals. Noise and Vibration
signals. Discrete Time Signals : Basic discrete-time signals. Frequency and angular
frequency of discrete-time signals. Classification of discrete-time signals: Periodic and
Non-periodic signals. Even and Odd signals, Energy and power signals. Systems :
System definition. Continuous-time and discrete-time systems. Properties – Linearity,
Time invariance, Causality, Invertibility, Stability. Representation of systems using
impulse response. Linear time invariant systems : LTI system definition. Response of
a continuous-time LTI system and the Convolutional Integral. Properties. Response of a
discrete-time LTI system and the Convolutional Sum. Properties. Correlation of
discrete-time signals Frequency analysis of signals : Concept of frequency in
continuous-time and discrete-time signals. Fourier transform of continuous time and
discrete-time signals. Parsevals theorem. Interpretation of Spectra. The sampling
theorem. Signal Processing Fundamentals : Discrete-time and digital signals. Basic
elements of digital processing system- ADC, DAC and Nyquist rate. Frequency aliasing
due to sampling. Need for anti-aliasing filters. Discrete Time Fourier Transforms –
Properties. Computation of spectrum.

Module-6 (10 Marks)

Electromagnetism - Introduction to Co-ordinate Systems – Rectangular, Cylindrical
and Spherical Co- ordinate Systems – Co-ordinate transformation; Gradient of a Scalar
field, Divergence of a Vector field and Curl of a Vector field- their physical interpretation;
Divergence Theorem, Stokes’ Theorem; Coulomb’s Law, Electric field intensity, Field
due to a line charge, surface charge distribution. Electric Flux and Flux Density; Gauss’s
law and its application to determine the field due to an infinite line charge, infinite sheet
charge; Electric Potential-Potential Gradient, conservative property of electric field,
Equipotential surfaces; Electric Dipole; Capacitance - capacitance of co-axial cable, two
wire line; Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations; Biot-Savart’s Law, Magnetic Field
intensity due to a finite and infinite wire carrying current; Magnetic field intensity on the
axis of a circular and rectangular loop carrying current; Magnetic flux Density; Magnetic
Vector Potential; Ampere’s circuital law and simple applications; Inductance and mutual
inductance. Boundary conditions for electric fields and magnetic fields; Conduction
current and displacement current densities; Continuity equation for current; Maxwell’s
Equation in Differential and Integral form from Modified form of Ampere’s circuital law,
Faraday's Law and Gauss’s Law. Wave Equations from Maxwell's Equations; Uniform
Plane Waves, Wave equations in Phasor form; Propagation of Uniform Plane waves in
free space, loss-less and lossy dielectric medium, Uniform Plane waves in good
conductor; Skin effect and skin depth, phase velocity and group velocity, Intrinsic
Impedance, Attenuation constant and Propagation Constant in all medium; Poynting
Vector and Poynting Theorem. Transmission line: Waves in transmission line,
Transmission line equation & solutions, Propagation constants, Characteristic
impedance, Wavelength, Velocity of propagation. Standing Wave Ratio(SWR),
impedance matching. Solution of problems. Electromagnetic interference.

Module-7 (10 Marks)

Basic Communication System ( Analog, Digital, TV / CCTV) : Examples
of analog communication systems, Frequency bands, Need for modulation. Noise in
communication system, Definitions of Thermal noise (white noise), Various types of
noise - Shot noise, Partition noise, Flicker noise, Burst noise, (No analysis required)
Signal to noise ratio, Noise factor, Noise temperature, Narrow band noise. Amplitude
modulation (AM), Double-side band suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) modulation Single
sideband modulation (SSB) – spectrum, power, efficiency of all the three variants.
(Study of only tone modulation in DSB-SC, AM, and SSB.) Amplitude-modulator
implementations – switching modulator, balanced modulator. AM demodulators --
Coherent demodulator. Envelope detector. Frequency modulation – modulation index,
frequency deviation, average power, spectrum of tone modulated FM. Heuristics for
bandwidth of FM. Narrow band FM and wide-band FM. FM generation: Varactor diode
modulator, Armstrongs method. FM demodulation – slope detection, PLL demodulator.
Module V Superheterodyne reciever, Principle of Carrier synchronization using PLL,
NTSC Television broadcasting, CCTV. Elements of digital communication system:
Sources, channels and receivers. Classification of communication channels. Discrete
sources. Source coding techniques. Waveform coding methods. Sampling theorem.
Sampling and reconstruction. Pulse code modulation. Sampling, quantization and
encoding. Different quantizers. A-law and mu-law quantization. Practical 15 level mu
and A law encoding. Nonlinear Source Coding: Differential PCM, adaptive PCM,
Delta modulator and adaptive delta modulator. Issues in delta modulation. Slope
overload. Signaling Codes in Telephony : Signalling codes in digital telephony. T1
signalling system. AMI and Manchester codes. Binary Nzero substitution, B3ZS code,
B6ZS code. Digital Modulation Schemes : Digital modulation schemes. Baseband
BPSK system and the signal constellation. BPSK transmitter and receiver. Base band
QPSK system and Signal constellations. Plots of BER Vs SNR (Analysis not required).
QPSK transmitter and receiver. Quadrature amplitude modulation. Channel Coding
and Receivers : Transmission through AWGN Channel. Capacity of an AWGN
channel. Receivers. Correlation and matched filter receiver. Channel coding schemes.
Repetition code. Block codes Cyclic codes

Module-8 (20 Marks)

Sensors, Transducers, Speaker, Microphone, Recording, Public
Address System : Transducers: Definition of transducers, sensors- classification
based on transduction principle, measurand, material and technology, Analog and
digital transducers, Active and passive transducers, Primary and Secondary
transducers. Static and Dynamic characteristics of sensors, Loading effects, Resolution,
Linearity, Accuracy. Resistance Transducer : Basic principle – Potentiometer –
Resistance strain gauge–Types, Thermistors, RTD. Inductance Transducer :- Basic
principle – Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) – RVDT-types. Capacitance
Transducer : Basic principle- transducers using change in area of plates – distance
between plates- variation of dielectric constants-frequency response. Position sensors-
Digital transducers encoders- linear, rotary, incremental linear encoder, absolute linear
encoder, Incremental rotary encoder, absolute rotary encoder; Types Force and Torque
Transducers: Proving ring, hydraulic and pneumatic load cell, dynamometer. Sound
Transducers: Sound level meter, sound characteristics, Microphone, condenser
microphone. Torque measurement system. Pressure Transducers: basic principle-
different types of manometers-u tube manometer-well type manometers. Level
transducer-continuous level measurement-discrete level measurement-mass –
capacitive level gauges, Dead weight calibrator. Hall effect transducers, eddy current
transducers, velocity sensors- tachogenerators and stroboscope, rotation rate
measurement system. Magnetostrictive transducers, Fibre optic sensor, Semiconductor
sensor. Basics of Seismic instrument and accelerometers, Flow Transducers:
Bernoulli’s principle and continuity, orifice plate, nozzle plate, venture tube, Rota meter,
anemometers, electromagnetic flow meter, impeller meter and turbid flow meter.
Acceleration sensors, Heading sensors- Compass, Gyroscope sensor, IMU, GPS, real
time differential GPS, active optical and RF beacons, ultrasonic beacons, reflective
beacons; Active Transducers: Thermocouple, Piezo-electric transducer. Tactile sensor,
proximity- detection of physical contact or closeness, contact switches, bumpers ,
inductive proximity, capacitive proximity; Range sensors- IR, sonar, laser range finder,
optical triangulation (1D), structured light(2D), performance comparison range sensors;
motion/ speed sensors-speed relative to fixed or moving objects, Doppler radar, Vision
based sensors - CCD and CMOS Cameras. Processing circuits for different types of
sensors, Elements of Public Address System: Loud speakers, characteristics, audio
signal recording fundamentals.
 Module-9 (10 Marks)
Power System - Load curve -Load factor, diversity factor, Load curve - Numerical
Problems. Generation-conventional-hydro, thermal, nuclear –renewable energy –solar
and wind –Design of a rooftop/ground mounted solar farm – Energy storage systems as
alternative energy sources- grid storage systems- bulk power grids –smart grids – micro
grids. Power Transmission System-Line parameters -resistance- inductance and
capacitance - Transmission line modelling- classifications -short line, medium line, long
line- transmission line as two port network parameters- derivation and calculations
Power Transmission System Calculation of Sag and tension-Insulators –string
efficiency- grading–corona-Characteristics of transmission lines-Surge Impedance
Loading- Series and shunt compensation. Underground cables-ratings- classification-
Capacitance –grading-testing EHVAC, HVDC and FACTS Switchgear: Need for
protection-circuit breakers-rating- SF6,VCB – Principle of GIS- protective relays –
Electromechanical relay - Static, Microprocessor and Numeric types –Principles of
overcurrent, directional, distance and differential- Types of protection schemes
(Numeric relays) - causes of over voltages– Insulation co-ordination. Power Distribution
Systems– Distribution systems- Aerial Bunched Cables -Insulated conductors- Network
standards-Earthing- transformer location – balancing of loads. Methods of power factor
improvement using capacitors. Per unit quantities-single phase and three phase-
Symmetrical components- sequence networks- Fault calculations-symmetrical and
unsymmetrical- Fault level of installations- Limiters - Contingency ranking. Load flow
studies –types-network model formulation and admittance matrix, Gauss-Siedel,
Newton-Raphson and Fast Decoupled method - principle of DC load flow - Introduction
to distribution flow. Power system stability - steady state, dynamic and transient
stability-power angle curve steady state stability limit -mechanics of angular motion-
swing equation - solution of swing equation - Point by Point method - RK method -
Equal area criterion application - methods of improving stability limits - Phasor
Measurement Units- Wide Area Monitoring Systems, Turbines and speed governors-
Inertia-Automatic Generation Control: Load frequency control: single area and two area
systems - Subsynchronous Resonance - Automatic voltage control -Exciter Control-
SCADA systems, Economic Operation - Distribution of load between units within a plant
- transmission loss as a function of plant generation - distribution of load between plants
Rectifiers Block diagram description of a dc power supply, Working of a full wave
bridge rectifier, capacitor filter. Regulated power supplies: Zener voltage regulator,
series voltage regulator, DC to DC conversion, Circuit/block diagram and working of
SMPS. Voltage Regulators: Fixed and Adjustable voltage regulators, IC 723 – Low
voltage and high voltage configurations, Regulated power supplies: Shunt voltage
regulator, series voltage regulator, Short circuit protection and fold back protection,
Output current boosting. Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)-Online UPS, Offline
UPS, Line Interactive UPS

NOTE: - It may be noted that apart from the topics detailed above, questions from
other topics prescribed for the educational qualification of the post may also
appear in the question paper. There is no undertaking that all the topics above
may be covered in the question paper