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Lecture04 - SHM student copy

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Lecture04 - SHM student copy

Uploaded by

sabadojaderick0
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MOTION:

- rectilinear – motion along a staight path (car, elevators, etc.)


- circular – motion along the circumference of a circle (fan blade, wheel spokes, etc.)
- rotational – motion along a fixed line (passing through the body) called the axis of rotation
(Earth on its axis, spinning top, fan, wheel, etc.)
- periodic motion *

PERIODIC MOTION - SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)


- occurs when the restoring force F perpetually draws draws a body back toward the
equilibrium position, only to have the body overshot time after time (causing the body to
oscillate).
- motion of a body in which the restoring force is always directed towards the equilibrium
position or mean position and its magnitude is directly proportional to the displacement from
the equilibrium position. All simple harmonic motions are periodic in nature, but not all periodic
motions are simple harmonic motions.
- a body that undergoes a simple harmonic motion is called a harmonic oscillator.

Consider there is a spring that is fixed at one end. When there is no force applied to it, it is at its
equilibrium position. Now, if we pull it outwards, there is a force exerted by the spring that is
directed towards the equilibrium position. And, if we push the spring inwards, there is a force
exerted by the string towards the equilibrium position.

In each case, we can see that the force exerted by the spring is towards the equilibrium
position, this force is called the restoring force. Now, let the force be F and the displacement of
the spring from the equilibrium position be x.

Therefore, the restoring force will be,

F= – kx (the negative sign indicates that the force is in the opposite direction).

Here, k is the constant called the force (spring) constant. Its unit is N/m in S.I. system and
dynes/cm in C.G.S. system.
Concepts of Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M):
amplitude (A) - the maximum displacement of a particle from its equilibrium position or
mean position is its amplitude, and its direction is always away from the mean or equilibrium
position. Its S.I. unit is the meter.

period (T) - the time taken by a particle to complete one oscillation is its period.
Therefore, the period of S.H.M. is the least time after which the motion will repeat itself. Thus,
the motion will repeat itself after nT, where, n is an integer.

frequency (f) - frequency of S.H.M. is the number of cycles/oscillations that a particle


performs per unit time. The S.I. unit of frequency is hertz or r.p.s(rotations per second). Named
in honor of the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, a pioneer in investigating electromagnetic
waves.
- low frequency – oscillatory motion
- high frequency - vibration

angular frequency (ω) – 2𝜋 times the frequency.


- tells how many radians per second the frequency corresponds to on a reference circle.

Problems:

1. An ultrasonic transducer (a kind of loudspeaker) used for medical diagnosis oscillates at a


frequency of 6.7 MHz (6.7 x 106 Hz). How much time does each oscillation take and what is the
angular frequency?

2. A spring is mounted horizontally, with its left end held stationary. By attaching a spring
balance to the free end and pulling toward the right, we determine that the stretching force is
proportional to the displacemen and that a force of 6.0 N causes a displacement of 0.030 m.
We remove the spring balance and attach a 0.50 kg body to the end, pull it a distance of 0.020
m, release it and watch it oscillate in SHM. Find the force constant of the spring, the angular
frequency, frequency and period of the oscillation.
THE SIMPLE PENDULUM

A simple pendulum is an idealized model


consisting of a point mass suspended by a massless,
unstretchable string. When the point mass is pulled to
one side of its straight down equilibrium position and
released, it oscillates about the equilibrium position.

The path of the point mass (sometimes called a


pendulum bob) is not a straight line but the arc of a circle
with radius L equal to the length of the string.
Calculations for the harmonic motion properties of
simple pendulum do not involve the particle mass
(compared to spring harmonic motion calculations) since
the restoring force is proportional to the mass and
therefore cancels out when doing a force balance.

Equations for the Simple Pendulum:


*angular frequency

*frequency, f and period, T

Problems:
1. A woman sits in a swing of length 3.0 m.What is the period of oscillation of this swing?
2. The “seconds” pendulum in a pendulum clock built for an astronomical observatory has a period of
exactly 2.0 s, so each one-way motion of the pendulum takes exactly 1.0 s. What is the length of such a
“seconds” pendulum at a place where the acceleration of gravity is g = 9.81 m/s2? At a place where the
acceleration of gravity is 9.79 m/s2?

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