MATHEMATICS

Matrices

Any rectangular arrangement of numbers (real or complex)

(or of real valued or complex valued expressions) is called a
matrix. If a matrix has m rows and n columns then the order of
matrix is said to be m by n (denoted as m × n).
The general m × n matrix is

 a11 a12 a13 ...... a1j ..... a1n 

M A T H E M A T I C S

 
 a 21 a 22 a 23 ...... a 2 j ..... a 2n 
 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 
A=  
 a i1 ai2 ai3 ...... aij ...... ain 
 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 
 
am1 am2 a m3 ..... a mj ..... a mn 

where aij denote the element of i th row & j th column. The above
matrix is usually denoted as [aij ]m × n .
Note :
(i) The elements a11, a22, a33,........ are called as diagonal
elements. Their sum is called as trace of A denoted
as T r(A)

(ii) Capital letters of English alphabets are used to denote

a matrix.

1. Basic Definitions
(i) Row matrix : A matrix having only one row is called as
row matrix (or row vector).
General form of row matrix is A = [a11, a12, a13, ...., a1n]

(ii) Column matrix : A matrix having only one column is

called as column matrix. (or column vector)

 a11 
 
 a 21 
Column matrix is in the form A = 
... 
 
am1 

(iii) Square matrix : A matrix in which number of rows &

columns are equal is called a square matrix. General
form of a square matrix is

 a11 a12 ....... a1n 

 
a 21 a 22 ........ a 2n 
A = 
....... ....... ....... .......
 
 an1 an2 ....... ann 
which we denote as A = [aij ] n.

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(iv) Zero matrix : A = [aij ] m × n is called a zero matrix, if a ij = 0  i & j.

(v) Upper triangular matrix :

A = [aij ] m × n is said to be upper triangular, if a ij = 0 for i > j (i.e., all the elements below the
diagonal elements are zero).

(vi) Lower triangular matrix : A = [aij ] m × n is said to be a lower triangular matrix, if a ij = 0 for
i < j. (i.e., all the elements above the diagonal elements are zero.)

(vii) Diagonal matrix : A square matrix [aij ] n is said to be a diagonal matrix if a ij = 0 for i  j.
(i.e., all the elements of the square matrix other than diagonal elements are zero)
Note : Diagonal matrix of order n is denoted as Diag (a11, a22, ......ann).

(viii) Scalar matrix :Scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are same
A = [aij ] n is a scalar matrix, if (i) aij = 0 for i  j and (ii) aij = k for i = j.

(ix) Unit matrix (Identity matrix) :

Unit matrix is a diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are unity. Unit matrix of
order 'n' is denoted by n (or ).
i.e. A = [aij ] n is a unit matrix when aij = 0 for i  j & aii = 1

 1 0 0
 1 0  
eg. 2 =   , 3 = 0 1 0 .
 0 1 0 0 1

(x) Comparable matrices : Two matrices A & B are said to be comparable, if they have
the same order (i.e., number of rows of A & B are same and also the number of columns).

(xi) Equality of matrices : Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if they are comparable and
all the corresponding elements are equal.
Let A = [aij ] m × n & B = [bij ] p × q
A = B iff (i) m = p, n = q
(ii) aij = bij  i & j.

(xii) Multiplication of matrix by scalar :

Let  be a scalar (real or complex number) & A = [aij ] m × n be a matrix. Thus the product A is
defined as
A = [bij ] m × n where bij = aij  i & j.
Note : If A is a scalar matrix, then A = , where  is the diagonal element.

(xiii) Addition of matrices : Let A and B be two matrices of same order (i.e. comparable matrices).
Then A + B is defined to be.
A + B = [aij ] m × n + [bij ] m × n.
= [cij ] m × n where cij = aij + bij  i & j.

(xiv) Substraction of matrices : Let A & B be two matrices of same order. Then A – B is defined as
A + – B where – B is (– 1) B.

(xv) Properties of addition & scalar multiplication :

Consider all matrices of order m × n, whose elements are from a set F
(F denote Q, R or C).
Let Mm × n (F) denote the set of all such matrices.
Then
(a) A  Mm × n (F) & B  Mm × n (F)  A + B  Mm × n(F)
(b) A+B= B+A
(c) (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)

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(d) O = [o] m × n is the additive identity.
(e) For every A  Mm × n(F), – A is the additive inverse.
(f)  (A + B) = A + B
(g) A = A
(h) (1 + 2) A = 1A + 2A

(xvi) Multiplication of matrices : Let A and B be two matrices such that the number of columns of
A is same as number of rows of B. i.e., A = [a ij ] m × p & B = [bij ] p × n.
p
Then AB = [cij ] m × n where cij = a
k 1
ik bkj , which is the dot product of i th row vector of A and j th

column vector of B.

Note - 1: The product AB is defined iff number of columns of A equals number of rows of B. A is
/ BA is defined.
called as premultiplier & B is called as post multiplier. AB is defined 
Note - 2 : In general AB  BA, even when both the products are defined.
Note - 3 : A (BC) = (AB) C, whenever it is defined.
(xvii) Properties of matrix multiplication :
Consider all square matrices of order 'n'. Let M n (F) denote the set of all square matrices of
order n. (where F is Q, R or C). Then
(a) A, B  Mn (F)  AB  Mn (F)
(b) In general AB  BA
(c) (AB) C = A(BC)
(d) n, the identity matrix of order n, is the multiplicative identity.
An = A = n A  A  Mn (F)
(e) For every non singular matrix A (i.e., |A|  0) of Mn (F) there exist a unique (particular)
matrix B  Mn (F) so that AB = n = BA. In this case we say that A & B are multiplicative
inverse of one another. In notations, we write B = A –1 or A = B–1.
(f) If  is a scalar (A) B = (AB) = A(B).
(g) A(B + C) = AB + AC  A, B, C  Mn (F)
(h) (A + B) C = AC + BC  A, B, C  Mn (F).

Note :
(i) Let A = [aij ] m × n. Then An = A & m A = A, where n & m are identity matrices of order
n & m respectively.
(ii) For a square matrix A, A 2 denotes AA, A3 denotes AAA etc.
Solved Example # 1

 sin  1/ 2  1/ 2 sin  

   
Let A =  1/ 2 cos  & B =  cos  cos  . Find  so that A = B.
 cos  tan    cos  1 
   

Solution.

By definition A & B are equal if they have the same order and all the corresponding elements are equal.
1 1
Thus we have sin  = , cos = – & tan  = – 1
2 2


  = (2n + 1) – .
4

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Solved Example # 2
f(x) is a quadratic expression such that
a 2 a 1  f (0 )  2a  1
 2     
b b 1  f (1)  = 2b  1 for three unequal numbers a, b, c. Find f(x).
c 2 c 1 f ( 1) 2c  1
 
Solution.
The given matrix equation implies

a 2 f (0)  af (1)  f ( 1) 2a  1

 2   
b f (0)  bf (1)  f ( 1) = 2b  1
c f (0)  cf (1)  f ( 1)
2
2c  1
 
 x 2 f(0) + xf(1) + f(–1) = 2x + 1 for three unequal numbers a, b, c .....(i)
 (i) is an identity
 f(0) = 0, f(1) = 2 & f(– 1) = 1
 f(x) = x (ax + b)
2 = a + b & – 1 = – a + b.
1 3 3 2 1
 b= &a=  f(x) = x + x.
2 2 2 2

Self Practice Problems :

cos   sin 
1. If A() =   , varify that A() A() = A( + ).
 sin  cos  
Hence show that in this case A(). A() = A() . A().

4 6  1  2 4
   
2. Let A = 3 0 2  , B =  0 1 and C = [3 1 2].
 1  2 5   1 2

Then which of the products ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA are defined. Calculate the product
whichever is defined.
Ans. only CAB is defined. CAB = [25 100]

2. Transpose of a Matrix
Let A =[aij ] m × n. Then the transpose of A is denoted by A( or AT ) and is defined as
A = [bij ] n × m where bij = aji  i & j.
i.e. A is obtained by rewriting all the rows of A as columns (or by rewriting all the columns of A as
rows).
(i) For any matrix A = [aij ] m × n, (A) = A

(ii) Let  be a scalar & A be a matrix. Then (A) = A

(iii) (A + B) = A + B & (A – B) = A – B for two comparable matrices A and B.

(iv) (A1 ± A2 ± ..... ± An) = A1 ± A2 ± ..... ± An, where Ai are comparable.

(v) Let A = [aij ] m × p & B = [bij ] p × n , then (AB) = BA

(vi) (A1 A2 .......An)= An. An – 1 ...........A2 . A1, provided the product is defined.

(vii) Symmetric & skew symmetric matrix : A square matrix A is said to be symmetric if A = A
i.e. Let A = [aij ] n. A is symmetric iff aij = aji  i & j.

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A square matrix A is said to be skew symmetric if A = – A
i.e. Let A = [aij ] n. A is skew symmetric iff aij = – aji  i & j.

a h g
 
e.g. A = h b f  is a symmetric matrix.
g f c 

o x y
 
B=   x o z  is a skew symmetric matrix.
 y  z 0
Note-1 In a skew symmetric matrix all the diagonal elements are zero.
( aii = – aii  aii = 0)
Note-2 For any square matrix A, A + A is symmetric & A – A is skew symmetric.
Note- 3 Every square matrix can be uniqualy expressed as sum of two square matrices of
which one is symmetric and other is skew symmetric.
1 1
A = B + C, where B = (A + A) & C = (A – A).
2 2
Solved Example # 3
Show that BAB is symmetric or skew symmetric according as A is symmetric or skew symmetric
(where B is any square matrix whose order is same as that of A).
Solution.
Case -  A is symmetric  A = A
(BAB) = (B)AB = BAB  BAB is symmetric.
Case -  A is skew symmetric  A = – A
(BAB) = (B)AB
= B ( – A) B
= – (BAB)
 BAB is skew symmetric
Self Practice Problems :
1. For any square matrix A, show that AA & AA are symmetric matrices.

2. If A & B are symmetric matrices of same order, than show that AB + BA is symmetric and AB – BA is
skew symmetric.

3. Submatrix, Minors, Cofactors & Determinant of a Matrix

(i) Submatrix : Let A be a given matrix. The matrix obtained by deleting some rows or columns of
A is called as submatrix of A.
a b c d 
 
eg. A = x y z w 
p q r s 

a c  a b c 
   a b d  
Then  x z  , p q s  ,  x y z are all submatrices of A.
p r    p q r 

(ii) Determinant of a square matrix :

Let A = [a] 1×1 be a 1×1 matrix. Determinant A is defined as |A| = a.
e.g. A = [– 3] 1×1 |A| = – 3

a b 
Let A =   , then |A| is defined as ad – bc.
 c d
 5 3
e.g. A=   , |A| = 23
 1 4

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(iii) Minors & Cofactors :
Let A = [aij ] n be a square matrix. Then minor of element a ij , denoted by M ij is defined as the
determinant of the submatrix obtained by deleting i th row & j th column of A. Cofactor of element
aij, denoted by Cij (or Aij ) is defined as Cij = (– 1)i + j Mij .

a b 
e.g. 1 A=  
c d
M11 = d = C11
M12 = c, C12 = – c
M21 = b, C21 = – b
M22 = a = C22

a b c 
 
e.g. 2 A = p q r 
 x y z

q r
M11 = = qz – yr = C111.
y z

a b
M23 = = ay – bx, C23 = – (ay – bx) = bx – ay etc.
x y

(iv) Determinant of any order :

Let A = [aij ] n be a square matrix (n > 1). Determinant of A is defined as the sum of products of
elements of any one row (or any one column) with corresponding cofactors.

a11 a12 a13 

 
e.g.1 A = a 21 a 22 a 23 
a 31 a 32 a33 

|A| = a11C11 + a12 C12 + a13C13 (using first row).

a 22 a 23 a 21 a 23 a 21 a 22
= a11 – a12 + a13
a 32 a 33 a 31 a 33 a 31 a32

|A| = a12 C12 + a22 C22 + a32C32 (using second column).

a 21 a 23 a11 a13 a11 a13

= – a12 + a22 – a32 .
a 31 a 33 a 31 a 33 a 21 a 23

(v) Some properties of determinant

(a) |A| = |A| for any square matrix A.
(b) If two rows are identical (or two columns are identical) then |A| = 0.
(c) Let  be a scalar. Than  |A| is obtained by multiplying any one row (or any one column)
of |A| by 
Note : |A| = n |A|, when A = [aij ] n.
(d) Let A = [aij ] n. The sum of the products of elements of any row with corresponding
cofactors of any other row is zero. (Similarly the sum of the products of elements of
any column with corresponding cofactors of any other column is zero).
(e) If A and B are two square matrices of same order, then |AB| = |A| |B|.
Note : As |A| = |A|, we have |A| |B| = |AB| (row - row method)
|A| |B| = |AB| (column - column method)
|A| |B| = |AB| (column - row method)

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(vi) Singular & non singular matrix : A square matrix A is said to be singular or non singular
according as |A| is zero or non zero respectively.
(vii) Cofactor matrix & adjoint matrix :Let A = [aij ] n be a square matrix. The matrix obtained by
replacing each element of A by corresponding cofactor is called as cofactor matrix of A, denoted
as cofactor A. The transpose of cofactor matrix of A is called as adjoint of A, denoted as adj A.
i.e. if A = [aij ] n
then cofactor A = [c ij ] n when cij is the cofactor of aij  i & j.
Adj A = [dij ] n where dij = cji  i & j.
(viii) Properties of cofactor A and adj A:
(a) A . adj A = |A| n = (adj A) A where A = [aij ] n.
(b) |adj A| = |A|n – 1, where n is order of A.
In particular, for 3 × 3 matrix, |adj A| = |A| 2
(c) If A is a symmetric matrix, then adj A are also symmetric matrices.
(d) If A is singular, then adj A is also singular.
(ix) Inverse of a matrix (reciprocal matrix) : Let A be a non singular matrix. Then the matrix
1
adj A is the multiplicative inverse of A (we call it inverse of A) and is denoted by A –1.
|A|
We have A (adj A) = |A| n = (adj A) A

 1   1 
 A  adj A  = n =  adj A  A, for A is non singular
 | A |   | A | 

1
 A–1 = adj A.
|A|
Remarks :

1. The necessary and sufficient condition for existence of inverse of A is that A is non singular.

2. A–1 is always non singular.

3. If A = dia (a11, a12, ....., ann) where aii  0  i, then A–1 = diag (a11– 1, a22–1, ...., ann–1).

4. (A–1) = (A)–1 for any non singular matrix A. Also adj (A ) = (adj A).

5. (A–1)–1 = A if A is non singular.

1 –1
6. Let k be a non zero scalar & A be a non singular matrix. Then (kA) –1 = A .
k
1
7. |A–1| = | A | for |A|  0.
8. Let A be a nonsingular matrix. Then AB = AC  B = C & BA = CA  B= C.

9. A is non-singular and symmetric  A–1 is symmetric.

10. In general AB = 0 does not imply A = 0 or B = 0. But if A is non singular and AB = 0, then B = 0.
Similarly B is non singular and AB = 0  A = 0. Therefore, AB = 0  either both are singular or one of
them is 0.

Solved Example # 4
For a 3×3 skew symmetric matrix A, show that adj A is a symmetric matrix.
Solution.

0 a b  c2  bc ca 
   
A=   a 0 c cof A =  bc b 2  ab
  b  c 0  ca  ab a 2 
 

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 c 2  bc ca 
 2 
adj A = (cof A) =  bc b  ab which is symmetric.
 ca  ab a 2 
 

Solved Example # 5
For two nonsingular matrices A & B, show that adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
Solution.
We have (AB) (adj (AB)) = |AB| n
= |A| |B| n
A (AB)(adj (AB)) = |A| |B| A–1
–1

1
 B adj (AB) = |B| adj A ( A–1 = | A | adj A)

 B–1 B adj (AB) = |B| B –1 adj A

 adj (AB) = (adjB) (adj A)

Self Practice Problems :

1. If A is nonsingular, show that adj (adj A) = |A| n – 2 A.

2. Prove that adj (A–1) = (adj A)–1.

2
( n 1)
3. For any square matrix A, show that |adj (adj A) | = | A | .

4. If A and B are nonsingular matrices, show that (AB) –1 = B–1 A–1.

4. System of Linear Equations & Matrices

Consider the system
a11 x 1 + a12x 2 + .......... + a1nx n = b1
a21x 1 + a22 x 2 + ..........+ a2n x n = b2
.................................................
am1x 1 + am2x 2 + ..........+ amnx n = bn.

 b1 
 a11 a12 .......... a1n   x1   

a 21 a 22 .......... a 2n 
  
x b 2 
A = 
2
Let , X =   & B =  ...  .
..... ..... .......... .....  ....  
     ... 
am1 am2 .......... amn   xn  b 
 n

Then the above system can be expressed in the matrix form as AX = B.

The system is said to be consistent if it has atleast one solution.
(i) System of linear equations and matrix inverse:
If the above system consist of n equations in n unknowns, then we have AX = B where A is a
square matrix. If A is nonsingular, solution is given by X = A –1B.
If A is singular, (adj A) B = 0 and all the columns of A are not proportional, then the system has
infinite many solution.
If A is singular and (adj A) B  0, then the system has no solution
(we say it is inconsistent).
(ii) Homogeneous system and matrix inverse:
If the above system is homogeneous, n equations in n unknowns, then in the matrix form it is

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AX = O. ( in this case b1 = b2 = ....... bn = 0), where A is a square matrix.
If A is nonsingular, the system has only the trivial solution (zero solution) X = 0
If A is singular, then the system has infinitely many solutions (including the trivial solution) and
hence it has non trivial solutions.
(iii) Rank of a matrix :
Let A = [aij ] m×n. A natural number  is said to be the rank of A if A has a nonsingular submatrix
of order  and it has no nonsingular submatrix of order more than . Rank of zero matrix is
regarded to be zero.

3  1 2 5
 
eg. A = 0 0 2 0
0 0 5 0

3 2 
we have   as a non singular submatrix.
0 2 

The square matrices of order 3 are

3  1 2 3  1 5 3 2 5  1 2 5
       
0 0 2 , 0 0 0 , 0 2 0 ,  0 2 0
0 0 5 0 0 0 0 5 0  0 5 0
   
and all these are singular. Hence rank of A is 2.
(iv) Elementary row transformation of matrix :
The following operations on a matrix are called as elementary row transformations.
(a) Interchanging two rows.
(b) Multiplications of all the elements of row by a nonzero scalar.
(c) Addition of constant multiple of a row to another row.

Note : Similar to above we have elementary column transformations also.

Remark :

1. Elementary transformation on a matrix does not affect its rank.

2. Two matrices A & B are said to be equivalent if one is obtained from other using elementary
transformations. We write A  B.
(v) Echelon form of a matrix : A matric is said to be in Echelon form if it satisfy the followings:
(a) The first non-zero element in each row is 1 & all the other elements in the corresponding
column (i.e. the column where 1 appears) are zeroes.
(b) The number of zeroes before the first non zero element in any non zero row is less
than the number of such zeroes in succeeding non zero rows.
Result : Rank of a matrix in Echelon form is the number of non zero rows (i.e. number of rows with
atleast one non zero element.)
Remark :
1. To find the rank of a given matrix we may reduce it to Echelon form using elementary row transformations
and then count the number of non zero rows.
(vi) System of linear equations & rank of matrix:
Let the system be AX = B where A is an m × n matrix, X is the n-column vector & B is the
m-column vector. Let [AB] denote the augmented matrix (i.e. matrix obtained by accepting
elements of B as n + 1th column & first n columns are that of A).
(A) denote rank of A and ([AB]) denote rank of the augmented matrix.
Clearly (A) ([AB]).
(a) If (A) < ([AB]) then the system has no solution (i.e. system is inconsistent).
(b) If (A) = ([AB]) = number of unknowns, then the system has unique solution.
(and hence is consistent)

Matrices 9
 MATHEMATICS
(c) If (A) = ([AB]) < number of unknowns, then the systems has infinitely many solutions
(and so is consistent).
(vii) Homogeneous system & rank of matrix :
Let the homogenous system be AX = 0, m equations in 'n' unknowns. In this case B = 0 and so
(A) = ([AB]).
Hence if (A) = n, then the system has only the trivial solution. If (A) < n, then the system has
infinitely many solutions.

Solved Example # 6

xyz 6
Solve the system x  y  z  2 using matrix inverse.
2x  y  z  1

Solution.

1 1 1  x 6
     
Let A =  1  1 1  , X =  y  & B = 2 .
2 1  1  z   1

Then the system is AX = B.

|A| = 6. Hence A is non singular.

0 3 3
 
Cofactor A = 2  3 1 
2 0  2

0 2 2
 
adj A = 3  3 0 
3 1  2

0 2 2  0 1/ 3 1/ 3 
1 1    
A–1 = | A | adj A =  3  3 0  = 1/ 2  1/ 2 0 
6
3 1  2 1/ 2 1/ 6  1/ 3

 0 1/ 3 1/ 3  6 x  1
       
X = A–1 B = 1/ 2  1/ 2 0 
2 i.e.  y  = 2
1/ 2 1/ 6  1/ 3  1  z  3

 x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
Solved Example # 7
x – y  2z  1
x yz3
Test the consistancy of the system . Also find the solution, if any..
x – 3y  3z  – 1
2x  4y  z  8.
Solution.

 1  1 2 1
  x  
 1 1 1   3
A=   X =  y  , B =   1
1 3 3
   z   
 2 4 1 8

Matrices 10
 MATHEMATICS

1  1 2 1
 
1 1 1 3
[AB] = 
1  3 3  1
 
2 4 1 8

1  1 2 1
  R 2  R 2  R1
0 2  1 2
   R 3  R 3  R1
0  2 1  2
  R 4  R 4  2R1
0 6  3 6 

1
1  1 2 1 R 2  R 2
  2
0 1  1/ 2 1 1
  R3   R3
0 1  1 / 2 1 2
  1
0 1  1 / 2 1 R 4  R 4
6

1 0 3 / 2 2
  R1  R 1  R 2
0 1  1/ 2 1
  R3  R3  R2
0 0 0 0
  R 4  R 4  R2
0 0 0 0

This is in Echelon form.

(AB) = 2 = (A) < number of unknowns
Hence there are infinitely many solutions n –  = 1.
Hence we can take one of the variables any value and the rest in terms of it.
Let z = r, where r is any number.
Then x – y = 1 – 2r
x+y=3–r
4  3r 2r
 x= &y=
2 2
 4  3r 2  r 
 Solutions are (x, y, z) =  , ,r  .
 2 2 
Self Practice Problems:

0 1 2
 
1. A =  1 2 3 . Find the inverse of A using |A| and adj A. Also find A–1 by solving a system of equations.
3 1 1

2. Find real values of  and µ so that the following systems has

(i) unique solution (ii) infinite solution (iii) No solution.
x+y+z=6
x + 2y + 3z = 1
x + 2y + z = µ
Ans. (i)  3, µ  R (ii)  = 3, µ = 1 (iii)  = 3, µ  1

3. Find  so that the following homogeneous system have a non zero solution
x + 2y + 3z = x
3x + y + 2z = y
2x + 3y + z = z
Ans.  = 6

Matrices 11
 MATHEMATICS
5. More on Matrices
(i) Characteristic polynomial & Characteristic equation :
Let A be a square matrix. Then the polynomial | A – x| is called as characteristic polynomial of
A & the equation | A – x| = 0 is called as characteristic equation of A.
Remark :
Every square matrix A satisfy its characteristic equation (Cayley - Hamilton Theorem).
i.e. a0 x n + a, x n – 1 + ........ + an – 1x + an = 0 is the characteristic equation of A, then
a0An + a1An – 1 + ......... + an – 1 A + an  = 0
(ii) More Definitions on Matrices :
(a) Nilpotent matrix:
A square matrix A is said to be nilpotent ( of order 2) if, A 2 = O.
A square matrix is said to be nilpotent of order p, if p is the least positive integer such
that Ap = O.
(b) Idempotent matrix:
A square matrix A is said to be idempotent if, A 2 = A.
 1 0
e.g.   is an idempotent matrix.
 0 1
(c) Involutory matrix:
A square matrix A is said to be involutory if A 2 = , being the identity matrix.
 1 0
e.g. A =   is an involutory matrix.
0 1
(d) Orthogonal matrix:
A square matrix A is said to be an orthogonal matrix if,
A A =  = A A.
(e) Unitary matrix:
A square matrix A is said to be unitary if A( A ) = , where A is the complex conjugate
of A.

Solved Example # 8
1 2 0 
 
If A = 2  1 0  , show that 5A–1 = A2 + A – 5.
0 0  1
Solution.
We have the characteristic equation of A.
| A – x| = 0
1  x 2 0 
 
i.e.  2  1 x 0  =0
 0 0  1  x
i.e. x 3 + x 2 – 5x – 5 = 0.
Using cayley - Hamilton theorem.
A3 + A2 – 5A – 5 = 0
 5 = A3 + A2 – 5A
Multiplying by A –1, we get
5A–1 = A2 + A – 5

Solved Example # 9

Show that a square matrix A is involutory, iff ( – A) ( + A) = 0

Solution.
Let A be involutory
Then A2 = 

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 MATHEMATICS
( – A) ( + A) =  + A – A – A2
=  + A – A – A2
=  – A2
=0
Conversly, let ( – A) ( + A) = 0
 + A – A – A2 = 0
  + A – A – A2 = 0
  – A2 = 0
 A is involutory

Self Practice Problems

1. If A is idempotent, show that B =  – A is idempotent and that AB = BA = 0.

2. If A is a nilpotent matrix of index 2, show that A ( + A)n = A for all n  N.

3. A is a skew symmetric matrix, such that A 2 +  = 0. Show that A is orthogonal and is of even order.

0 c  b
 
4. Let A =  c 0 a  . If A3 + A = 0, find .
 b  a 0 
Ans. a2 + b2 + c2.

****

Matrices 13
 MATHEMATICS

Part : (A) Only one correct option

1. Let a, b, c, d, u, v be integers. If the system of equations ax + by = u, cx + dy = v has a unique solution in

integers, then
(A) ad – bc = 1 (B) ad – bc = – 1
(C) ad – bc  0 (D) ad – bc need not be equal to ± 1

2. If AB = O for the matrices

 cos 2  cos  sin   cos 2  cos  sin 

A=   and B =   then  –  is
cos  sin  sin 2   cos  sin  sin2  


(A) an odd multiple of (B) an odd multiple of 
2


(C) an even multiple of (D) 0
2

3  4 
3. If X =  1  1 , then value of Xn is
 

3n  4n 2  n 5  n 3n ( 4)n 

(A)  n  n  (B)  n  (C)  n  (D) none of these
   n   1 ( 1)n 

 0 2  
 
   
4. If the matrix  is orthogonal, then
    

1 1 1
(A)  = ± (B)  = ± (C)  = ± (D) all of these
2 6 3

5. If A, B are two n × n non-singular matrices, then

(A) AB is non-singular (B) AB is singular
(C) (AB)–1 = A–1 B–1 (D) (AB)–1 does not exist

6. If B is a non-singular matrix and A is a square matrix, then det (B–1 AB) is equal to
(A) det (A–1) (B) det (B–1) (C) det (A) (D) det (B)

7. If A is a square matrix of order n × n and k is a scalar, then adj (kA) is equal to

(A) k adj A (B) kn adj A (C) kn – 1 adj A (D) kn + 1 adj A

8. Let A be a matrix of rank r. Then

(A) rank (AT) = r (B) rank (AT) < r (C) rank (AT) > r (D) none of these

9. If A = dig (2, 1, 3), B = dig (1, 3, 2), then A2B =

(A) dig (5, 4, 11) (B) dig (4, 3, 18) (C) dig (3, 1, 8) (D) B

Matrices 14
 MATHEMATICS

1 1 1
 2  , then A1 =
10. If  is a cube root of unity and A = 1 
1 2  
1  2  1 1 1 1  2  1  2 
 2  1    1  
(A)  1  (B) 1 
2
  (C) 1 
2
 (D) 1 
2

 3 2
2 1 1  2  1 1 1 1 1 1
     

11. If the system of equations ax + y + z = 0,. x + by + z = 0 and x + y + cz = 0, where

1 1 1
a, b, c  1, has a nontrivial solution, then the value of + + is:
1 a 1 b 1 c
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) None of these

12. If A is a square matrix of order 3, then the true statement is (where I is unit matrix).
(A) det ( A) =  det A (B) det A = 0
(C) det (A + I) = 1 + det A (D) det 2A = 2 det A

13. Which of the following is incorrect

(A) A2  B2 = (A + B) (A  B) (B) (AT )T = A
(C) (AB)n = AnBn, where A, B commute (D) (A  I) ( I + A) = O  A2 = I

14. The value of a for which system of equations, a 3x + (a + 1)3y + (a + 2)3z = 0,

ax + (a + 1) y + (a + 2) z = 0, x + y + z = 0, has a nonzero solution is:
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) none of these

3 0 0   a1 a 2 a3 
   
0 3 0  b1 b 2 b3 
15. If A   and B = then AB is equal to
 0 0 3   c 1 c 2 c 3 

(A) B (B) 3B (C) B3 (D) A + B

a b
16. If A =   satisfies the equation x 2 – (a + d) x + k = 0, then
 c d
(A) k = bc (B) k = ad
(C) k = a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 (D) ad – bc

 x x x 
 
x x x 
17. Let A =  , then A–1 exists if
 x x x   
(A) x  0 (B)  0 (C) 3x +   0,   0 (D) x  0,  0

18. Identity the correct statement

(A) If system of n simultaneous linear equations has a unique solution, then coefficient matrix is
singular
(B) If system of n simultaneous linear equations has a unique solution, then coefficient matrix is
non singular
(C) If A–1 exists, (adj A) –1 may or may not exist

 cos x  sin x 0 
 
sin x cos x 0 
(D) F(x) =  , then F(x) . F(y) = F(x – y)
 0 0 0 

Matrices 15
 MATHEMATICS

x 3 2
 
1 y 4
19. Matrix A =  , if x y z = 60 and 8x + 4y + 3z = 20, then A(adj A) is equal to
 2 2 z 

 64 0 0   88 0 0   68 0 0   34 0 0 
       
0 64 0  0 88 0  0 68 0  0 34 0 
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
 0 0 64   0 0 88   0 0 68   0 0 34 

 3 1 
 
 2 2   1 1
20. If P =  1 3,A=  AP1 and x = P1Q2005P, then x is equal to
 and Q = PAP [IIT JEE - 2005 ]
 2 0 1
2 

 1 2005  4  2005 3 6015 

(A)   (B)  
0 1   2005 4  2005 3 

1 2  3 1  1  2005 2  3
(C)   (D)  
4   1 2  3  4 2  3 2005 

Comprehension [IIT JEE - 2006 ]

1 0 0  1 2 
     
2 1 0  0  , AU2 =  3
A=   , if U1, U2, and U3 are columns matrices satisfying AU1 =  and
 3 2 1   0   0 

2
 
3
AU3 =   . If U is 3 × 3 matrix whose columns are U1, U2, U3 then answer the following questions
 1 

21. The value of |U| is [IIT JEE - 2006]

(A) 3 (B) –3 (C) 3/2 (D) 2

22. The sum of the elements of U–1 is [IIT JEE - 2006]

(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 3

3
 
2
23. The value of [3 2 0] U   is [IIT JEE - 2006]
 0 

(A) 5 (B) 5/2 (C) 4 (D) 3/2

Part : (B) May have more than one options correct

 1 2 5 
 
2  4 a  4
24. The rank of the matrix  is
 1  2 a  1

(A) 2 if a = 6 (B) 2 if a = 1 (C) 1 if a = 2 (D) 1 if a = – 6

Matrices 16
 MATHEMATICS
25. Which of the following statement is always true
(A) Adjoint of a symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix
(B) Adjoint of a unit matrix is unit matrix
(C) A (adj A) = (adj A) A
(D) Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is diagonal matrix

 a b (a  b) 
26. Matrix  b c ( b  c) is non invertible if
 
 2 1 0 

(A)  = 1/2 (B) a, b, c are in A.P. (C) a, b, c are in G.P. (D) a, b, c are in H.P.

 1 a a2 
27. The singularity of matrix cos (p  d) x cos px cos (p  d) x  depends upon which of the following

 
sin (p  d) x sin px sin (p  d) x 
 
parameter
(A) a (B) p (C) x (D) d

28. Which of the following statement is true

(A) Every skew symmetric matrix of odd order is non singular
(B) If determinant of a square matrix is nonzero, then it non singular
(C) Rank of a matrix is equal or higher than the order of the matrix
(D) Adjoint of a singular matrix is always singular

a b
29. If A =   (where bc  0) satisfies the equations x 2 + k = 0, then
c d
(A) a + d = 0 (B) k = – |A| (C) k = |A| (D) none of these

 1 1 0 
 
0 2 1 
30. If A–1 =  , then
 0 0  1 

(A) | A | = 2 (B) A is non-singular

 1/ 2  1/ 2 0 
 
0  1 1/2
(C) Adj. A =   (D) A is skew symmetric matrix
 0 0  1/ 2 

1 2 3  1
   
1. Find x so that  1 x 1  4 5 6  2 =0
 3 2 5   3 

2. If A and B are two square matrices such that AB = A & BA = B, prove that A & B are idempotent

 3 1
3. If f (x) = x 2  5x + 7, find f (A) where A =  .
 1 2

Matrices 17
 MATHEMATICS
4. Prove that the product of matrices

 cos 2  cos  sin   cos 2  cos  sin 

 2  and   is the null matrix, when  and  differ by an odd
cos  sin  sin   cos  sin  sin2  

multiple of /2.

cos x  sin x 0
  
5. Given F (x) =  sin x cos x 0 . If x   ,  . Then for what values of y,,
 2 2
 0 0 1

F (x + y) = F (x) F (y).
0 2y z 
 
x y  z
6. Find the values of x, y, z if the matrix A =  obeys the law At A = I.
 x  y z 

 1 2 5 
 
2  3 1
7. Compute A1 for the following matrix A =  . Hence solve the system of equations;
 1 1 1

 x + 2y + 5z = 2; 2x  3y + z = 15 &  x + y + z = 3

1
 1  tan  / 2  1 tan  / 2 cos   sin 
8. Show that    tan  / 2 =  
tan  / 2 1   1   sin  cos  

9. Gaurav purchases 3 pens, 2 bags and 1 instrument box and pays Rs. 41. From the same shop Dheeraj
purchases 2 pens, 1 bag and 2 instrument boxes and pays Rs. 29, while Ankur purchases 2 pens, 2
bags and 2 instrument boxes and pays Rs. 44. Translate the problem into a system of equations. Solve
the system of equations by matrix method and hence find the cost of 1 pen, 1 bag and 1 instrument
box.

 1 2 2
 
2 1 2
10. If A =  , then prove that A2  4A  5I = O.
2 2 1
(a) using A1 (b) without using A–1

11. Having given equations x = c y + b z, y = a z + cx, z = bx + a y where x, y, z are not all zero, prove that
a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 abc  1 = 0.

12. Consider the system of linear equations in x, y, z:

(sin 3) x  y + z = 0
(cos 2) x + 4y + 3z = 0
2x + 7y + 7z = 0
Find the values of  for which this system has non  trivial solution.

13. Solve the following systems of linear equations by using the principle of matrix.
(i) 2x  y + 3z = 8 (ii) x+y+z=9
x + 2y + z = 4 2x + 5y + 7z = 52
3x + y  4z = 0 2x + y  z = 0

3  2 3  3 0 3  x  8  2y 
 
14. Compute A1, if A = 2 1  1 Hence solve the system of equations 2 1 0  y   1   z  .
4  3 2  4 0 2  z 4 3y 

Matrices 18
 MATHEMATICS
15. Find the rank of the following matrices:

1 2  1 3 0 1  3  1
 1 2 3 2    1 3 4 3  
  4 1 2 1   1 0 1 1
(i) 2 3 5 1 (ii)  (iii) 3 9 12 3 (iv) 
3 1 1 2 3 1 0 2
 1 3 4 5     1 3 4 1  
1 2 0 1 1 1 2 0 

 4 4 4   1 1 1 
   
16. Determine the product   7 1 3   1  2  2  and use it to solve the system of equations.
 5  3 1   2 1 3 

x – y + z = 4; x – 2 y – 2 z = 9; 2 x + y + 3 z = 1.

a b c
 
17. If A =  b c a  , where a, b, c are real positive numbers, a b c = 1 and AT A = 1, then find the value of
 c a b
 
a3 + b3 + c3. [IIT JEE - 2003, 2]

18. If M is 3 × 3 matrix M has its det.(M) = 1 and MMT = I. Prove that del (M – ) = 0.
[IIT JEE - 2004, 2 ]

a 1 0 a 1 1 f  a 2  x
       
19. If A   1 b d , B  0 d c  U  g, V   0  , X = y
 
 1 b c   f g h h 0  z 
 
and AX = U has infinitely many solution. Prove that BX = V has no unique solution, also prove that if afd  0,
then BX = V has no solution. [IIT JEE - 2004, 4]

EXERCISE # 1  4 3 17 
1  
1. C 2. A 3. D 4. D 5. A 6. C 7. C 7. A1 =   3 4 11 & x = 2, y = 3, z = 2
7  1 1 1
8. A 9. B 10. B 11. C 12. A 13. A 14. A
9. Rs. 2, Rs. 15 & Rs. 5
15. B 16. D 17. C 18. B 19. C 20. A 21. A

22. B 23. A 24. ABD 25. ABCD 26. AB 

12.  = n, n +(1)n ;nI
27. CD 28. BD 29. AC 30. BC 6

EXERCISE # 2 13. (i) x = 2; y = 2; z = 2 (ii) x = 1; y = 3; z = 5

14. x = 1; y = 2; z = 3
9
1. – 3. f(A) = 0 5. y  R
8 15. (i) 2 (ii) 3 (iii) 2 (iv) 2

16. x = 3; y = – 2; z = – 1 17. 4
1 1 1
6. x = ± ,y=± ,z=±
2 6 3

Matrices 19
 MATHEMATICS

Determinant

1. Definition:
Let us consider the equations a 1x + b1y = 0, a2x + b2y = 0
a1 y a2
 – = =–
b1 x b2
a1 a2
M A T H E M A T I C S

 =
b1 b2
 a1b2 – a2b1 = 0
a1 b1
we express this eliminant as =0
a2 b2
a1 b1
The symbol is called the determinant of order two.
a2 b2
Its value is given by: D = a1 b2  a2 b1

2. Expansion of Determinant:
a1 b1 c1
The symbol a 2 b 2 c 2 is called the determinant of order
a3 b3 c3
three.
Its value can be found as:
b2 c 2 b1 c1 b1 c1
D = a1  a2 + a3 OR
b3 c 3 b3 c3 b2 c2

b2 c 2 a2 c2 a2 b2
D = a1  b1 + c1 ... & so on.
b3 c 3 a3 c3 a3 b3
In this manner we can expand a determinant in 6 ways using
elements of ; R1, R2, R3 or C1, C2, C3.

3. Mino rs:
The minor of a given element of a determinant is the
determinant of the elements which remain after deleting the
row & the column in which the given element stands. For
a1 b1 c1
b2 c2
example, the minor of a1 in a 2 b 2 c 2 is & the
b3 c3
a3 b3 c 3
a1 c 1
minor of b2 is .
a3 c 3
Hence a determinant of order two will have “4 minors” & a
determinant of order three will have “9 minors”.

Determinant 20
 MATHEMATICS
4. Cofac tor:
Cofactor of the element aij is Cij = (1)i+j. Mij ; Where i & j denotes the row & column in which the
particular element lies.
Note that the value of a determinant of order three in terms of ‘Minor’ & ‘Cofactor’ can be written as:
D = a11M11  a12M12 + a13M13
OR D = a11C11 + a12C12 + a13C13 & so on.

5. Transpose of a Determinant:
The transpose of a determinant is a determinant obtained after interchanging the rows & columns.

a1 b1 c1 a1 a 2 a3
T
D = a2 b2 c2  D  b1 b 2 b3
a3 b3 c3 c1 c 2 c3

6. Symmetric, Skew -Symmetric, Asymmetric Determinants:

(i) A determinant is symmetric if it is identical to its transpose. Its i th row is identical to its i th
column i.e. aij = aji for all values of ' i ' and ' j '
(ii) A determinant is skew-symmetric if it is identical to its transpose having sign of each element
inverted i.e. aij = – aji for all values of ' i ' and ' j '. A skew-symmetric determinant has all elements
zero in its principal diagonal.
(iii) A determinant is asymmetric if it is neither symmetric nor skew-symmetric.

7. Properties of Determinants:
(i) The value of a determinant remains unaltered, if the rows & columns are inter changed,

a1 b1 c1 a1 a 2 a3
i.e. D = a2 b2 c 2  b1 b 2 b 3 = D
a3 b3 c3 c1 c 2 c3
(ii) If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged, the value of determinant
is changed in sign only. e.g.

a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
Let D = a 2 b 2 c2 & D = a1 b1 c1 Then D =  D.
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c 3

NOTE : A skew-symmetric deteminant of odd order has value zero.

(iii) If a determinant has all the elements zero in any row or column then its value is zero,

0 0 0
i.e. D = a2 b2 c2 = 0.
a3 b3 c3
(iv) If a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical, then its value is zero,
a1 b1 c1
i.e. D = a1 b1 c1 = 0.
a3 b3 c 3

Determinant 21
 MATHEMATICS
(v) If all the elements of any row (or column) be multiplied by the same number, then the determinant
is multiplied by that number, i.e.

a1 b1 c1 Ka1 Kb1 Kc1

D = a2 b2 c2 and D = a 2 b2 c2 Then D= KD
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

(vi) If each element of any row (or column) can be expressed as a sum of two terms then the
determinant can be expressed as the sum of two determinants, i.e.

a1x b1y c1z a1 b1 c1 x y z

a2 b2 c2  a2 b 2 c 2  a2 b 2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

(vii) The value of a determinant is not altered by adding to the elements of any row (or column) a
constant multiple of the corresponding elements of any other row (or column),

a1 b1 c1 a1  ma 2 b1  mb 2 c 1  mc 2
i.e. D = a2 b2 c2 and D = a2 b2 c2 . Then D= D.
a3 b3 c3 a 3  na1 b 3  nb1 c 3  nc1

a b c
Example : Simplify b c a
c a b

Solution. Let R1  R1 + R2 + R3

abc abc abc

 b c a
c a b

1 1 1
= (a + b + c) b c a
c a b
Apply C1 C1 – C2, C2  C2 – C3

0 0 1
= (a + b + c) b  c c  a a
c a ab b

= (a + b + c) ((b – c) (a – b) – (c – a) 2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc – ca – b 2 – c2 + 2ca – a2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca – a 2 – b2 – c2)
= 3abc – a3 – b3 – c3

a b c
2 2
Example : Simplify a b c2
bc ca ab

Solution. Given detereminant is equal to

a2 b2 c2
1 3 3
= a b c3
abc
abc abc abc

Determinant 22
 MATHEMATICS

a2 b2 c2
abc
= a3 b3 c3
abc
1 1 1

Apply C1  C1 – C2, C2  C2 – C3

a2  b 2 b2  c 2 c2
= a3  b3 b3  c 3 c3
0 0 1

ab bc c2
2 2 2 2
= (a – b) (b – c) a  ab  b b  bc  c c3
0 0 1

= (a – b) (b – c) [ab2 + abc + ac2 + b3 + b2C + bc2 – a2b – a2c – ab2 – abc – b3 – b2c]
= (a – b) (b – c) [c(ab + bc + ca) – a(ab + bc + ca)]
= (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca)
Use of factor theorem.

USE OF FACTOR THEOREM TO FIND THE VALUE OF DETERMINANT

If by putting x = a the value of a determinant vanishes then (x  a) is a factor of the determinant.

a b c
2 2 2
Example : Prove that a b c = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca) by using factor theorem.
bc ca ab

Solution. Let a = b

a b c
2 2 2
 D= a b c =0
bc ac ab

Hence (a – b) is a factor of determinant

Similarly, let b = c, D = 0
c = a, D = 0
Hence, (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) is factor of determinant. But the given determinant is of fifth
order so

a b c
2 2
a b c2 = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) ( (a2 + b2 + c2) + µ (ab + bc + ca))
bc ca ab

Since this is an identity so in order to find the values of  and µ. Let

a = 0, b = 1, c = – 1
– 2 = (2) (2 – µ)
(2 – µ) = – 1. ........(i)
Let a = 1, b = 2, c = 0

1 2 0
1 4 0 = (–1) 2 (– 1) (5 + 2µ)
0 0 2

 5 + 2µ = 2 .......(ii)

Determinant 23
 MATHEMATICS
from (i) and (ii)  = 0 and µ = 1

a b c
Hence a b c 2 2 2
= (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca).
bc ca ab

Self Practice Problems

0 ba c a
1. Find the value of  = a  b 0 c b .
ac bc 0

Ans. 0

b 2  ab b  c bc  ac
2 2
2. Simplify ab  a a  b b  ab .
bc  ac c  a ab  a 2

Ans. 0

abc 2a 2a
2b bc a 2b
3. Prove that = (a + b + c)3.
2c 2c c ab

1 a bc
4. Show that 1 b ca = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) by using factor theorem .
1 c ab

8. Multiplication Of Two Determinants:

a1 b1 1 m1 a1 1b1 2 a1m1b1m2

 
a2 b 2 2 m2 a 2  1b 2  2 a 2 m1b 2 m2

a1 b1 c1  1 m1 n1 a1 1  b1 2  c1 3 a1m1  b1m 2  c 1m3 a1n1  b1n 2  c1n3

a2 b2 c 2 ×  2 m2 n 2 = a 2  1  b 2  2  c 2  3 a 2m1  b 2m 2  c 2m3 a 2n1  b 2n 2  c 2n3
a3 b3 c3  3 m3 n 3 a3 1  b3 2  c 3 3 a 3m1  b3m 2  c 3m3 a 3n1  b3n 2  c 3n3

We have multiplied here rows by rows but we can also multiply rows by columns, columns by rows and
columns by columns.
If  = |aij| is a detereminant of order n, then the value of the determinant |A ij | =  n – 1. This is also known
as power cofactor formula.
1 2 3 0 1 8
Example : Find the value of × and prove that it is equal to .
1 3 1 4  6 12

1 2 3 0
Solution. ×
1 3 1 4

1 3  2  1 1 0  2  4
=
 1 3  3  ( 1)  1 0  3  4

1 8
=
 6 12
= 60

Determinant 24
 MATHEMATICS
a1x1  b1y1 a1x 2  b1y 2 a1x 3  b1y 3
Example : Prove that a 2 x1  b 2 y1 a 2 x 2  b 2 y 2 a2 x 3  b2 y 3 = 0
a 3 x1  b 3 y1 a 3 x 2  b 3 y 2 a 3 x 3  b3 y 3

Solution. Given determinant can be splitted into product of two determinants

a1x1  b1y1 a1x 2  b1y 2 a1x 3  b1y 3 a1 b1 c1 x1 x 2 x3

i.e. a 2 x1  b 2 y1 a 2 x 2  b 2 y 2 a2 x 3  b2 y 3 = a2 b2 c 2 × y1 y 2 y3 = 0
a 3 x1  b 3 y1 a 3 x 2  b 3 y 2 a 3 x 3  b3 y 3 a3 b3 c3 0 0 0

(a1  b1 )2 (a1  b 2 )2 (a1  b 3 )2

Example : Prove that (a 2  b1 )2 (a 2  b 2 )2 (a 2  b 3 )2
(a 3  b1 )2 (a3  b 2 )2 (a 3  b 3 )2

= 2(a1 – a2) (a2 – a3) (a3 – a1) (b1 – b2) (b2 – b3) (b3 – b1).

(a1  b1 )2 (a1  b 2 )2 (a1  b 3 )2

Solution. (a 2  b1 )2 (a 2  b 2 )2 (a 2  b 3 )2
(a 3  b1 )2 (a3  b 2 )2 (a 3  b 3 )2

2 2 2 2 2 2
a1  b1  2a1b1 a1  b 2  2a1b 2 a1  b 3  2a1b 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
= a 2  b1  2a 2b1 a 2  b 2  2a 2b 2 a 2  b 3  2a 2b 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
a 3  b1  2a 3b1 a 3  b 2  2a 3b 2 a 3  b 3  2a 3b 3
2
a1 1  2a1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
= a 2 1  2a 2 × b1 b2 b3
2
a 3 1  2a 3 b1 b2 b3

2 2
1 a1 a1 1 b1 b1
2 2
= 2 1 a2 a2 × 1 b2 b2
2 2
1 a3 a3 1 b3 b 3
= 2(a1 – a2) (a2 – a3) (a3 – a1) (b1 – b2) (b2 – b3) (b3 – b1)

cos( A  P) cos( A  Q) cos( A  R)

Example : Prove that cos(B  P) cos(B  Q ) cos(B  R) =0
cos(C  P) cos(C  Q) cos(C  R)

cos( A  P) cos( A  Q) cos( A  R)

Solution. cos(B  P) cos(B  Q ) cos(B  R)
cos(C  P) cos(C  Q) cos(C  R)
cos A cos P  sin A sin P cos A cos Q  sin A sin Q cos A cos R  sin A sin R
= cos B cos P  sin B sin P cos B cos Q  sin B sin Q cos B cos R  sin B sin R
cos C cos P  sin C sin P cos C cos Q  sin C sin Q cos C cos R  sin C sin R

cos A sin A 0 cos P cos Q cos R

cos B sin B 0 sin P sin Q sin R
= ×
cos C sin C 0 0 0 0

= 0 × 0 = 0.

Determinant 25
 MATHEMATICS
Self Practice Problems

1. Find the value of 

2bc  a 2 c2 b2
c2 2ca  b 2 a2
b2 a2 2ab  c 2

Ans. (3abc – a3 – b3 – c3)2

1 cos(B  A ) cos( C  A )
2. If A, B, C are real numbers then find the value of  = cos( A  B) 1 cos(C  B) .
cos( A  C) cos(B  C) 1

Ans. 0

9. Summation of Determinants

f(r) g(r ) h(r )

Let (r) = a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3

where a1, a2, a3, b1, b2, b3 are constants indepedent of r, then

n n n

n

r 1
f (r ) 
r 1
g(r )  h(r )
r 1

 (r ) =
r 1
a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3

Here function of r can be the elements of only one row or column. None of the elements other then that
row or column should be dependent on r. If more than one column or row have elements dependent on
r then first expand the determinant and then find the summation.

n
2r  1 nCr 2r
Example : Evaluate  x cos 2  y
r 1 n2 2n  1 2n1  2

n n n
r
n  (2r  1)  nCr 2
Solution : D
r 1
r = r 1
x
r 1
cos2  y
r 1

n2 n n 1
2 1 2  2

n2 2n  1 2n 1  2
= x cos 2  y
2 n n 1
n 2 1 2 2

=0

Determinant 26
 MATHEMATICS
n 2 n2 n2
Cr 2 Cr 1 Cr
Example : Dr = 3 1 1
2 1 0

evaluate D
r 2
r

n 2 n2 n2
n n Cr 2 Cr 1 Cr
Solution : D r = 
r2
3 1 1
r 2 2 1 0

n 2
C0  n2 C1  ....  n 2Cn 2 n2
C1  n 2C 2  ....  n2Cn 2 n2
C 2  n 2C3  ....  n2Cn 2
= 3 1 1
2 1 0

2n2 2n 2  1 2n2  1  n
= 3 1 1
2 1 0

C1  C1 – 2 × C2

2n2  2n1  2 2n 2  1 2n 2  1  n

= 1 1 1
0 1 0

2n 2  2n1  2 2n 2  1  n

= (–1)
1 1

= 2n – 1 – n – 3

r 1 1 0 n
Example : If  r = 2 r 3  r , find 
r 1
r
r 1 1  2

Solution. On expansion of determinent, we get

Dr = (r –1) (3 – r) + 7 + r 2 + 4r = 8r + 4
n
 
r 1
r = 4n (n + 2)

Self Practice Problem

n r 1 x 6
1. Evaluate 
r 1
Dr (r  1) 2
y 4n  2
(r  1)3 z 3n2  3n

Ans. 0

Determinant 27
 MATHEMATICS
1 0 . Integration of a determinant

f ( x) g( x) h( x )
a1 b1 c1
Let (x) =
a2 b2 c2

where a1, b1, c1, a2, b2, c2 are constants independent of x. Hence

b b b

b

a
f ( x ) dx 
a
g( x) dx  h(x) dx
a

 (x ) dx = a1 b1 c1
a a2 b2 c2

Note : If more than one row or one column are function of x then first expand the determinant and then
integrate it.

cos x 1 0 /2

Example : If f(x) = 1 2 cos x 1 , then find  f (x ) dx

0
0 1 2 cos x

Solution. Here f(x) = cos x (4 cos2x – 1) –2 cos x

= 4 cos3x – 3 cos x = cos 3x
/2 /2
sin 3 x  1
so 
0
cos 3 x dx =
3  0
=–
3

 2  1 2  2  2  3 1
6 4 3
Example : If  =
x x2 x3
, then find  (x ) dx
0

1 2  1 2  2 2  3
6 4 3
Solution.  (x ) dx
0
=
1 1 1
2 3
 x dx  x
0 0
dx x
0
dx

 2  1 2  2  2  3  2  1 2  2  2  3
6 4 3 1 6 4 3
= 1 1 1 = =0
12 6 4 3
2 3 4

Determinant 28
 MATHEMATICS
1 1 . Differentiation of Determinant:
f1( x ) f2 ( x ) f3 ( x )
Let (x) = g1( x) g2 ( x ) g3 ( x )
h1( x ) h2 ( x) h3 ( x )

f1( x ) f1( x ) f 2 ( x ) f3 ( x )
f 2 ( x ) f3 ( x ) f1( x ) f 2 ( x ) f3 ( x )
  
then (x) = g1( x ) g2 ( x ) g3 ( x ) + g1( x ) g2 ( x ) g3 ( x ) + g1( x ) g2 ( x ) g3 ( x )
h1( x ) h 2 ( x ) h3 ( x) h1( x ) h 2 ( x ) h3 ( x) h1( x ) h2 ( x ) h3 ( x)

3 2 1
2
Example : If f(x) = 6 x 2x3 x 4 , then find the value of f(a).
1 a a2

3 2 1
2
Solution. f(x) = 12 x 6 x 4x 3
1 a a2

3 2 1
2
f(x) = 12 12 x 12x
1 a a2

3 2 1
2
 f(a) = 12 1 a a = 0.
1 a a2

Example : Let  be a repeated root of quadratic equation f(x) = 0 and A(x), B(x) and C(x) be polynomial of
degree 3, 4 and 5 respectively, then show that

A( x ) B( x ) C( x )
A( ) B( ) C( )
A( ) B( ) C( )

divisible by f(x).

A( x ) B( x ) C( x )
Solution. Let g(x) = A( ) B( ) C( )
A( ) B( ) C( )

A( x ) B( x ) C( x )

 g(x) = A( ) B( ) C( )
A( ) B( ) C( )

Since g() = g() = 0

 g(x) = (x – )2 h(x) i.e.  is the repeated root of g(x) and h(x) is any polynomial
expression of degree 3. Also f(x) = 0 have repeated root . So g(x) is divisible by f(x).

Determinant 29
 MATHEMATICS
Example : Prove that F depends only on x 1, x 2 and x 3
1 1 1
F= x1  a1 x 2  a1 x 3  a1
x12  b1x1  b 2 x 22  b1x 2  b 2 x 32  b1x 3  b 2
and simplify F.

0 0 0
dF
Solution : = x1  a1 x 2  a1 x 3  a1
da1
x12  b1x1  b 2 x 22  b1x 2  b 2 x 32  b1x 3  b 2

1 1 1 1 1 1
+ 1 1 1 + x1  a1 x 2  a1 x 3  a1 = 0
x12  b1x1  b 2 x 22  b1x 2  b 2 x 32  b1x 3  b 2 0 0 0

Hence F is independent of a1.

dF dF
Similarly = = 0.
db1 db 2
Hence F is independent of b1 and b2 also.
So F is dependent only on x 1, x 2, x 3
Put a1 = 0, b1 = 0, b2 = 0

1 1 1
 F = x1 x2 x3
x12 x 22 x 32

= (x 1 – x 2) (x 2 – x 3) (x 3 – x 1).

ex sin x
Example : If = A + Bx + Cx 2 + ....., then find the value of A and B.
cos x n(1  x )
Solution : Put x = 0 in

ex sin x
= A + Bx + Cx 2 + .......
cos x n(1  x )

1 0
 =A
1 0
A = 0.
Differentiating the given determinant w.r.t x, we get

ex cos x ex sin x
+  sin x 1 = B + 2 C x + ......
cos x n(1  x ) 1 x
Put x = 0, we get
1 1 1 0
+ =0
1 0 0 1
 B = –1 + 1 = 0
 A = 0, B = 0

Determinant 30
 MATHEMATICS
Self Practice Problem

x x 1 x
 2x x  1 1
1. If = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d. Find
x 1 1 x

(i) d Ans. [– 1]
(ii) a+b+c+d Ans. [– 5]
(iii) b Ans. [– 4]

1 2 . Cramer's Rule: System of Linear Equations

(i) Two Variables
(a) Consistent Equations: Definite & unique solution. [ intersecting lines ]
(b) Inconsistent Equation: No solution. [ Parallel line ]
(c) Dependent equation: Infinite solutions. [ Identical lines ]

Let a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 & a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 then:

a1 b c
 1  1  Given equations are inconsistent &
a2 b2 c2

a1 b c
 1  1  Given equations are dependent
a2 b2 c2
(ii) Three Variables

Let, a1x + b1y + c1z = d1............ (I)

a2x + b2y + c2z = d2............ (II)
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3............ (III)
D1 D D
Then, x= ,Y= 2 ,Z= 3 .
D D D

a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1 a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
a2 b2 c2 d2 b 2 c 2 a2 d2 c2 a2 b2 d2
Where D = ; D1 = ; D2 = & D3 =
a3 b3 c3 d3 b 3 c3 a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3

(iii) Consistency of a system of Equations

(a) If D  0 and alteast one of D1, D2, D3  0, then the given system of equations are consistent and
have unique non trivial solution.
(b) If D  0 & D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations are consistent and have trivial
solution only.
(c) If D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations have either infinite solutions or no
solution.

(Refer Example & Self Practice Problem with*)

(d) If D = 0 but atleast one of D1, D2, D3 is not zero then the equations are inconsistent and have no
solution.

Determinant 31
 MATHEMATICS
(e) If a given system of linear equations have Only Zero Solution for all its variables then the given
equations are said to have TRIVIAL SOLUTION.
(iv) Three equation in two variables :
If x and y are not zero, then condition for a 1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ; a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 &

a1 b1 c1
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0 to be consistent in x and y is a 2 b 2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c3

Example: Find the nature of solution for the given system of equations.
x + 2y + 3z = 1
2x + 3y + 4z = 3
3x + 4y + 5z = 0

1 2 3
Solution. Let D = 2 3 4
3 4 5

apply C1  C1 – C2 , C2  C2 – C3
1 1 3
D= 1 1 4 =0 D=0
1 1 5
1 2 3
Now, D1 = 3 3 4
0 4 5

C3  C3 – C2

1 2 1
D1 = 3 3 1
0 4 1

R1  R1 – R2 , R2  R2 – R3

 2 1 0
D1 = 3  1 0 =5
0 4 1

D = 0 But D1  0 Hence no solution

*Example : Solve the following system of equations

x+y+z=1
2x + 2y + 2z = 3
3x + 3y + 3z = 4

1 1 1
Solution.  D= 2 2 2 =0
3 3 3

D1 = 0, D2 = 0, D3 = 0
 Let z = t
x+y=1–t
2x + 2y = 3 – 2t
Since both the lines are parallel hence no value of x and y Hence there is no solution of the
given equation.

Determinant 32
 MATHEMATICS
*Example : Solve the following system of equations
x+y+z=2
2x + 2y + 2z = 4
3x + 3y + 3z = 6

1 1 1
2 2 2
Solution.  D= =0
3 3 3

D1 = 0, D2 = 0, D3 = 0
All the cofactors of D, D1, D2 and D3 are all zeros, hence the system will have infinite solutions.
Let z = t 1, y = t 2  x = 2 – t1 – t2
where t 1, t 2  R.

Example : Consider the following system of equations

x+y+z=6
x + 2y + 3z = 10
x + 2y + z = 
Find values of  and  if such that sets of equation have
(i) unique solution (ii) infinite solution
(iii) no solution
Solution. x+y+z=6
x + 2y + 3z = 10
x + 2y + z = 

1 1 1
1 2 3
D=
1 2 

Here for  = 3 second and third rows are identical hence D = 0 for  = 3.

6 1 1
10 2 3
D1 =
 2 

1 6 1
1 10 3
D2 =
1  

1 1 6
1 2 10
D3 =
1 2 

If  = 3 then D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 for µ = 10

(i) For unique solution D  0

i.e. 3

(ii) For infinite solutions

D=0  =3
D1 = D2 = D3 = 0  µ = 10.
(iii) For no solution
D=0  =3
Atleast one of D1, D2 or D3 is non zero  µ  10.

Determinant 33
 MATHEMATICS
Self Practice Problems

*1. Solve the following system of equations

x + 2y + 3z = 1
2x + 3y + 4z = 2
3x + 4y + 5z = 3
Ans. x=1+t y = –2t z=t where t  R

2. Solve the following system of equations

x + 2y + 3z = 0
2x + 3y + 4z = 0
x–y–z=0
Ans. x = 0, y = 0, z = 0

3. Solve: (b + c) (y + z)  ax = b  c, (c + a) (z + x)  by = c  a, (a + b) (x + y)  cz = a  b
where a + b + c  0.
c b ac ba
Ans. x= ,y= ,z=
a bc a bc a b c

4. Let 2x + 3y + 4 = 0 ; 3x + 5y + 6 = 0, 2x 2 + 6xy + 5y2 + 8x + 12y + 1 + t = 0, if the system of equations

in x and y are consistent then find the value of t.
Ans. t = 7

1 3 . Application of Determinants:
Following examples of short hand writing large expressions are:
(i) Area of a triangle whose vertices are (x r, yr); r = 1, 2, 3 is:

x1 y1 1
1 x2 y2 1
D= If D = 0 then the three points are collinear.
2 x y3 1
3

x y 1
(ii) Equation of a straight line passing through (x 1, y1) & (x 2, y2) is x1 y1 1 = 0
x2 y2 1

(iii) The lines: a1x + b1y + c1 = 0........ (1)

a2x + b2y + c2 = 0........ (2)
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0........ (3)

a1 b1 c1
are concurrent if, a2 b2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c3

Condition for the consistency of three simultaneous linear equations in 2 variables.

(iv) ax² + 2 hxy + by² + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents a pair of straight lines if:

a h g
abc + 2 fgh  af²  bg²  ch² = 0 = h b f
g f c

*****

Determinant 34
 MATHEMATICS

Part : (A) Only one correct option

a a  a a 
x x 2 x x 2
1
1. If a, b, c > 0 & x, y, z  R, then the determinant b b  b b 
y y 2 y y 2
1 =
c c  c c 
z z 2 z z 2
1

(A) axbycz (B) axbycz (C) a2xb2yc2z (D) zero

b2c2 bc b  c
2 2
2. If a, b & c are non-zero real numbers, then D = c a ca c  a =
a2b2 ab a  b

(A) abc (B) a2 b2 c2 (C) bc + ca + ab (D) zero

b1c 1 c1a1 a1b1

3. The determinant b 2 c 2 c 2 a 2 a 2 b 2 =
b 3 c 3 c 3 a 3 a 3 b 3

a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
(A) a 2 b 2 c2 (B) 2 a 2 b 2 c2 (C) 3 a 2 b 2 c2 (D) none of these
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

4. The system of linear equations x + y  z = 6, x + 2y  3z = 14 and 2x + 5y  z = 9

(  R) has a unique solution if
(A)  = 8 (B)   8 (C)  = 7 (D)   7

5. If the system of equations x + 2y + 3z = 4, x + py + 2z = 3, x + 4y + z = 3 has an infinite number of

solutions, then:
(A) p = 2,  = 3 (B) p = 2,  = 4 (C) 3 p = 2  (D) none of these

cos 2  cossin sin

sin2 
 
6. Let f () = cos sin cos then f   =
 6
sin cos 0

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) none

cos() sin() cos2

7. The determinant sin cos sin is:
cos sin cos
(A) 0 (B) independent of 
(C) independent of  (D) independent of  &  both

Determinant 35
 MATHEMATICS

sin(2 ) sin(  ) sin(   )

8. Value of  = sin(   ) sin(2) sin(   ) is
sin(    ) sin(   ) sin(2 )

(A)  = 0 (B)  = sin2 + sin2 + sin2

(C)  = 3/2 (D) none of these

0 b c
9. If a, b, c are complex number and z = b 0  a is
c a 0

(A) purely real (B) purely imaginary (C) 0 (D) none of these

A B C
sin sin sin
2 2 2
B A
10. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle ABC, then sin( A  B  C) sin cos is less than or
2 2
( A  B  C) C
cos tan( A  B  C) sin
equal to 2 2

3 3 1
(A) (B) (C) 2 2 (D) 2
8 8

4 sin B
1 cos A
b
11. = 2a 8 sin A 1 is (where a, b, c are the sides opposite to angles A, B, C respectively in a
3a 12 sin A cos B

triangle)
1 1 1
(A) cos2A (B) 0 (C) sin2A (D) (cos2A + cos2B)
2 2 2

(b  c ) 2 a2 a2
12. If b2 (c  a ) 2 b2 = k abc (a + b + c) 3 then the value of k is
c2 c2 (a  b ) 2

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) ab + bc + ac

m
2r 1 Cr 1 m
2 m
13. Let m be a positive integer & Dr = m 1 2 m1 (0  r  m), then the value of  Dr is
2
sin m  2 2
sin (m) sin (m1) 2 r 0

given by:
(A) 0 (B) m 2  1 (C) 2m (D) 2m sin2 (2m)

a 1  2i 3  5i
14. If a, b, c, are real numbers, and D = 1  2i b  7  3i then D is
3  5i  7  3i c

(A) purely real (B) purely imaginary (C) non real (D) integer

Determinant 36
 MATHEMATICS

1 x x 1
15. If f(x) = 2x x  x  1 x  1 x then f(100) is equal to: [IIT – 1999, 2]
3x  x  1 x  x  1  x  2 x  1 x x  1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 100 (D)  100

Part : (B) May have more than one options correct

1 1 1
16. Let 1 (x) = x + a1, 2 (x) = x 2 + b1x + b2 and  = 1( x1 ) 1( x 2 ) 1( x 3 ) , then
 2 ( x1 )  2 ( x 2 )  2 ( x 3 )

(A)  is independent of a1 (B)  is independent of b1 and b2

(C)  is independent of x 1, x 2 and x 3 (D) none of these

x 2y  z z
y 2x  z z
17. If  = , then
y 2 y  z 2x  2y  z

(A) x – y is a factor of  (B) (x – y)2 is a factor of 

(C) (x – y)3 is a factor of  (D)  is independent of z

sin  cos  sin  sin  cos 

18. Let = cos  cos  cos  sin   sin  , then
 sin  sin  sin  cos  0

(A)  is independent of  (B)  is indepedent of 

d 
(C)  is a constant (D) 0
d    / 2

a 1 0
19. Let  = ax a  1 , then
ax 2 ax a

(A) x + a is a factor of  (B) (x + a)2 is a factor of 

(C) (x + a)3 is a factor of  (D) (x + a)4 is not a factor of 

1 x x2
2
20. Let  = x 1 x , then
2
x x 1

(A) 1 – x 3 is a factor of  (B) (1 – x 3)2 is factor of 

(C) (x) = 0 has 4 real roots (D) (1) = 0

b c b  c
21. The determinent  = c d c  d is equal to zero if
3
b  c c  d a  c
(A) b, c, d are in A.P. (B) b, c, d are in G.P.
(C) b, c, d are in H.P. (D)  is a root of ax 3 – bx 2 – 3cx – d = 0

Determinant 37
 MATHEMATICS

1. Using the properties of determinants, evalulate:

103 115 114 113 116 104 13  3 2 5 5

(i) 111 108 106 + 108 106 111 . (ii) 15  26 5 10 .
104 113 116 115 114 103 3  65 15 5

a b ax  b
2. Find the non  zero roots of the equation,  = b c
b x  c = 0.
ax  b bx  c c

b2  c 2 ab ac
3. Show that  = ab c 2  a2 bc = 4a2b2c2
2 2
ca cb a b

2    
4. Prove that,        2(  )(   ) (   )  (  ) = 0.
   (   )  (  ) 2

S0 S1 S2
5. If Sr = r + r + r then show that S1 S2 S 3 = (  )2 ( )2 (  )2.
S2 S3 S4

6. Find the value of ‘a’ if the three equations,

(a + 1)3 x + (a + 2)3 y = (a + 3)3; (a + 1) x + (a + 2) y = (a + 3) & x + y = 1 are consistent.

7. Investigate for what values of ,  the simultaneous equations

x + y + z = 6; x + 2 y + 3 z = 10 & x + 2 y +  z =  have;
(a) A unique solution
(b) An infinite number of solutions.
(c) No solution.

8. Find those values of c for which the equations:

2x+3y = 3
(c + 2) x + (c + 4) y = c + 6
(c + 2)² x + (c + 4)² y = (c + 6)² are consistent.
Also solve above equations for these values of c.

  ''  ' '

9. Prove that  =  '  '  ' ' = (' – ') (' – ') (' – ')
 ''  ' '

a 2  ( b 2  c 2 ) cos  ab (1  cos  ) ac (1  cos  )

2 2 2
10. If a2 + b2 + c2 = 1, then prove that ba (1  cos  ) b  (c  a ) cos  bc (1  cos )
ca (1  cos ) cb (1  cos  ) c 2  (a 2  b 2 ) cos 

is independent of a, b, c

Determinant 38
 MATHEMATICS

tan(A  P) tan(B  P) tan(C  P)

11. Show that the value of the determinant tan(A  Q) tan(B  Q) tan(C  Q) vanishes for all values of
tan(A  R) tan(B  R) tan(C  R)

A, B, C, P, Q & R where A + B + C + P + Q + R = 0.

bc b 2  b c c2  b c
12. Prove that a 2  a c a c c2  a c = (ab + bc + ca)3.
a 2  a b b2  a b a b

(
cos x  x 2 ) ( )
sin x  x 2 (
 cos x  x 2)
13. Show that, sin( x  x )
2
cos( x  x )
2
sin( x  x )
2
= sin (2 x + 2 x 2).
2
sin2x 0 sin 2x

1 1 1
a x bx c x
1 1 1 P
14. If a y by c y  Q where Q i s t he product of t he denom i nat ors, prov e t hat
1 1 1
az bz c z

P = (a  b) (b  c) (c  a) (x  y) (y  z) (z  x)

15. If A1, B1, C1,................are respectively the cofactors of the elements a1, b1, c1,...........of the determinant

a1 b1 c1
 = a2 b2 c2 then prove that
a3 b3 c3

A1 B1 C1
B2 C2
(i) = a1. (ii) A2 B2 C2 =  
B3 C3
A3 B3 C3

b c  a2 c a  b2 a b  c2 a2 c2 2 a c  b2
2
16. Show that, c a  b a b  c2 b c  a 2 = 2 a b  c2 b2 a2
a b  c2 b c  a2 c a  b2 b2 2 b c  a2 c2

ap a p
17. Using consistancy of equations, prove that if bc + qr = ca + rp = ab + pq =1 then b q b q = 0.
cr c r

sin  cos  1
18. Show that : sin  cos  1 = sin () + sin () + sin ().
sin  cos  1

Determinant 39
 MATHEMATICS
19. If ax² + 2 hxy + by² + 2 gx + 2 fy + c  (l 1x + m 1y + n1) (l 2x + m 2y + n2), then prove that

a h g
h b f
= 0.
g f c

20. Find all the values of t for which the system of equations;
(t  1) x + (3 t + 1) y + 2 t z = 0
(t  1) x + (4 t  2) y + (t + 3) z = 0
2 x + (3 t + 1) y + 3 (t  1) z = 0
has non trivial solutions and in this context find the ratios of x: y: z, when t has the smallest of these
values.

21. Let a > 0, d > 0. Find the value of determinant

1 1 1
a a (a  d ) (a  d ) (a  2 d )
1 1 1
(a  d ) (a  d ) (a  2 d ) (a  2 d ) (a  3 d ) . [IIT – 1996, 5]
1 1 1
(a  2 d ) (a  2 d ) (a  3 d ) (a  3 d ) ( a  4 d )

22. Let a, b, c be real numbers with a2 + b2 + c2 = 1. Show that the equation

ax  by  c bx  ay cx  a
bx  ay  ax  by  c cy  b
= 0 represents a straight line [IIT – 2001, 6]
cx  a cy  b  ax  by  c

EXERCISE # 1 EXERCISE # 2
1. D 2. D 3. B 4. B 5. D 6. B 7. B 1. (i) 0 (ii) 5(3 2  5 3 ) 2. x =  2 b/a

8. A 9. B 10. B 11. B 12. B 13. A 14. A

6. a =  2
15. A 16. AB 17. AB 18. BD 19. ABD 20. ABD
7. (a)   3 (b)  = 3,  = 10 (c)  = 3,   10
21. BD
1 4
8. for c = 0, x =  3, y = 3; for c =  10, x =  ,y=
2 3

20. t = 0 or 3; x: y: z = 1: 1: 1

4 d4
21.
a (a  d )2 (a  2 d) 3 (a  3 d) 2 (a  4 d)

Determinant 40