INDEX

1. Historiography : Development in the West.

2. Historiography : Indian Tradition

3. Applied History

5. Mass Media and History

7. Sports and History

8. Tourism and History

9. Heritage Management

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Les.1 HISTORIOGRAPHY: DEVELOPMENT IN THE WEST

1.) (A) Choose the correct option from the given options and complete
the statement.
(1) It may be said that ….. was the founder of modern historiography.
(a) Voltaire (b) René Descartes (c) Leopold Ranké (d) Karl Marx

Ans) (a) Voltaire

(2) …… wrote the book entitled ‘Archaeology of Knowledge’.

(a) Karl Marx (b) Michel Foucault (c) Lucien Febvre (d) Voltaire

Ans) (b) Michel Foucault

(B) Identify and write the wrong pair in the following set.
(1) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel – ‘Reason in History’

(2) Leopold von Ranké – ‘The theory and Practice of History’

(3) Herodotus – ‘The Histories’

(4) Karl Marx – ‘Das Kapital’

2.) Explain the following concepts.

(1) Dialectics
Ans) ‘Dialectics’ is a method of analysis based on opposites. To understand
the true nature of an event one should know and understand the opposites
like-True-False, Good-Bad, etc. To understand the true nature of a thing one
needs to know both true and false. It is the human nature ,otherwise Human
mind cannot understand the true nature of that event. It was produced by
Hegel.

(2) Annales School

Ans) Annales Schoolwas started by French historians. It was a new school of
historiography aroused in twentieth century, which gave a new direction to
History. Beforehand it was believed that History was studied only to know
about political events, kings, great leaders, politics, diplomacy and wars. But
Annales School told that history in also about the climate, local people,
agriculture, trade, technology, means of communication, social divisions and
their collective psychology.

3.) Explain the following with its reason.

(1) Historical research was driven to focus in depth on various aspects
of women’s life.
Ans) Historical research was driven to focus in depth on various aspects of
women’s life because it was necessary to portray women as an independent
social class in a male dominated society. It was done to reconstruct the
history from the perspective of women by focusing in depth on various
aspects such as employment, their role in trade union, institutions working for
their cause, their family life, etc.
(2) Foucault called his method, ‘the archaeology of knowledge’
Ans) Foucault called his method, ‘the archaeology of knowledge’ because
through this he explained that archaeology attempts to explain various
transitions in the past rather to strive to reach the ultimate historical truth.

4.) Answer the following in detail.

(1) Explain Karl Marx’s ‘Class Theory’.
Ans) Karl Marx formulated a new school of thought in the latter half of the
nineteenth century. According to him human history is the history of class
struggle, aboutliving people, not about abstract ideas. Human relationships
depend on fundamental needs and the ownership as well as nature of
prevalent means of production to meet those needs. But the condition is not
equal in the society. This in equal division divide the society into classes and
next leads to class struggle. Here the owner of the means of
production always economically exploits the rest of the classes.

(2) What are the four characteristics of modern historiography ?

Ans)The four characteristics of modern historiography –

1.) The method is based on scientific principles and always form relevant
questions.

2.) The questions are about the deeds of the members of ancient human
societies of a particular period means anthropocentric questions.

3.) Answers should be formed by reliable evidence.

4.) History presents a graph of mankind’s journey with the help of past human
deeds.

(3) What is feminist historiography ?

Ans) Historical research was driven to focus in depth on various aspects of
women’s life because it was necessary to portray women as an independent
social class in a male dominated society. It was done to reconstruct the
history from the perspective of women by focusing in depth on various
aspects such as employment, their role in trade union, institutions working for
their cause, their family life, etc. This is called feminist historiography.
(4) Explain Leopold von Ranké’s perspective of history.
Ans) Leopold von Rankéinfluencedthe thoughts ofthe nineteenth century
Historiography. He was against imaginative narration of history. He stated that
we should give utmost importance to the information gathered through
original documents. According to him all types of documents associated with a
historical event need to be examined with greatest care. With this only one
can reach to the ultimate truth.

Les.2. HISTORIOGRAPHY: INDIAN TRADITION

Q.1.(A) Choose the correct option from the given options and complete
the statement.
(1) ….. was the first Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India.
(a) Alexander Cunningham (b) William Jones (c) John Marshall(d)
Friedrich Max Muller

Ans)(a) Alexander Cunningham

(2) …… translated the Sanskrit text of ‘Hitopadesh’ in German language.

(a) James Mill (b) Friedrich Max Muller (c) MountstuartElphinstone (d) Sir
John Marshall

Ans)(b) Friedrich Max Muller

(B) Identify and write the wrong pair in the following set.
(1) ‘Who were the Shudras’ – subaltern History

(2) ‘Stri-PurushTulana’ – Feminist writing

(3) ‘The Indian War of Independence 1857’ – NationalisticHistory

(4) Grant Duff – Colonial History.

2.) Explain the following with its reason.
(1) Writing of the regional history received a momentum.
Ans)) Writing of the regional history received a momentum by The
nationalistic historiography because here Indian historians, trained in the
British educational system worked hard to restore the pride and the ancient
glory of India and the selfesteem of the Indian readers. They tried to seek the
golden era of Indian history by blaming writers for ignoring the critical analysis
of the historical truth. The nationalistic historiography helped in the triggering
of the independencemovement of the Indian people against the British.

(2) Bakhar is an important type of historical documents.

Ans)Bakhar is an important type of historical documents as it contains
eulogies of the heroes and stories of historic events, battles, lives of great
men. It is a historical documents of medieval period.

3.) Write detailed Answers the following questions in detail.

(1) What is Marxist History?
Ans) The basic theme of Marxist historiography was to analyse the impact of
every social event and their significance. Marxist historians were concerned
about only three things- the means of production, modes of production and
the industrial relations. In India studied they also the transitions within the
caste system and some famous ,notable Indian historians were
DamodarDharmanandKosambi, Comrade Shripad Amrut Dange, Ram Sharan
Sharma, Comrade Sharad Patil who adopted the Marxist ideological
framework.

(2) What is the contribution of Itihasacharya V.K. Rajwade to historiography ?

Ans) V. K. Rajawade was the founder of ‘Bharat Itihas Samshodhak Mandal’
in Pune. He was a Marathi writer on varied subjects like history, linguistics,
etymology, grammar, etc. He compiled and edited 22 volumes of
‘MarathyanchyaItihasachiSadhane’and wrote very scholarly prefaces to each
of the 22 volumes. It was his opinion that we should write our own history.
According to him History does not include only the stories of political images,
conspiracies and wars for seizing power rather History is the all-inclusive
image of the past societies.
4.) (a) Complete the following chart.
James Mill – ‘History of British India’

James Grant Duff – A History of Marathas

Mountstuart Elphinstone – ‘The History of India’

S.A. Dange – Primitive Communism to Slavery

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar – ‘Who were the Shudras

5.) Explain the following concepts.

(1) Orientalist historiography.
Ans) The scholars, who felt curious about civilisations and countries of the
East and felt admiration and respect for them were called Orientalist. They
focused more on Vedic tradition and Sanskrit literature and found similarities
between Sanskrit and some of the European languages. Sir William Jones,
Friedrich Max Muller Edward Said were the famous orientalistscholars.

(2) Nationalistic historiography.

Ans) Nationalistic historiography tried to seek the golden era of Indian history
by blaming writers for ignoring the critical analysis of the historical truth. The
nationalistic historiography helped in the triggering of the
independencemovement of the Indian people against the British. Again the
writings of Indian historians who were trained in the British educational system
show an inclination to restore the pride in the ancient glory of India and the
self-esteem of the Indian readers. Their writings are known as ‘Nationalistic
Historiography’. Mahadev Govind Ranade, Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar,
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, RajendraLal Mishra, Ramesh Chandra
Majumdar, Kashi Prasad Jayswal, Radha Kumud Mukherjee, Bhagawan
LalIndraji, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi and Anant Sadashiv Altekar are the names
of some renowned scholars among the nationalistic historians.

(3) Subaltern history.

Ans) Subaltern means the ‘bottommost ranks’ and Subaltern history
developed the idea that history should be written starting from the bottommost
ranks of people in the society. Antonio Gramsci played an important role in
this. Again Ranjit Guha, an Indian historian played a major role in establishing
subaltern history as an important academic school of historiography. Here
Folklore has been considered as a very important source of writing subaltern
histories.

Les.3 APPLIED HISTORY

Q.1.a) Choose the correct option from the given options and complete the statement.
(1) The earliest museum in the world was discovered in the excavations at the city of
……………..………. .
(a) Delhi
(b) Harappa
(c) Ur
(d) Kolkata
Answer:
(c) Ur

(2) The National Archives of India is in ……………..………. .

(a) New Delhi
(b) Kolkata
(c) Mumbai
(d) Chennai
Answer:
(a) New Delhi

(b) Identify and write the wrong pair in the following set.
(1) Kootiyattam- Sanskrit theatre, Kerala
(2) Ramman- Dance form in West Bengal
(3) Ramlila- Traditional Performance of the Ramayana in Uttar Pradesh
(4) Kalbelia- Folk songs and dances of Rajasthan.
Answer:
(2) Wrong pair: Ramman – Dance form in West Bengal
Q. 2.Explain the following concepts :
(1) Applied History
Answer:

1. When one subject is applied to different fields and conclusions are derived, it
is known as application of that subject.

2. When objectives of History are applied to other subjects; new conclusions are
obtained.

3. This is known as ‘Applied History’. It is also known as Public History.

4. We get insights of the events that took place in the past through history.

5. Applied History is concerned with application of knowledge of history to

provide guidance in finding solutions.

6. Contemporary social issues and include them in social planning.

7. Thus Applied History’ is a field of study concerned with the application of

history for the benefit of people in contemporary and future times.

(2) Archives
Answer:

1. A place where historical documents are preserved is called an ‘Archive’.

2. Many old documents, official records, old films, records of treaties are kept at
this place.

3. We get references of original documents because of Archives.

4. A study of historical events of a particular period is possible.

5. We come to know about language, script used in a particular period/era.

6. The National Archives of India is in Delhi. It is the largest Archive in Asia.

7. Every state in India maintains its archives independently.

Q. 3.Complete the following concept chart.

Answer:

Q. 4.Explain the following statements with reasons.

(1) It is essential to study the history of technology.
Answer:

1. Man acquired different skills at various stages in his evolution process.

2. From mxking stone tools to developing new techniques of agriculture

production, he learnt many skills and entered in the age of science.

3. Agricultural production, commodity production, architecture, engineering, etc.

4. underwent several changes. Production increased manifold bcause of

technology.

5. Hence, it is necessary to know the history of technology in order to

understand the development in mechanisation and mutual dependence
between science and technology.
(2) The list of world Heritage Sites is announced by UNESCO.
Answer:

1. Cultural heritage is a form of human creation. It is a cultural treasure that has

been inherited from our ancestors.

2. We feel connected to it and hence preserve and conserve it.

3. This heritage is our asset that binds us to our past and hence we should
preserve it for the benefit of future generations.

4. In order to save this heritage, UNESCO has announced some directives.

5. On the basis of those directives, list of sites, and traditions are declared as
‘World Heritage’.

6. It has helped us in promoting these sites as tourist places.

Q. 5.Write elaborate answers

(1) How is the method of history useful in the research of
(a) Science
(b) Arts
(c) Management Studies
Answer:
Each field has its own history of building’ knowledge. The direction of development in every
field is dependent on the stcrte of available knowledge in that field. The method of history
has proved valuable in the research of various fields.

(a) Science: Scientific discoveries /invenfions take place because of humdn efforts to satisfy
needs and curiosity. These efforts are based on scientific knowledge that already existed.
Knowledge of the history of science helps in understanding the reasons, chronology and
factors that facilitated a scientific invention/discovery. Knowledge of history of science helps
in every field.

(b) Art: Development of any style of art lies in their expression through intellectual,
emotional and cultural traditions. While studying any art form we have to understand the
history of its traditions, the key to the expressions in it, and emotional temperament of the
artist. Prevalent art style in the given period can be understood with the help of cultural
history.
(c) Management Studies: All components like means of production, human resources,
processes of production, the chain of market and sales, etc. are interrelated and require
management.

Different social and economic institutions are involved in these industrial and commercial
processes. Knowledge of similar functional systems of the past is essential to bring about
changes, improvements and make the management smooth and efficient. It becomes
necessary to know its history.

(2) How can we correlate applied history with our present?

Answer:
History gives us knowledge about the events that happened in past. Applied history helps
us in understanding how the knowledge can be put to use for our benefit as well as for the
benefit of future generations. Applied history is correlated with our present in the following
ways:

(1) Knowledge of our past helps us in deciding our course of action in present. The.heritage
of our ancestors exists in tangible and intangible- form. We have the curiosity to know more
about our part because they represent the creative thoughts and traditions of that period.

(2) With the help of applied history we can not only come to know about the heritage but
also conserve and preserve it.

(3) We can be better equipped to face social challenges in the present because the
knowledge of history can provide guidance in finding solutions to contemporary social
issues and incorporate them in the ’social planning.

(4) The direction of future development is S decided when we rightly analyse our present
with our knowledge of the past acquired through applied history.

(3) Suggest at least 10 solutions for the preservation of the sources of history.
Answer:
There are three types of sources which are used to study history. They are written, oral and
material sources. These sources are preserved in different ways. According to me, the
following measures should be taken to preserve the sources:
 1. A regular repair and maintenance work of forts, memorials and palaces
should be carried out. Timely action should be taken to avoid vandalisation of
historic and public places.

2. Historical coins, weapons should be handled with precaution and utmost care.
They should be kept in a safe place to avoid the possibility of theft.

3. Social awareness regarding the conservation and preservation of our cultural

and natural heritage should be created. People will develop affinity towards
the heritage and feel connected.

4. Variations in environment and climatic conditions pose a threat to

monumental structures. Humidity, dampness, moulds and pollution cause
irrevocable damage to manuscripts, rare artefacts, statues, coins, etc.

5. To protect them, special arrangements have to be made like rooms with

controlled temperature or sanitising and detoxing the rooms.

6. Oral literature like owis, folk songs should be compiled and written down.

7. Public training programmes should be conducted for understanding the

importance of history.

8. Experts from different fields should be involved in preservation and

conservation projects. S Stringent laws should be enacted to protect the
monuments.

9. Above all, people’s participation in conservation and preservation process is

paramount.

(4) What objectives can be fulfilled through the heritage projects.

Answer:
The following objectives can be fulfilled through the heritage projects:

1. Preservation, conservation and development of heritage sites can be done

without any change in its original state/ structure.

2. The local social structure and psychology of the local people, challenges they
face in the present situations and their expectations can be surveyed.

3. In the process of completing the project of conservation, preservation and

development of a heritage site due precaution should be taken to avoid
hurting the sentiments of the local people.

4. Participation of the local people in the proposed project can be facilitated.

 5. In order to engage and employ the local skills in a creative way and create
better opportunities of livelihood, it becomes easier to design systematic
plans

EXTRA:
Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions given below:
(a) Who built this museum?
Answer:
This museum was built by Ennigaldi, the princess of Mesopotamia.

(b) Where was the earliest museum in the world discovered? Who discovered it?
Answer:
The earliest museum in the world was discovered in the city of ‘Ur’ in Mesopotamia. It was
discovered by Leonard Woolley.

(c) What is a noteworthy feature of this museum?

Answer:
A noteworthy feature of this museum is the clay tablets inscribed with the descriptions of
exhibited artefacts.

Question 14.
Write elaborate answers: OR Answer in detail:
(a) Who does the work of conservation and preservation of the cultural heritage of Indian?
Answer:
The preservation and conservation of Indian cultural heritage is done at various stages:

1. The work of preservation and conservation primarily falls under jurisdiction of

the Archaeological Survey of India.

2. In addition, INTACH (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage) is
also actively working .in this field.

3. Experts from various fields and local people too participate in the work of
conservation and preservation of natural and cultural heritage.
Observe the picture and write information about it:

Answer:

4. This picture is of the largest Indian rock-cut ancient Hindu temple located in
the Ellora cave.

5. This famous rock-cut Shiva temple was constructed during the reign of
Rashtrakuta king Krishna I.

6. It is regarded as a marvel of architecture.

7. It bears an eloquent testimony to the high level skill attained by India in the
arts of sculpture and architecture under the Rashtrakuta patronage.

8. A sculpture of an elephant and a pillar can be seen in the picture.

9. The famous rock cut temple in Maharashtra was declared as a world heritage
site by UNESCO in 1983.

Les.5. MASS MEDIA & ENTERTAINMENT

(1) The first English newspaper in India was started by …

(a) James Augustus Hickey (b) John Marshall (c) Allen Hume

Ans)(a) James Augustus Hickey

(2) Television is an ….medium.
(a) visual (b) audio (c) audio-visual

Ans)(c) audio-visual

(B) Identify and write the wrong pair in the following set.
(1) ‘Prabhakar’ –BhauMahajan

(2) ‘Darpan’ – BalshastriJambhekar

(3) ‘Deenbandhu’ – KrishnaraoBhalekar (4) ‘Kesari’ – BalGangadharTilak

Q.2.Write short notes :

(1) The role of newspaper in the Indian struggle for independence
Ans) Newspapers played an important role in the Indian struggle for
independence. Papers like ‘Darpan’, ‘Prabhakar’, ‘Dnyanoday’,‘Kesari’ and
‘Maratha’are some important names in this field. They were working as a
medium of creating social awareness. Newspaper Darpan was reviewing to
know about the political, economic, social and cultural events of those times. It
was working on some very important topics of that time and making people
aware about that. Some topics were like this- The Accounts of Expenditure
from the Three Administrative Divisions of the East India Company , The
Danger of Russian Attack on the Nation ,Appointment of a Committee for
Cleanliness of the City ,Remarriage of Hindu Widows ,The Inception of
Theatre at Calcutta , Achievements of Raja Ram Mohan Roy in England etc.
Again the newspaper ‘Prabhakar’ was putting lights on The history of French
revolution and ‘Shatpatre’, the letters by Lokhitvadi (Gopal Hari Deshmukh) to
create social awareness. Moreover people came to about the news of
installation of telegraph, used for electrically transmitting, the news of the
starting of railways in India through Dnyanoday. A newspaper named
‘Induprakash’ supported widow remarriage in a big way and Deenbandhu’, a
newspaper was become famous for representing the masses of the Indian
society. Most importantly newspapers named ‘Kesari’ and ‘Maratha’played an
important role in the field of the history of Indian newspapers before
independence. Gopal Ganesh Agarkar and Bal Gangandhar Tilak spoke
about the social and political issues of that period. Kesari began to publish
articles about the nationwide situations, books in the native languages and the
politics in England.

(2) Why do we need mass media?

Ans)The other name of mass media is mass communication, where mass
means aggregation of people and ‘Media’ means various modes of
communication. With the help of this we can easily send some information to
a faraway destination through a medium of communication. We do not need a
crier running in the streets, beating drums and crying out important news.
Because of this we can say that the whole world has come to our own house.
It is important for the free flowing of information to all strata of the society.
Newspapers are the part of mass media which can help in making the
democracy stronger because there readers can get a platform to voice their
opinions. Television has crossed limitations of newspapers and the radio by
showing the actual visuals of an event to people.

(3) Mass Media and professional opportunities.

Ans) There are huge professional opportunities available in this field.
Journalists, editors, writers, technicians, columnist, cameraman,technicians
can get the chance to work for the newspapers. Again in television here also
writers, actors, editors, news anchors to read the news, directors, producers
are needed.People with deep knowledge of history can get the chance to work
for a large number of people who do watch ancient monuments, forts,
histories of empires and also the history of culinary arts apart from serials.
Again radio jockeys, technical teams ,sound engineers, singers etc. can also
get the chance to work in radio stations.

3.) Explain the following statements with reasons.

1) Any information received through mass media needs to be reviewed
critically.
Ans) Information received through mass media needs to be reviewed critically
as they do not always represent exact truth. As it was seen that an
unauthentic, forgedhandwritten diaries of Adolf Hitler were sold by ‘Stern’, a
German weekly magazine to various publication companies who had
purchased it. They were come in print in Germany. However, later those
diaries were proved to be forged.
(2) Knowledge of history is essential for newspaper articles.
Ans) Knowledge of history is essential for newspaper articles because
readerswant to get additional information to get better insights about the
current news. It is also necessary to unfold the background of an event in the
news to report news in detail. Reporters should try to compare it with parallel
events.

(3) Television is the most popular medium

Ans)Television is the most popular medium because it is an audio-visual
medium. It has crossed the inherent limitations of newspapers and the radio
byshowing the actual visuals of an event to people.

Les.7.SPORTS AND HISTORY

1.) (1) The ancient event of Olympic competitions used to be held at ……
(a) Olympia, Greece (b) Rome (c) India (d) China

Ans) (a) Olympia, Greece

(2) The wooden dolls made in Maharashtra are known as …….

(a) Thaki (b) Kalichandika (c) Gangavati (d) Champavati

Ans) (a) Thaki

(B) Identify and write the wrong pair

(1) Mallakhamb – Outdoor game based on physical skills

(2) Water polo – Water sport

(3) Skating – Adventurous ice sport

(4) Chess – indoor game

2.) Write notes :
(1) Toys and Festivals
Ans)Toys and Festivals are connected with each other. For example in
Maharashtramodel forts are made as a part of traditional Diwali celebrations.
Clay images of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and his soldiers and also people
and animals are also made to decorate these forts. Again an ivory doll made
by Indian craftsmen was found in the excavation of Pompeii, an ancient in
Italy.

(2) Sports and movies

Ans) The films like Mary Kom and Dangal are some movies on sports and
biography of players. Mary Kom is based on the first Indian female
boxer MaryKom ,who has participated in the Olympics and won a bronze
medal. Again Dangal is based on the life story of Foghat sisters who were the
first Indian female wrestlers to win gold medals at various international
competitions.

3.) Explain the following statements with reasons.

(1) Currently the structure of sports economy has been significantly
affected
Ans) Currently the structure of sports economy has been significantly affected
because sports fans are scattered inall over the world. Fans watch the
matches for entertainment and industrial -commercial companies look at it as
a good opportunity to advertise their ware. Again Globalisation has also
affected sports economy. The international matches of various sports like
cricket, football, lawn tennis can be watched on television in any corner of the
world. Thus, citizens of the non-participant countries can also enjoy these
matches.

(2) Toys can tell us about cultural history

Ans) Toys can tell us about cultural history as toys can throw light on history
and technological development by giving glimpse of religious and cultural
traditions.For example in Maharashtra model forts are made As a part of
traditional Diwali celebrations. Clay images of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and
his soldiers and also people and animals are also made to decorate these
forts. Again an ivory doll made by Indian craftsmen was found in the
excavation of Pompeii, an ancient in Italy.
4.) Write detailed answers to the following questions.
(2) Explain the close tie between sports and history.
Ans) There is a close relation between sports and history. To throw light on
history and technological development we can talk about toys. Again,
Students of history can find many opportunities in the field of sports
journalism. They have to resort to history in order to write articles, reviews
about sports events like Olympics or Asian or national and international
matches. Knowledge of history is useful for an expert commentator and he
should have knowledge of the history, statistics, previous records, eminent
players, historical anecdotes, etc. related to the concerned game.

(3) Explain the difference between indoor and outdoor games.

Ans) The difference between indoor and outdoor games are-

10. Indoor Games are played within a closed environment and are played
by sitting at one place. But outdoor games are played completely
outside –in a field or in a sports courts.
11. Chess, card games, games played with gamesmen and dice, carom,
etc. are called indoor games. Langadi,Kabaddi, Atyapatya, Kho-kho,
Badmington, Table Tennis, Hockey, Cricket, Football, Golf, Polo, etc.
are called outdoor games.
12. Indoor games do not need much strength to put but in outdoor games
players should put their maximum strength to win. But both the fields
need focus and strategy, intelligency to win the match.
Les 8 . TOURISM AND HISTORY
1.) (1) Thomas Cook established a travel agency selling …… .
(a) handicrafts (b) toys (c) food items (d) tourist tickets

Ans)(d) tourist tickets

(2) Bhilar is known as the ‘Village of …

(a) books (b) plants (c) mangoes (d) forts

Ans)(a) books
(B) Identify and write the wrong pair in the following set.
(1) Matheran – Hill Station

(2) Tadoba – Sanctuary

(3) Kolhapur – Pilgrim Centre

(4) Ajanta – World Heritage

2.) Explain the following statements with reasons.

(1) The number of people travelling back and forth from India has
increased considerably.
Ans)The number of people travelling back and forth from India has increased
considerably because of the economic liberalisation policy of the Indian
government. People are travelling for studies, relaxation, sightseeing, and
professional assignments and people travelling for studies, relaxation,
sightseeing, and professional assignments. This has become easier due to
the availability of a number of options of railway, marine and air transport.

(2) It is important to take a few primary precautions in order to preserve

the historical heritage sites.
Ans) In order to preserve the historical heritage sitesvandalising or defacing
the heritage monuments and sites should be avoided. Again everybody
should refrain from activities like writing on walls or carving on trees, paint
ancient monuments in garish colours, etc. People should be more amenent
and precincts to avoid filthiness.

3.) Write short notes :

(1) Tradition of Travelling
Ans) From ancient times people started travelling for various reason,like-
pilgrimage, going to local fairs and festivals, in search of a renowned teacher
and good education, for trade, etc. Tradition of Travelling is an old custom in
India.
(2) Marco Polo
Ans) Marco Polo had introduced Asia, especially China to Europe and was an
Italian traveller of the 13th century. He stayed in china for 17 years and also
wrote about the flora and fauna, social life, culture and trade systems of Asia.

(3) Agro-tourism
Ans) The other name of Agro-tourism is agri-tourism or agriculture based
tourism. It is rapidly developing and meant only for urban population, but it has
very little exposure to rural life and agriculture. Indian farmers are now also
visiting faraway places like agricultural research centres, agricultural
universities, and countries like Israel where experimentation in advanced
technology of agriculture is carried out.

4.) Answer the following questions in detail.

(1) What are the crucial issues in the development of tourism?
Ans) Proper guidance to national and international tourists about various
aspects of the actual travel, proper social conduct during the tour and during
their stay at the destination places should be needed for the development of
tourism. Again safe transport and security facilities for the tourists, amenities
of reasonably good standard, availability of good accommodation, and good
washroom facilities on the travel routes can develop tourism. It is also very
important to pay special attention to the special needs of handicapped
tourists. Tourist pamphlets, guides books about a tourist site be available in
various languages.

(2) In what way tourism becomes a major source of their livelihood?

Ans) Tourism is a very professionally stable industry, who can give
tremendous scope for experimentation and innovation. This industry has a
potential to create maximum employment opportunities. A person can start a
hotel business in a tourist spot. Again tourism needs tourist guides, hospitality
manager, well transport facilities, which can provide livelihood to many
people. Moreover the local handicrafts and cottage industries, the demand for
locally processed food items and ethnic handicrafts also begin to develop for
tourism industry. Local artisans, business people and wage earners are
incoming well due to this.
6.) Give elaborate answers to the following.
(1) What are the professional fields associated with tourism ?
Ans) Tourism is a very professionally stable industry, who can give
tremendous scope for experimentation and innovation. This industry has a
potential to create maximum employment opportunities. A person can start a
hotel business in a tourist spot. Again tourism needs tourist guides, hospitality
manager, well transport facilities, which can provide livelihood to many
people. Moreover the local handicrafts and cottage industries,the demand for
locally processed food items and ethnic handicrafts also begin to develop for
tourism industry. Local artisans, business people and wage earners are
incoming well due to this.

(2) Describe any three types of tourism.

Ans) Agro tourism-) The other name of Agro-tourism is agri-tourism or
agriculture based tourism. It is rapidly developing and meant only for urban
population, but it has very little exposure to rural life and agriculture. Indian
farmers are now also visiting faraway places like agricultural research
centres, agricultural universities, and countries like Israel where
experimentation in advanced technology of agriculture is carried out.
Sports Tourism-Travelling to attend events like Olympics, Wimbldon, World
Chess Championship and international cricket tournaments, ‘Himalayan Car
Rally’ on national level, ‘Maharashtra Kesari’ Wrestling competitions etc.
comes under sports tourism. Sports tourism was developed in the 20th
century.
Historical Tourism- This kind of tourism is arranged to satisfy people’s
interest in history. There are several historical places in India which can
satisfy the crave of those people who loves history.Forts in Rajasthan,
Ashrams of Mahatma Gandhi and Acharya Vinoba Bhave etc.are important
places related to History

LES 9 HERITAGE MANAGEMENT

Q1. (A) Complete the sentences by choosing the correct option.

(1) Louvre Museum has in its collection the much acclaimed painting of ……..
by Leonardo da Vinci.
(a) Napoleon
(b) Mona Lisa
(c) Hans sloan
(d) George II
Answer 1: Louvre Museum has in its collection the much acclaimed painting
of Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci.
(2) ……… at Kolkata is the first museum in India.
(a) Government Museum
(b) National Museum
(c) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya
(d) Indian Museum
Answer 2: Indian Museum at Kolkata is the first museum in India.
(B) Identify the wrong pair in the following, correct it and rewrite.
(1) Maharaja Sayajirao University-Delhi
(2) Banaras Hindu University- Varanasi
(3) Aligarh Muslim University- Aligarh
(4) Jivaji University- Gwalior
Answer B: The wrong pair is Maharaja Sayajirao University-Delhi. The write
statement is Maharaja Sayajirao University – Pratapgunj, Vadodara, Gujarat.
Q2. Explain the following statements with reasons.
(1) Archives and libraries publish research journals, informative pamphlets,
leaflets, posters, etc.
Answer 1: The archives journal is published to provide important information
to the people and historians. There are certain classifieds and declassified
data that are released periodically into the public domain for the benefit of the
readers. In addition, pamphlets are also released to highlight the hosting of
important events or the arrival of new journals. Archives are very important for
the people as they come to know about the past with detailed insight.
Libraries are a building or room containing pieces of information, periodical,
and sometimes movies and recorded for use by the public member of an
institution.
(2) Only trained persons, who are duly qualified can take up the tasks involved
in the work of conservation and preservation.
Answer 2: Preservation and conservation of records and historical sites
requires lots of research and brainstorming. It is not in the domain of the
amateurs because they may not know the importance of different elements of
the archeological evidence. Even in restoring historical buildings, qualified and
experienced civil engineers are required to accomplish the task in an easy and
hassle free manner. Heritage is an important element of history and it should
be preserved in the best possible way.
Q3. Write notes:
(1) Sthalakosh
Answer 1: Sthalakosh – Geographic information is essential for historical
studies. Encyclopaedias giving information about Historical places are
available.
(1) ‘Sthanapothi’ (14th century C.E.) is an encyclopaedic text, which is
composed by Muni Vyas of Mahanubhav sect. It describes all those
places visited by Chakradhar Swami, the founder of Mahanubhav sect.
It gives us an inkling about Maharashtra in those days. It also gives
details about the time, place and background of the events described in
‘Leela Charitra’. Hence, it is a very good source for writing about the life
of Chakradhar Swami.

(2) ‘Prachin Bharatiya Sthalakosh’ (1969) : Siddheshwar Shastri Chitrav

compiled this encyclopaedic book. It provides information about
various places mentioned in Vedic literature, Kautilya Arthashastra,
Panini’s Grammar, Valmiki Ramayana, Mahabharata, Puranas,
mediaeval Sanskrit literature and Shabdkosh, also, in Jain and Buddhist
literature, in Greek, Chinese, Persian literature.

(2) Vishwakosh
Answer 2: Vishwakosh – The first Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Honourable
Shri. Yahswantrao Chavhan initiated the compilation of Marathi ‘Vishwakosh’
through Maharashtra Rajya Sahitya Samskruti Mandal, with a view to enhance
the sphere of Marathi language and literature. The work was started under the
guidance of Tarak Teerth Lakshmanshastri Joshi. It contains knowledge
about all possible subjects in the world. It also contains very important entries
about history.
(3) Samdnya Kosh
Answer 3: Samdnya Kosh – There are encyclopaedic texts explaining the
terminology (for instance, colonialism, globalisation, etc.) of history. Such
texts are very useful for the teachers of history. School, college and university
teachers of history can find ample opportunities in the field of publication of
encyclopaedias. Encyclopaedias of all types require experts in history. Every
subject has a developmental history. Scholars of history can contribute
significantly to encyclopaedias of various types.
(4) Saraswati Mahal Granthalaya
Answer 4: Saraswati Mahal Granthalaya – The ‘Saraswati Mahal Granthalaya’
in Thanjavur, Tamilnadu was built in the 16th-17th century, during the times of
Nayak dynasty. In 1675 C.E. Vyankojiraje Bhosale conquered Thanjavur and
established his independent rule. Vyankojiraje Bhosale and his successors
kept expanding ‘Saraswati Mahal Granthalaya’. Sarfojiraje Bhosale contributed
the most in this expansion. In 1918 the library was renamed as ‘The Thanjavur
Maharaja Sarfoji’s Saraswati Mahal Library’ in his honour.

Q4. Give elaborate answers to the following.

(1) Why is library management important?
Answer 1: From the technical point of view the management of archives is
akin to library management. Preserving documents with important content in
their original condition, preparing indexes and creating accurate systems of
retrieval of documents are the important tasks in the management of
archives. Documents from the archives are supposed to be very reliable.
Because of the heavy dependency on computerised systems information
technology has become an inevitable part of the management of libraries and
archives.

(2) Which tasks are important in archives management

Answer 2: The following tasks are important in archives’ management:

▪ To classify the documents and make indexes.

▪ Important documents to be preserved and taken care that no changes
are made in it.
▪ The papers should be made available to the government or research
students or public
▪ To safeguard the papers from humidity and fungus and other
environmental factors.
▪ It is important to remain updated with the latest technology in archive
management.
▪ It is important to establish regional and local archives.
▪ To preserve national, cultural and historical heritage.
▪ Confidentiality of important papers should be maintained.
▪ To create a hasslefree system.

Q5. Complete the following Concept chart.

Answer: Types of Encyclopedia
1. Dictionaries
2.Comprehensive
3.Encyclopaedic literature
4. Indexes.

POLITICAL SCIENCE
INDEX
1 Working of the Constitution
2. The Electoral Process
3. Political Parties
4. Social and Political Movements.

LES.1. WORKING OF THE CONSTITUTION

Q1. Choose the correct option from the given options and complete the
sentences.
(1) In Maharashtra ………… seats are reserved for women in local self-governing
institutions.
(a) 25%
(b) 30%
(c) 40%
(d) 50%
Answer 1: In Maharashtra 50% seats are reserved for women in local self-
governing institutions.
(2) Which of the following laws created a favourable environment for women
to secure freedom and self-development?
(a) Right to Information Act
(b) Dowry Prohibition Act
(c) Food Security Act
(d) None of the above
Answer 2: (b) Dowry Prohibition Act
(3) The essence of democracy is ……….
(a) universal adult franchise.
(b) decentralisation of power.
(c) policy of reservation of seats.
(d) judicial decisions.
Answer 3: The essence of democracy is Universal Adult Franchise.
Q2. State whether following statements are true or false. Give reasons for
your answer.
(1) Indian democracy is considered the largest democracy in the world.
Answer 1: The statement is true. Having a population that surpasses 1.3
billion people, which is still increasing, India happens to be the largest
democracy in the world and is ranked second in terms of the size of nations
after China.
(2) Secrecy in the working of Government has increased due to the Right to
Information.
Answer 2: The statement given is false. Due to the implementation of Right to
Information Act in 2005, the people in the country are able to know the details
regarding every single step of government or any flaws or delays in any case
for the matter. Hence, this has increased the transparency of the government
along with safety and belief in reforms.
(3) The nature of Constitution is seen as a living document.
Answer 3: The statement is true because our constitution is the building base
of our democratic political ecosystem.
Q3. Write short notes.
(1) Provisions regarding minorities.
Answer 1: Provisions regarding minorities – The Indian constitution has made
several provisions for the protection of minorities. The government has
adopted several policies for minorities to provide them the opportunities for
education and employment. The Indian constitution prohibits discrimination
on the basis of caste, religion, race, language and region. This is a
comprehensive provision for minorities which fundamentally protects their
right to equality, freedom, right against exploitation and cultural and
educational rights.

(2) Policy of reservation of seats.

Answer 2: Policy of reservation of seats – Policy of Reservation of seats is
meant for those sections of society who have been deprived of the
opportunities for education and employment for a long period of time.
Accordingly, in educational institutions and in government services some
seats are kept reserved for scheduled caste and scheduled tribes. There is
also a provision of reservation of seats for other backward classes.
(3) Women representation in the Lok Sabha.
Answer 3: Women representation in the Lok Sabha – In our country, from the
very beginning, women have inadequate representation in politics and political
institutions. Many countries in the world have made efforts to increase
representation of women. From this perspective, changes are taking place in
India as well. The 73rd and 74th amendment reserved 33% of seats for
women in local self-governing institutions. If we compare the women
representation in 1951-52 elections, the number of women MP’s in Lok Sabha
were 22, that is 4.5% and the latest election held in 2014 has 66 number of
women MP’s that is 12.15%.
Q4. Explain the following concepts.
(1) Right based approach
Answer 1: Right based approach – In the decades after independence,
progress was made towards more and more democratisation of India.
However, in this process citizens were considered as beneficiaries. In the last
few decades development is considered as the right of the citizens.
(2) Right to information
Answer 2: Right to information – Citizen empowerment is the essential
condition of democracy. It is necessary to create opportunities for citizen’s
participation and interaction with the government. Increased communication
between citizens and government helps in strengthening democracy and in
building a relationship of trust between them. Citizens have a right to know
about the functioning of the government. The Government of India gave the
Right to Information to the citizens of India to ensure transparency and
accountability which are the hallmarks of good governance. Right to
Information has made the government more transparent and has reduced the
element of secrecy in the working of government.
After the year 2000, the whole approach towards democratic reforms has
changed. Democratic reforms are considered as ‘rights’ of citizens.
Accordingly, citizens in India have got Right to Information, education and
food security. These rights have strengthened democracy in India.
Q5. Answer the following questions.
(1) What are the effects of reducing the voting age from 21 years to 18 years?
Answer 1: Article 326 of the Constitution, the voting age was lowered right
from 21 to 18. It is an amazing option for the young voters because they are
now able to vote according to their requirements and specifications. With lots
of people in the 18 to 21 years of age group, the chances of leaders elected to
the office have changed a great deal.
(2) What is meant by the establishment of social justice?
Answer 2: Social justice and equality are the important objectives of our
constitution. The principles of justice and equality aim at ending
discrimination in social status such as superior or inferior on the basis of
caste, religion, language and gender, place of birth, race, property and giving
equality of opportunity for development to every individual.
To establish justice and equality, efforts are to be made at all levels of society.
But the government’s efforts and policies on this front are more important.
For Democracy to be inclusive, one must try to bring all sections of the society
into the mainstream. Democracy is in fact, a process of accommodating
different sections in society. Democracy helps in reducing social conflicts.
(3) Which decision of the Court has resulted in protection of honour and
dignity of women?

Answer 3: Women have been victimized for a number of years now and
despite several measures taken lawfully, there has been no improvement in
their situation. Realizing the importance of some stringent laws, courts have
passed the same to safeguard women to a greater extent. The court deciding
to invalidate the Talak of Muslim women just by saying it thrice has been a
commendable decision and law enforced to protect women dignity. Another
decision that court has taken is to increase and intensify the punishment for
rape, which can go from 10 years of imprisonment to lifetime of imprisonment
and also death sentence.

LES.2 ELECTORAL PROCESS

Q1. Choose the correct option from the given options and complete the
sentences.
(1) The Election Commissioner is appointed by the ………… .
(a) President
(b) Prime Minister
(c) Speaker of Loksabha
(d) Vice President
Answer 1: The Election Commissioner is appointed by the President
(2) ………… was appointed as the first Chief Election Commissioner of
independent India.
(a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(b) T.N. Sheshan
(c) Sukumar Sen
(d) Neela Satyanarayan
Answer 2: Sukumar Sen was appointed as the first Chief Election
Commissioner of independent India.

(3) Constituencies are created by ………. committee of the Election

Commission.
(a) Selection
(b) Delimitation
(c) Voting
(d) Timetable
Answer 3: Constituencies are created by Delimitation committee of the
Election Commission
Q2. State whether the following statements are true or false. Give reasons
for your answer.
(1) The Elections Commission lays down the code of conduct during
elections.
Answer 1: The statement is true. Election commission of India lay down the
code of conduct during election to ensure fair selection of the respective
leader by the people of the area without any force, thereby ensuring
democracy.
(2) Under special circumstances the Election Commission holds re-elections
in a particular constituency for a second time.
Answer 2: The statement is true. When there is any problem during the poll,
there are any problems, which hurt the normal process of election, then the
election commission can call for a re-election.
(3) The state government decides as to when and in how many stages the
elections would be held in a particular State.
Answer 3: The statement is false. The Election Commission of India decides
as to when and in how many stages elections would be held in a particular
state which largely depends on the population density.

Q3. Write short notes.

(1) Reorganising the constituencies
Answer 1: Reorganising the constituencies – The total number of members in
Lok Sabha is 543. Every member represents one constituency. It means there
are 543 constituencies of Lok Sabha. Creating constituencies is the
responsibility of the Delimitation Commission of Election Commission. The
Delimitation Commission does not succumb to any pressure while
restructuring the constituencies.
(2) Journey from the ballot box to EVM machine
Answer 2: Journey from the ballot box to EVM machine – The first election in
independent India was held in 1951-52. This was the beginning of shaping
democracy through electoral politics. In the initial elections ballot boxes were
used for the purpose of voting. The use of EVM machines started from the
decade of 1990s. Many things could be achieved because of the voting
machine. If the voters do not want to vote for any candidate, they could
choose an option of ‘None of the above’ (NOTA). This option can be given only
because of the voting machine. It has become easy for disabled people
(Divyanga) to vote. It reduced the cutting of trees for paper and thereby helped
in the protection of the environment. It has also been possible to have an early
declaration of election results.
Q4. Complete the following picture.

Answer: Role of Election Commission: To conduct free and fair elections in

the country.
Role of the voters: To cast their votes and participate in the election process
Role of political parties & their candidates: To follow the Code of Conduct.
Q5. Answer in brief.
(1) Explain the functions of the Election Commission.
.Answer 1: The functions of the Election Commission are as follows:

1.The voters list: Every Indian citizen who has completed 18 years of age has
a right to vote. To exercise the right to vote, a citizen’s name must be in the
voters list. It is the responsibility of the Election Commission to prepare the
list of eligible voters, update the existing voter’s list and include the names of
new voters. The Election Commission has the authority to issue identity cards
to the voters.
2.Decide the timetable and the programme of elections: The conduct of
elections is entirely the responsibility of the Election Commission. The
Election Commission decides when to conduct elections and in how many
stages to hold elections in every state.

3.Scrutinity of the applications of candidates: After the election dates are

declared, every political party selects the candidates to contest elections.
Some candidates contest the elections independently without the support of
any political party. Candidates of political parties as well as independent
candidates have to fill the applications which include the information about
their own self. The Election Commission scrutinises all the applications and
allows the eligible candidates to contest the elections.

4.Give recognition to political parties: We have a multiparty system in our

country. New parties continue to be formed. Spilt in the parties results in the
formation of new parties. All political parties are required to be recognised by
the Election Commission. The Election Commission also has a right to
derecognise any political party. The Election Commission also allots election
symbols to the political parties.

4.To resolve any disputes relating to elections: The Election Commission has
the responsibility of resolving any disputes that may arise regarding elections.
Accordingly, to declare any candidate as disqualified or conduct re-election in
a particular constituency is the responsibility of the Election Commission.

(2) Write some additional information about post of the Election

Commissioner
Answer 2: Election Commissioner of India

1.Election Commissioner of India is a chief authority to ensure fair and

transparent conductance of elections across India.

2.Election Commissioner of India can be removed by the 2/3rd majority

passed by the Parliament to the Supreme Court provided his mis conductance
is proved.
3.Election Commissioner of India is also required to ensure protection and
safety to election personnel as the cases of booth-capturing or rigging are
prevalent in many States.

4.Election Commissioner of India monitors corruption activity during the Code

of Conduct promulgation.

(3) Explain the meaning of Code of Conduct.

Answer 3: To ensure free and fair elections in India, the Election Commission
has adopted several measures. The Code of Conduct is one of the measures
adopted by the Election Commission. In the last few decades, the Election
Commission has used its powers to control malpractices during elections.
The Code of Conduct explains the rules that are to be followed by the
Government, political parties and voters before elections and during elections.
Even the Government cannot violate these rules. Due to the strict observance
of the code of conduct in the last few elections, the common voters have
become confident.

LES.3.POLITICAL PARTIES
Q1. Choose the correct option from the given options and complete the
sentences.
(1) When people come together and participate in the electoral process, to
acquire political power, such organisations are called ………… .
(a) Government
(b) Society
(c) Political parties
(d) Social organisations
Answer 1: When people come together and participate in the electoral
process, to acquire political power, such organisations are called Political
party.
(2) National Conference is a party in ………… State.
(a) Orissa
(b) Assam
(c) Bihar
(d) Jammu and Kashmir
Answer 2: National Conference is a party in Jammu and Kashmir state.
(3) Justice Party-a non-Brahmin movement was transformed into ……….
Political Party.
(a) Assam Gan Parishad
(b) Shivsena
(c) Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam
(d) Jammu and Kashmir National Conference
Answer 3: Justice Party-a non-Brahmin movement was transformed into
Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam Political Party.
Q2. State whether the following statements are true or false. Give reasons
for your answer.
(1) Political parties act as a link between government and people.
Answer 1: The statement is true. Political parties act as a link between
government and people. They communicate the demands and the complaints
of the people to their elected representatives in the government. The
government, on the other hand, tries to get support of the people for its
policies through the political parties.
(2) Political parties are social organisations.
Answer 2: The statement is true. Political parties are social organizations
because they are chosen by people and it did work for every person equally.
(3) Coalition politics leads to instability.
Answer 3: The statement is true . Because if the main party in the coalition
government takes any step which is against the interest of the supporting
parties, then the supporting party may take away their support which leads to
the fall of the government.
(4) Shiromani Akali Dal is a national party.
Answer 4: The statement is false. The Shiromani Akali Dal, is an Indian
political party.
Q3. Explain the following concepts.
(1) Regionalism
Answer 1: Regionalism – The feeling of affinity developed about our language
and region gradually turns into identity consciousness and finally gives rise to
regionalism. People start thinking primarily about the interest and
development of their own region. They start feeling proud of their language,
literature, traditions, history of social reforms, educational and cultural
movements and this gives rise to the development of linguistic identity.
Regional identity develops from the consciousness about the development of
a region and the feeling that people belonging to the region should have claim
over resources and employment opportunities.
(2) National Parties
Answer 2: National Parties are political parties consisting of a group of
individuals who congregate together to contest for elections. For political
parties to be identified as National Parties in India, they require to fulfill the
following conditions; First, the party should be recognized as a state party in
at least four States. Secondly, the party should also be able to win 2% of Lok
Sabha seats from at least three states. India today has seven major National
parties, namely: Communist Party of India (CPI), Indian National Congress
(INC), National Congress Party (NCP), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Bahujan
Samaj Party (BSP), and All India Trinamool Congress (AITC).
Q4. Answer the following questions in brief.
(1) What are the major characteristics of political parties?
Answer 1: The major characteristics of political parties are as follows:

1.To be in power: Achieving power through elections is the main objective of

political parties. Thus different political parties compete with each other to
get power. There is nothing wrong in this competition, but the competition
should be fair.

2.To pursue an ideology: Every political party has some policies and world
views. Parties have a particular stand about social issues. These together
make party ideology. The people who consider any specific party ideology as
acceptable support that political party. Social support received by a political
party is called the ‘mass base’ of political party. In modern days ideologies of
all political parties appear to be similar hence it has become difficult to
differentiate between the parties on the basis of ideologies.

3.To have a Party Agenda: Political parties prepare their party’s agenda on the
basis of party ideology. They implement the agenda after they get political
power. Even if they do not get political power, political parties try to get
support of people on the basis of this agenda.

4.To Establish a Government: Political parties establish the government and

govern the nation. The political party which gets the majority in elections
forms the government. The parties which do not get majority act as
opposition parties.

5.To act as a link between the Government and the people: Political parties
work as a link between the Government and the people. Political parties
communicate the demands and complaints of the people to the government.
The government tries to get support of the people for its policies and
programmes through political parties.

(2) What changes have taken place in the nature of political parties in India?
Answer 2: The changes that have taken place in the nature of political parties
in India are as follows:

1.The Congress was a strong political party in the post-independence period.

Congress had a majority at the Centre and in most of the States. Indian
politics was controlled by the Congress Party. This era was described as the
Era of ‘Single dominant party system’.

2.The non-Congress parties came together and challenged the ‘Single

dominant party system’ in 1977

LES.4. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL MOVEMENT

Q1. Choose the correct option from the given options and complete the
sentences.
(1) ………… is the main demand of farmers movement.
(a) Right to cultivate on the forest land
(b) To get the right price for agricultural product
(c) Protection of consumers
(d) Building of dams
Answer 1: To get the right price for agricultural product is the main demand of
farmers movement.
(2) To increase agricultural production and become self-sufficient with regard
to food grains ………… was initiated.
(a) Water revolution
(b) Green revolution
(c) Industrial revolution
(d) White revolution
Answer 2: To increase agricultural production and become self-sufficient with
regard to food grains, the Green revolution was initiated.
Q2. Write notes on:
(1) Tribal movement
Answer 1: Tribal Movement – In the pre-independence period, the British
government deprived tribal people of their right to livelihood on forest
resources. There was a Tribal uprising in Kolam from Chota Nagpur, Gond
from Orissa, Koli, Bhilla and Ramoshi from Maharashtra, Santhal and Munda
from Bihar. The tribal struggle has continued since those years. Tribals in
India face several problems. One major problem is that they are denied right
over forests. The main demand of the tribal movement is to accept their right
over forests. They should be allowed to collect products of forests and also
should have a right to cultivate on forest land.
(2) Workers movement
Answer 2: Workers movement – Textile industry, railway companies were
established in India in the latter half of the nineteenth century. In 1899 railway
workers went on strike for their demands. However, the first organisation for
resolving the issues of workers was established in 1920. This organisation is
known as All India Trade Union Congress. In India, workers are facing different
problems. Unstable employment conditions, contract labour, financial
insecurity, absence of legal protection for workers, unlimited working hours,
insecurity at the workplace, health hazards are some of the problems.
Q3. Answer the following questions in brief.
(1) Explain the activities/role/functions of the environmental movement.
Answer 1: We are aware that environmental degradation is a serious problem
at the national and international level. At the international level several
movements are working to stop the deterioration of the environment. In India
many movements are working on different aspects of the environment. The
environment movements are taking up issues like protection of biodiversity,
protecting different sources of water, protection of forests, green belt,
pollution of rivers, use of chemicals and their ill effects, etc.
(2) Explain the nature of farmers movement in India
Answer 2: Farmers movement in India is an important movement. During the
British period, farmers started getting organised due to anti-agriculture
policies of the British colonial government. We are aware of farmers
movements in Bardoli, Champaranya and movements against revenue
collection. The farmers movements were inspired by the thoughts of
Mahatma Phule, Justice Ranade and Mahatma Gandhi. After the Green
Revolution, the farmers movement became more active and effective. Though
Green Revolution aimed at increasing agricultural production and achieving
self-sufficiency in food grains, it did not benefit the poor farmers. The farmers
were now divided into rich farmers and poor farmers. Dissatisfaction among
the poor farmers led to the beginning of the farmer’s movement.
(3) For which reforms were the women’s movement in the pre-independence
period fighting?
Answer 3: In the pre independence period, progressive men in India initiated
the women’s movement. The women’s movement aimed at eliminating
injustice against women and ending their exploitation, help them to lead a
respectful life and participate actively in social life. Many scholars took
initiative in ending the practice of Sati and child marriages. Reforms such as
widow remarriage, women education and right to vote to women were
possible due to the work of these reformists.
Q4. Explain the following statements by giving reasons.
(1) Movements are important in a democracy.
.Answer 1: Movements are very important in a democracy. Different social
problems come under discussion through these movements. The government
then has to pay attention to such problems. Leaders and activists of the
movement provide necessary information about those issues to the
government. This information is very useful for the government while making
policies. Some movements aim at opposing a particular decision or policy of
the government. The right to protest is considered an important right in
democracy. However, this right needs to be used patiently and responsibly.
(2) Movements do not need a strong leadership
Answer 2: A Movement is a collective action. People’s active participation is
expected in the movement. Movements have a leadership. Leadership keeps
the movement active. Objectives of the movement, programme of action,
strategy of agitation are decided by its leaders. A strong leadership makes
movement effective. Any movement requires public support. People should
feel connected to the issue that is undertaken by the movement. Movements
have a programme of action which help them to shape public opinion.
(3) Consumer movement came into existence.
Answer 3: Consumer movement emerged in India after the Consumer
Protection Act came into existence in 1986. This movement has a broad
objective. The movement believes that each member of the society is a
consumer. Due to the changing nature of the social and economic system,
consumers face different problems. Adulteration, increased cost of items,
frauds in weight and measures are some of the problems. The consumer
movement works to protect consumers from such types of frauds.