Logarithm
Uploaded by
Kamran AbdullahLogarithm
Uploaded by
Kamran AbdullahASSIGNMENT
TOPIC NAME:
LOGARITHM
SUBMITTED TO:
MAM . KIRAN RUBAB
SUBJECT:
TEACHING OF MATHEMATICS
COURSE CODE:
EDUC-
SEMESTER:
BS EDUCATION 5TH SEMESTER (2023-2027)
GROUP MEMBERS:
IRSA AMJAD (ROLL NO 20
JAVERIA GJAUS (ROLL NO 21)
MAHNOOR(ROLL NO 04 FREEZ)
INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA
LOGRITHM
OUTLINE
• SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
• LOGRATHIM
• TYPES OF LOGRITHM
(COMMON NATURAL AND BINARY LOGARITHM)
• FIND THE CHARACTERISTICS AND MANTISSA OF A LOGARITHM
• LAWS OF LOGARITHM
• APPLICATION OF LOGARITHM
• MCQS
• QUESTION WITH SOLUTION
⚪ SCINETIFIC NOTATION
1).Introduction to Scientific Notation:
Scientific notation is a way of expressing very large or very small numbers in a concise
form. It helps in simplifying calculations and making numbers easier to read and
compare. It is commonly used in science, engineering, and mathematics.
2).DEFINITION:
A number written in the form a×10(power n) where n=integers is called the scientific
notation.
Example:
150,000,000km = 1.5×10power8.
0.00017gm = 1.7×10power-5
3).Structure of Scientific Notation
A number in scientific notation is written in the form:
A×10powern
Where:
• A is a number between 1 and 10 (can be a decimal).
• N is an integer (positive or negative), representing the power of 10.
Example: 5.67 × 10³ means 5.67 × 1000 = 5670.
4).Converting Numbers to Scientific Notation:
To convert a number to scientific notation:
• Move the decimal point to create a number between 1 and 10.
• Count how many places you moved the decimal.
• Use that number as the exponent of 10.
• If you move the decimal left, the exponent is positive.
• If you move the decimal right, the exponent is negative.
Examples:
567,000 → 5.67 × 10⁵ (moved decimal 5 places left)
0.00045 → 4.5 × 10⁻⁴ (moved decimal 4 places right).
5).Converting Scientific Notation to Standard Form
To convert back to standard form:
• If the exponent is positive, move the decimal to the right.
• If the exponent is negative, move the decimal to the left.
Examples:
3.2 × 10⁴ → 32,000
6.5 × 10⁻³ → 0.0065
⚪LOGARITHM
1).Introduction to Logarithms
A logarithm is the inverse operation of exponentiation. It helps determine the exponent
needed to obtain a specific number. It is useful tool for accurate and rapid computation.
2. Definition and Notation
The logarithm of a number xx to the base bb is written as:
Logb(x)=y or b power y=x
For example, log2(8)=3 or 2power3=8
• LOGARITHM OF REAL NUMBER:
The logarithm of a real number is the exponent to which a given base must be raised to
produce that number. Mathematically, it is written as
Log B(x)=y if and only if bY =x:
Where
• B (base) is a positive real number,
• 𝑥 (argument) is a positive real number.
• 𝑦 is the exponent.
3).Types of Logarithms
Common Logarithm (Base 10): Written as log(x) or log10(x), commonly used in
engineering and science.
Natural Logarithm (Base e): Written as ln(x), where e≈2.718, frequently used in calculus
and exponential growth problems.
Binary Logarithm (Base 2): Written as log2(x),widely used in computer science and
information theory.
4).Characteristics of log of a number>1
Number Scientific Notation Characteristics of the
logarithm
1.02 1.02×10power0 0
99.6 9.96×10power1 1
102 1.02×10power2 2
1662.4 1.6624×10power3 3
This table show that if a number has one digit in the integral part ,then the characteristic is 0;
if it's integral part has two digit ,then characteristic is 1; if it's integral parts has digits then
characteristic is 2; and four integral part has characteristic is 3.
5).Characteristic of log of a number <1
Number Scientific Notation Characteristics of the
logarithm
0.872 8.72×10power1 -1
0.02 2.0×10power-2 -2
0.00345 3.45×10power-3 -3
In this table shows that if a number has no zero immediately after decimal point the
characteristic is -1; if it has one zero immediately after decimal point, the Characteristic is -2;
and if it has two zero then characteristics is -3.
6).The Mantissa of the Logarithm of a Number
We use the log table to find the mantissa through these steps.
Example :Find the mantissa of logarithm of 43.254
Solution;
• Rounding off 43.254 we consider only the four significant digits 4325
• We first locate the row corresponding to 43 in the log tables
• Proceed horizontally till we reach the column corresponding to 2. The number
at the intersection is 6355.
• Again proceeding horizontally till the mean difference column. corresponding
to 5 intersect this row, we get the number 5 at the intersection.
• Adding the two number 6355 and 5,we get .6360 and this is mantissa of log
43.25.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mean
difference
columns
1 2 3 4 5 6 …cont
10 0000 0043 0086 0128 0170 4 9. 13 17 21 24
0212 0253 4 8 12 16 20. 24
11 0414 0453 0492 0531 0569 4 8 12 15 19 23
0607 0645 4 7. 11 15 19 22
12 0792 0828 0864 0899 0934 3 7 11 14 18 21
0969 1004 3 7 10 14 17 20
.
.
.
.
.
40 6021 6031 6042 6053 6064 6075 6085 1 2 3 4 5 6
41 6128 6138 6149 6160 6170 6180 61916 1 2 3 4 5 6
42 6232 6243 6253 6263 6274 6284 6294 1 2 3 4 5 6
43 6335 6345 6355 6365 6375 6385 6395 1 2. 3 4 5 6
44 6435 6444 6454 6464 6474 6484 6493 1 2 3 4 5 6
.
.
.
.
Continue
⚪LAWS OF LOGARITHM
Here are the 4 laws of logarithms:
*Law 1: Product Rule*
Logb(xy) = logb(x) + logb(y)
Example:
Log2(4 × 8) = log2(4) + log2(8)
=2+3
=5
*Law 2: Quotient Rule*
(x/y) = logb(x) – logb(y)
Example:
Log2(16 ÷ 4) = log2(16) – log2(4)
=4–2
=2
*Law 3: Power Rule*
Logb(x^n) = n × logb(x)
Example:
Log2(8^3) = 3 × log2(8)
=3×3
=9
*Law 4: Change of Base Rule*
Logb(x) = logc(x) / logc(b)
Example:
Log2(8) = log10(8) / log10(2)
= 0.903 / 0.301
= 3.
⚪APPLICATIONS OF LOGARITHM
Logarithms have numerous applications in various fields, including
mathematics, science, engineering, and finance. Here are some key
applications:
1.Mathematics & Computing
Simplifying complex calculations involving large numbers
Solving exponential equations
Algorithmic complexity (e.g., Big-O notation in computer science, such
as O(logn)
2.Science & Engineering
• Measuring pH levels in chemistry
pH=−log[H +]
• Richter scale for measuring earthquake magnitude
(Magnitude=Log(Energy).
• Decibel scale for sound intensity (dB=1Log(Power ratio).
3.Finance & Economics
• Compound interest calculations (A=Solved using logarithms)
• Population growth and economic models (logarithmic regression)
• Logarithmic stock market indicators and risk assessments
4.Cryptography & Cybersecurity
Used in public-key cryptography (e.g., RSA, Daffier-Hellman, and
Elliptic Curve Cryptography)
Hash functions in password encryption involve logarithmic complexity
5.Science & Artificial Intelligence
• Logarithmic transformation to normalize skewed data
• Entropy and information theory (Shannon entrees).
• Log to measure information content).
• Machine learning algorithms like logistic regression.
6.Astronomy & Physics
• Calculating star brightness (apparent magnitude scale uses logs)
Half-life of radioactive substances.
⚪MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. What is the value of log2(8)?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
Answer: b) 3
2. Which of the following is equivalent to log10(1000)?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
Answer: b) 3
3. What is the value of log5(125)?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
Answer: b) 3
4. Evaluate: log2(16) – log2(4)
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
Answer: b) 2
5. What is the value of log10(10^2)?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
Answer: b) 2
6. Which of the following is true for all x > 0?
a) log2(x) = log10(x)
b) log2(x) ≠ log10(x)
c) log2(x) > log10(x)
d) log2(x) < log10(x)
Answer: b) log2(x) ≠ log10(x).
7. Evaluate: log3(27) + log3(3)
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6
Answer: b) 4
8. What is the value of log2(64)?
a) 4
b) 5
c) 6
d) 7
Answer: c) 6
9. Which of the following is equivalent to log10(10000)?
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6
Answer: b) 4
10. Evaluate: log5(25) – log5(5)
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 3
Answer: b) 1
⚪QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.
1)Write each of the following ordinary numbers in scientific
notation.
i.) 30600
30600=3.06×10^4Ans.
ii ) 0.000058
0.000058=5.8×10^-5
2). Find the characteristics of following numbers.
a) 1.02
=Characteristic is 0
b) 1662.4
Characteristic is 3.
3).Evaluate 291.3×42.36
Let x =291.3×42.36
Then log x = log(291.3+log 42.36)
=2.4643+1.6269
=4.0912
x =antilog 4.0912=12340
12340Ans.
4).Evaluate log2^3×log3^8
We know that
Loga^n=logb^n /logb^a
Log2^3×log3^8 = log3/log2×log8/log3
Log8/log2=log2^3/log2
=3log2/log2=3
3Ans.
Q#5)
A)Log2(8 × 4) = ?
Solution: log2(8) + log2(4) = 3 + 2 = 5
B)Log10(1000 ÷ 100) = ?
Solution: log10(1000) – log10(100) = 3 – 2 = 1
6).Log3(27^2) = ?
Solution: 2 × log3(27) = 2 × 3 = 6
7).Log2(16) – log2(2) = ?
Solution:
log2(16 ÷ 2) = log2(8) = 3
ii ). Solution: log5(125) – log5(5) = 3 – 1 = 2
iii )Log2(8^4) = ?
Solution: 4 × log2(8) = 4 × 3 = 12
Iv )Log10(1000) + log10(10) = ?
Solution: log10(1000 × 10) = log10(10000) = 4
V)Log3(27 × 9) = ?
Solution: log3(27) + log3(9) = 3 + 2 = 5.
8). Find the logarithm of
2logx- 3 log y
Using the laws of logarithms:
2logx – 3logy = logx^2 – logy^3
= log(x^2 / y^3)Ans.
9). Use log table and find the value of 0.8176×13.64
Using the log table:
Log(0.8176) = 0.9132 – 1 = -0.0868
Log(13.64) = 1.1354
Log(0.8176 × 13.64) = log(0.8176) + log(13.64)
= -0.0868 + 1.1354
= 1.0486
Now, using the antilog ( inverse log) table:
Antilog(1.0486) ≈ 11.23
So, the value of 0.8176 × 13.64 ≈ 11.23Ans.
10).Using log table find the value of 0.678×9.01/0.0234
Using the log table:
Log(0.678) = 0.8325 – 1 = -0.1675
Log(9.01) = 0.9548
Log(0.0234) = 1.3689 – 2 = -0.6311
Now, using the log properties:
Log(0.678 × 9.01) = log(0.678) + log(9.01)
= -0.1675 + 0.9548
= 0.7873
Log(0.0234) = -0.6311
Now, using the log properties for division:
Log(0.678 × 9.01 / 0.0234) = log(0.678 × 9.01) – log(0.0234)
= 0.7873 – (-0.6311)
= 0.7873 + 0.6311
= 1.4184
Now, using the antilog (inverse log) table:
Antilog(1.4184) ≈ 26.21
So, the value of 0.678 × 9.01 / 0.0234 ≈ 26.21
The End.
