Internet Of Things

UNIT – 1

[IOT] – Internet of Things

Que. 1
What is IOT. Define its characteristics and conceptual and architectural frameworks.

Answer
• IoT refers to a network of physical objects ("things") embedded with sensors,
software, and other technologies that enable them to connect and exchange data
with other devices and systems over the Internet.
• It is simple concept of controlling different devices by establishing a connection &
communication from mobile app or web browser.
• Taking everyday things, embedding them with electronics, software, sensors & then
connecting them to Internet & enabling them to collect & exchange data without
human intervention is called as the IoT.

HISTORY
• The term IOT was coined by Kevin Auston, the Executive director of Auto-ID Labs in MIT in 1999.

CHARACTERSTICS DSIIEUI

Dynamic and
Self-adapting Energy Efficiency
Intelligence Interoperable
Communication Unique Identity
Protocols
Self-configuring Integrated into Information Network

1. Dynamic and self-adapting: IoT devices automatically change the way they work
depending on the situation. In simple terms, they adjust their settings based on what
is happening around them, the needs of the user, or changes in the environment. For
example, think of a surveillance camera. During daylight, it might use a lower
resolution because there is enough light, but at night, it switches to a higher
resolution to capture clear images. Furthermore, if it detects movement, it can send a
signal to nearby cameras to start recording as well. This ability means that the devices
 do all the work by themselves without a person needing to manually change
anything.
2. Self-configuring: Many IoT devices are designed to work together automatically with
little or no help from people. This means that when you set up a group of these
devices, like those used for monitoring the weather, they can automatically arrange
their network connections, set themselves up, and even update their software when
needed. The advantage here is that there is no need for a person to go into each
device and change settings – they all configure themselves so that the system works
smoothly.
3. Intelligence: IoT systems have different levels of "smartness" or intelligence.
• Basic Level
At the simplest level, IoT devices just collect information. For example: Sensors that measure
temperature or count people entering a room.

• Medium Level
More advanced IoT systems can collect and analyze the data. They look at patterns and can tell you
useful information. Like a smart refrigerator that notices you're low on milk and adds it to your
shopping list.

• Advanced Level
The most intelligent IoT systems use machine learning. These systems can actually make decisions
on their own, without a human telling them what to do. For example, a smart home system that
learns your schedule and automatically adjusts your heating to save energy when you're not home.

Example: Situation to action mapping intelligence mechanism, Device specific algorithms etc.

4. Interoperable Communication Protocols: These devices use different communication protocols

(Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, LoRa, and MQTT), which are like sets of rules that allow them talk to each
other. Even if the devices come from different companies or are meant for different purposes,
these protocols allow them to exchange information. This is necessary so that all devices in the
network can understand each other and work together without any confusion. It guarantees
smooth communication across the entire system. Sometimes it is also called as .
5. Energy Efficiency: Many IoT devices use batteries to work. To make these batteries last long, we
need to design and use them in a way that uses less power. This helps to save energy and extend
the life of the batteries.
6. Unique Identity: For remotely control, operate and manage the IOT devices seamlessly in order to
give Input and take Output, it is essential that each IoT device has its own unique identity, similar
to having its own special address on the internet (like an IP address). This unique identity is very
useful because it makes every device recognizable within the network. In addition, the IoT systems
may have intelligent interfaces which adapt based on the context which helps users to easily check
each device’s status, ask it questions, or control it from a distance. Essentially, this unique identity
helps organize everything and allows for proper control and management of each device in the
network.
7. Integrated into Information Network: Finally, IoT devices are not isolated; they are connected into a
larger network that allows them to share data and work together. This integration means that each device
 can also tell other devices or user applications what it is capable of doing. For example, a weather
monitoring device can share details about what kinds of data it collects and what it can measure with other
similar devices. This networked integration ensures that all devices are synchronized, allowing for efficient
communication and management of the entire system.

Example: IOT based fire alarm system.

IoT Conceptual and Architectural Framework

Following equation describes a simple conceptual framework of IoT.

Physical object + (Controller-sensor, Actuators) + Internet = IoT

Actuator:

• Supporting device which helps other devices to operate.

• It is a device that makes something move or operate.

IoT conceptual framework for enterprise processes (IoT architecture by oracle)

Gather + Enrich + Stream + Manage + Acquire + Organize & Analyse = IoT

Complex IoT conceptual framework for cloud platform-based processes & service.s

Gather + Consolidate + Connect + Collect + Assemble + Manage & Analyse = IoT

IBM IoT Conceptual Framework

Components of IOT Ecosystem.

• IOT Devices
• Device Manager
• IP Network
• Non-IP Network
• Sensor Bridge
• Data Analytics
• IOT Services

Que. 2
Define Physical and Physical design of IoT.

Answer
• IoT devices have unique identities and can perform remote sensing, monitoring and actuating
capabilities.
• IoT devices may exchange data with other attached devices and applications or store data from other
devices.

IoT devices has several interfaces for connections to other devices:

1. I/O Interfaces for sensors

2. Memory and storage Interfaces
3. Internet Connectivity Interfaces
4. Audio/Video Interfaces

• An IoT device can get several kinds of data like temperature, humidity, light intensity from the attached
and on-board sensors.
IoT Protocols
1. Link Layer: In the IoT environment, devices need to communicate reliably. The
communication is organized into layers, and one of the most critical layer is the Link
Layer. This layer is responsible for turning data from digital packets into physical
signals that travel along wires or through the air.
Digital Packets →→→→ Physical Signals
a. 802.3-Ethernet: Ethernet standards define how data is physically sent over
wired networks. Some key versions include:
• 802.3 (10BASE5)
• 802.3i (10BASE-T)
• 802.3j (Fiber Optic Ethernet)
• 802.3ae
 b. 802.11: Wi-Fi (Wireless Communication): This family of standards enables
wireless local area network (WLAN) connectivity, which is fundamental for
mobile and flexible IoT devices. Key versions include:
• 802.11a – Operates in 5 GHz band
• 802.11b – Operates in 2.4 GHz band
• 802.11g – Operates in 2.4 GHz band
• 802.11n – Operates in 2.4/5 GHz band
• 802.11ac – Operates in 5 GHz band
• 802.11ad – Operates in 60 GHz band
c. 802.16-WiMax: It is a group of wireless broadbands standards. WiMax
standards.
• WiMax standards provide 1.5 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s data rates.
• 802.16m provides 100 Mbit/s data rate for mobile stations and 1 Gbit/s
data rate for fixed stations.
d. 802.15.4-LR-WPAN: IEEE 802.15.4 is a group of low rate wireless personal area
networks.
• LR-WPAN standards provide 40 kbit/s to 250 kbit/s data rates.
• The standards give low-cost and low-speed communication for power
constrained devices. It form the basic of specifications for high level
communication protocol like ZigBee.
e. 2G/3G/4G-Mobile Communication –
• 2G - Includes GSM and CDMA.
• 3G – Includes UMTS and CDMA2000
• 4G – Includes LTE and VOLTE
• All the standards provide data rates from 9.6kbit/s (for 2G) to 100
Mbit/s (for 4G).
2. Network/Internet Layer: This layer sends data (called IP datagrams) from one
device to another across different networks. It uses IP address to send the data to the
right device.
a. IP Address Types:
• IPv4 – Older version, uses 32-bit address (e.g., 192.168.0.1)
• IPv6 – Newer version, uses 128-bit address (more secure & can connect
more devices)
• 6LoWPAN – Specially made for small IoT devices with limited power
(like sensors).
• Example: A smart bulb (IoT device) gets an IP address using IPv6, so
your phone can send it a signal to turn ON.
3. Transport Layer: This layers ensures that your message (data) reaches properly –
like delivering a parcel safely.
a. Functions:
• Controls errors
• Manages traffic (flow control)
• Breaks data into parts (segmentation)
• Controls network load (congestion control)
b. Two Main types of protocols:
• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
• UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
c. Example: When you check camera footage from your smart CCTV on your
phone, it may use UDP for fast loading.
4. Application Layer: This is where applications (like browser or mobile apps)
interact with the network. It defines how data should be sent or received by
applications. Port numbers are used here to identify different services (like 80 for
websites, 5683 for CoAP).
a. HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
• Used by websites and apps to send/receive data
• Works with GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc.
• Stateless – each request is separate
• Used in web browsers and IoT devices
• Uses URL/URI to find resources.
• Example: Smart refrigerator sending temperature data to a web
dashboard using HTTP GET request.
b. CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol
• Made specially for small IoT devices (low power, limited memory)
• Used for machine-to-machine communication
• Works like HTTP but uses less bandwidth and energy
• Example: A soil moisture sensor in farming sends data to the cloud
using CoAP.
c. WebSocket:
• Use: Full-duplex (both-way) real-time communication
• Based on: TCP
• Supports: Client-server architecture
• Best for: Chat apps, live notifications, or smart dashboard updates
 • Example: Smart home dashboard shows live updates from sensors (like
door open/close, temperature). This is done using WebSocket.
d. MQTT – Message Queue Telemetry Transport
• Use: Lightweight protocol for messaging
Best for: Small IoT devices (low power, low memory)
Architecture: Publish-Subscribe model
• Devices (clients) subscribe to topics
• Messages are published by IoT broker (server)
Low bandwidth required
• Example: A smart thermometer publishes temperature data every 5
minutes. The mobile app is subscribed to that topic and shows the data
live.
e. XMPP – Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol
• Use: Real-time XML-based communication
• Supports: Messaging, gaming, presence info, video calls
• Works between servers and clients, and also between clients
• Sends small XML messages
• Example: Two smart devices (like a smartwatch and a smartphone) chat
or share data in real time using XMPP.
f. DDS – Data Distribution Service
• Use: Machine-to-machine communication
• Model: Publish-Subscribe (like MQTT)
• Decentralized communication (no single server)
• Gives real-time and reliable delivery
• Best for big systems with many devices
g. AMQP – Advanced Message Queuing Protocol
• Use: Reliable messaging between systems
• Supports: Routing, Queuing, Publish-Subscribe
• Used in business-level IoT apps
• Messages can be queued and delivered later if devices are offline
• Example: A smart energy meter sends data to AMQP broker, and even
if the cloud server is offline, the broker queues the message and sends
it later.

Que. 3
Define Physical and logical design of IoT.
 Answer
❖ IoT Functional Blocks
➢ Device – Device that sense, monitor, actuate
➢ Communication – Manages Communication
➢ Services – Data publishing & Device control services.
➢ Management
➢ Security – Must be high.
➢ Application – Gives interface to users.
❖ IoT Communication Models
➢ Request-Response

➢ Publish-Subscribe – Includes Publisher, Consumers, Brokers

➢ Push-Pull – Producers push the data to queues; Consumers pull the
data from queues.
➢ Exclusive Pair – Fully-duplex communication model
❖ IoT Communication APIs
➢ REST-based Communication APIs – Representational state transfer.
Used to design web services or APIs.
▪ Client-server
▪ Stateless
▪ Cache-able
▪ Layered System
▪ Uniform Interface
▪ Code on Demand
➢ WebSocket-Based Communication APIs

Que. 4
Write a short note on applications of IOT, Area of
development.
 Answer
1. Healthcare – Biosensors for chronic diseases, Ambient assisted living (AAL)
2. Smart Cities – Water & Waste management, Lighting control, Energy
3. Mobility and Transportation – Vehicles equipped with actuators & sensors.
These sensors send important information to traffic control sites
4. Smart Homes and Buildings – Air conditioning control, Smart Bulbs
5. Smart Manufacturing – Help in saving energy
6. Energy
7. Smart Planet/Environment
8. Smart Agriculture
9. Smart Parking
10. Traffic congestion
11. Waste management
12. Tank level
13. Water flow
14. Smart roads
15. Smart lightning
16. Liquid presence
17. Air pollution
18. Radiation level
19. NFC payment

Que. 4
What is machine to machine (M2M)
Answer

• M2M is a concept in which two or more machines may communicate

with each other, and carry out specific functions.
 • Used for remote monitoring, control, and data exchange between
machines without human involvement.
• Software and Connectivity makes them semi-intelligent. For example –
Lamp can be controlled through smart phone if smart phone is
connected to the Internet. Lamp is not computing device yet, Internet
connectivity and software allows the ability to control them.
M2M system architecture
1. M2M area networks: This layer includes machines embedded with
hardware modules for communication, sensing, and actuation. These
devices interact locally using short-range communication technologies
such as:
a. Bluetooth
b. ZigBee
c. Modbus
d. Wireless M-bus
e. 6LoWPAN, etc.
2. Communication network: This provides connectivity between remote
M2M area networks and enables long-distance communication. It may
use wired (like Ethernet) or wireless (like cellular, Wi-Fi) technologies.
M2M gateways are used to translate protocols.
3. Application domain: It includes end-user applications where M2M
technology is implemented. Some applications are:
a. Smart Homes
b. Smart Grids
c. Industrial Automation