As per our records you have not submitted this assignment.

1 point
Which of the following areas can be included in health research?

i. Improving the health of the population

ii. Predicting progression of a disease in a patient
iii. Prevention of various diseases
iv. To explore various societal, community based and programmatic interventions for disease prevention and
control

a) i and ii
b) i, ii and iv
c) All of the above

d) None of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) All of the above
1 point
What is appropriate for sample and sample size?

a) Should be representative of the population [External validity or generalizability]

b) Should be adequate [power to draw meaningful inferences]
c) Both 'a' and 'b'

d) Neither 'a' nor 'b'

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Both 'a' and 'b'
1 point
Which of the following statements are correct regarding defining inclusion and exclusion criteria in a study
protocol?

a) They should be vague because this will allow greater and easy enrollment
b) They should be very specific
c) They should be very large in number

d) It is not important to define exclusion criteria in a clinical trial

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) They should be very specific
1 point
Which of the following are examined as part of regulatory review?

a) Information regarding transfer of funds and utilization of funds

 b) Shipment of samples and transfer of data outside the country
c) Sharing and protection of intellectual property

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point
Which of the following statements is not true in case of pilot study?

a) They are conducted for developing and testing adequacy of research instruments
b) They establish whether the sampling frame and technique are effective
c) Ethics committee approves the main study only after successful completion of the pilot study

d) They are small scale studies

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Ethics committee approves the main study only after successful completion of the pilot study
1 point
Before initiating a study involving primary data collection, the Principal Investigator must ensure that various
approvals are obtained. Which of the following approvals is absolutely mandatory?

a) Scientific committee approval

b) Ethics committee approval
c) Technical committee approval

d) Regulatory authority approval

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Ethics committee approval
1 point
Which is the best source of information on 'effect modifiers' while exploring cause and effect relationship in a
research study?

a) Deductive thinking
b) Thorough review of literature
c) Intelligent guessing

d) Discussing with experienced researchers

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Thorough review of literature
1 point
The policy makers want to know whether introduction of pentavalent vaccine in the national program is
resulting in reduction in the number of Hemophilus influenza cases. Which of the following studies will they
have to conduct to find an answer?

a) Case-control study
b) Field trial
c) Ecological study

d) Case series
No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Field trial
1 point
What is true about Confounders?

a) They affect both study variable as well as outcome

b) Their effect can be minimized by proper study design and through stratified analysis
c) Both 'a' and 'b'

d) None of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Both 'a' and 'b'
1 point
Which of the following is not a type of study design?

a) Qualitative study
b) Observational study
c) Retrospective study

d) Pilot study
No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) Pilot study
Assignment 2: Formulating
research question
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2020-01-03, 23:59 IST.

As per our records you have not submitted this assignment.

1 point

Which of the following is an element of life cycle of research?

a) Identify data needs and spell out the research question

b) Formulate the objective and design the study

c) Draw conclusion and give recommendation to stakeholders

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

Which of the following verbs is preferably used in the statement of objectives of an analytical research study?

a) Estimate

b) Determine

c) Study

d) Describe

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Determine

1 point

Source(s) of research question is/are

 a) Published literature

b) Being alert to new ideas

c) Careful observation and teaching

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

Which of the following is stated mainly for statistical purpose?

a) Research question

b) Objectives

c) Research hypothesis

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Research hypothesis

1 point

If your objective is to estimate the prevalence of a health problem in a community in 2019, Identify the type of
research question this
study is addressing

a) Analytical research question

b) Descriptive research question

c) Hypothetical research question

d) Experimental research question

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Descriptive research question
1 point

What is the first step in the life cycle of research?

a) Spell out the research question

b) Formulate the objective of the study

c) Identify the data needs

d) Choose the study design

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Identify the data needs

1 point

A clear research question facilitates to do the following

a) Choose the most optimal design

b) Identify who should be included as study population

c) Specify the outcomes that should be measured

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

a) A good research question should be Feasible, Interesting, Novel, Ethical and Relevant

b) A good research question should be in epidemiological terms

c) A good research question facilitates to choose optimal design

d) A good research question will focus on one issue

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) A good research question should be in epidemiological terms

1 point

The verb "estimate" is used in the objective of analytical research studies

a) True

b) False

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) False

1 point

The process of refining the "ideas" into research questions begins with general uncertainty about a health issue
and narrow down to a specific, concrete researchable issue

a) True

b) False

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) True

Assignment 3: Literature review

The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2020-01-03, 23:59 IST.

As per our records you have not submitted this assignment.

1 point

The ability to apply the principles of analysis to identify those studies which are unbiased and valid is called as

a) Critical appraisal

b) Information seeking

c) Information management
 d) Systematic Review

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Critical appraisal

1 point

A __________ is a collection of articles, abstracts, scientific proceedings, books, citations etc. that is organized
so that it can easily
be accessed while doing literature review

a) Database

b) Critical appraisal

c) Hard disk

d) Index

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Database

1 point

Why should we need to do a literature review?

a) Save yourself from work

b) Know the subject matter better

c) Suggest new research topics, questions and methods

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

The process of scanning the literature efficiently using manual or computerized methods to identify a set of
potentially useful
articles and books is called as

a) Information seeking
 b) Critical appraisal

c) Database management

d) Information retrieval

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Information seeking

1 point

In the Boolean search strategy AND tells that database that you want records that contain all the words you
specify

a) True

b) False

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) True

1 point

Which of the following is unethical while writing a Literature Review?

a) The contents from the studies should be presented honestly

b) The contents from the studies should not be distorted

c) It is not necessary to address the weakness of the study in a scholarly manner

d) Sources should be accurately documented

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) It is not necessary to address the weakness of the study in a scholarly manner

1 point

Critical appraisal is done in an organized and systematic manner

a) True

b) False
No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) True

1 point

The process of identifying, within a large document collection, a subset of documents whose content is most
relevant to user's need is called as

a) Information retrieval

b) Information management

c) Systematic Review

d) Narrative Review

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Information retrieval

1 point

The query system in the information retrieval process of literature review is

a) User defined

b) Provider defined

c) Conditional

d) Not structured

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) User defined

1 point

In the National Library of Medicine (NLM), MeSH means

a) Medical Services Heading

b) Medical Subject Heading

c) Medical Subject Helpline

 d) Medicine Services Helpline

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Medical Subject Heading

Assignment 4: Measures of disease

frequency
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2020-01-03, 23:59 IST.

As per our records you have not submitted this assignment.

1 point

Which of the following must be considered while measuring occurrence of a disease?

a) The number of people affected by the disease

b) The population size from which the cases of disease arise

c) The length of the time the population is followed

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

__________ is most useful for evaluating the impact of prevention programmes

a) Point prevalence

b) Period prevalence

c) Case fatality

d) Incidence
No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) Incidence

1 point

Which one of the following statement is true?

a) High cure rate can increase the prevalence of a disease

b) Low case fatality can reduce the prevalence of a disease

c) Both 'a' and 'b' are true

d) High cure rate and high case fatality can reduce the prevalence of a disease

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) High cure rate and high case fatality can reduce the prevalence of a disease

1 point

Measures of disease frequency

a) Incidence

b) Prevalence

c) Birth rate

d) 'a' and 'b'

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) 'a' and 'b'

1 point

A measure that reflects severity of an acute infectious disease

a) Case fatality ratio

b) Incidence rate

c) Prevalence
 d) Mortality rate

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Case fatality ratio

1 point

Incidence data can be used to measure the occurrence of disease with gradual onset

a) True

b) False

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) False

1 point

This measure reflects the impact of a disease on population in terms of death

a) Incidence density

b) Case fatality

c) Disease specific mortality

d) Attack rate

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Disease specific mortality

1 point

While measuring the frequency of a chronic disease in a community in terms of Incidence per 1000 persons per
year, and point prevalence per 1000 persons, what is the expected pattern of incidence and prevalence?

a) Low prevalence, high incidence

b) High prevalence, low incidence

c) Both prevalence and incidence will be similar

d) None of the above statements are true

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) High prevalence, low incidence

1 point

In a study among 3400 children aged 5-10 years, 16 children were diagnosed with autistic disorder. Calculate
the prevalence
of autism per 1000 children

a) 4.01

b) 5.53

c) 3.35

d) 4.71

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) 4.71

1 point

Statistic used to estimate the risk of acquiring a disease

a) Prevalence

b) Incidence

c) Mortality rate

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Incidence

Assignment 5: Descriptive study

designs
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2020-01-03, 23:59 IST.

As per our records you have not submitted this assignment.

1 point

Study design(s) useful for describing uncommon clinical manifestations

a) Case reports

b) Case series

c) Both 'a' and 'b'

d) Ecological study

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Both 'a' and 'b'

1 point

Cross-sectional studies are used to

a) Estimate prevalence

b) Generate hypotheses

c) Describe trends

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

In a cross-sectional study, we can observe one or more outcomes

a) True

b) False

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) True

1 point
Which one of the following is useful to measure the burden or magnitude of a disease or risk factor?

a) Case-control study

b) Cross-sectional study

c) Case report

d) Case series

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Cross-sectional study

1 point

Which of the following is wrong about descriptive study designs?

a) Describe the study outcome for 1 group

b) Compare the study outcomes for 2 group

c) Calculate the incidence for surveillance data

d) Calculate prevalence for cross-sectional study

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Compare the study outcomes for 2 group

1 point

Descriptive epidemiology study designs can answer all of the following questions EXCEPT:

a) Who?

b) When?

c) Where?

d) Why?

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) Why?
1 point

Which one of the following study designs does not employ comparison groups to answer the primary study
objectives?

a) Cross-sectional study

b) Cohort study

c) Ecological study

d) Clinical trials

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Cross-sectional study

1 point

Unit of observation in the cross-sectional study is

a) Individual

b) Group

c) Both 'a' and 'b'

d) None of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Individual

1 point

Case reports can include presentation of

a) Unique features/symptoms of a disease

b) Rare manifestation of common disease

c) New or unfamiliar diseases

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

Advantage of the ecological study is

a) Relate rate of disease and exposure

b) Useful to test hypothesis

c) Useful to study rare diseases

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Relate rate of disease and exposure

Assignment 6: Analytical study

designs
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2020-01-03, 23:59 IST.

As per our records you have not submitted this assignment.

1 point

Exposure is not assigned by the investigator in the following study design

a) Cohort

b) Case-control

c) Cross-sectional

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point
Which of the following statement(s) is true about the cohort study?

a) It is not suitable for disease with a long latency period

b) Loss to follow up can introduce bias

c) Both 'a' and 'b'

d) None of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Both 'a' and 'b'

1 point

Which of the following study design is better suited to demonstrate a temporal association between exposure
and disease?

a) Cross-sectional study

b) Case-control study

c) Cohort study

d) Ecological study

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Cohort study

1 point

Relative risk of more than 1 indicates

a) Incidence in unexposed is higher than exposed

b) Incidence in exposed and unexposed are same

c) Incidence in exposed is higher than unexposed

d) Relative risk is significant

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Incidence in exposed is higher than unexposed
1 point

If the odds of exposure among cases is lower than the odds of exposure among the controls, the odds ratio will
be

a) More than 1

b) Less than 1

c) It depends on other factors

d) None of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Less than 1

1 point

All babies born in a particular year will form a birth cohort

a) True

b) False

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) True

1 point

Cohort study is suitable for rare diseases

a) True

b) False

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) False

1 point

Which of the following is NOT true regarding case-control study?

i. Appropriate for study of rare outcome

ii. More time consuming than cohort study
iii. Multiple exposures can be examined
iv. Relatively expensive compared to cohort study

a) Both (i) and (ii)

b) Both (ii) and (iii)

c) Both (ii) and (iv)

d) Both (iii) and (iv)

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Both (ii) and (iv)

1 point

What is an appropriate measure of statistical association in a cohort study?

a) Prevalence ratio

b) Risk ratio

c) Odds ratio

d) Pearson's correlation coefficient

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Risk ratio

1 point

The entire population of a given community is screened and all those judged as being free of Colon cancer are
questioned extensively about their diet. These people are then followed-up for several years to see whether
their eating habits will predict their risk of developing Colon cancer - This is an example of

a) Case-control study

b) Clinical trial

c) Cross-sectional study

d) Cohort study

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) Cohort study

Assignment 7: Experimental study

designs: Clinical trials
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2020-01-03, 23:59 IST.

As per our records you have not submitted this assignment.

1 point

One of the cornerstones of the randomized controlled trials is

a) Recruitment

b) Randomization

c) Blinding

d) Placebo

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Randomization

1 point

Randomized clinical trials can be best described as

a) Experimental studies

b) Analytic studies

c) Descriptive studies

d) Observational studies

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Experimental studies
1 point

Which of the following is/are true in a clinical trial?

a) Sample size determination

b) Approval from regulatory authority

c) Agreement between the investigators and sponsors

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

A pharmacologically inactive agent that investigators administer to participants in the control group of a trial

a) Comparator drug

b) Placebo

c) Conjugate

d) Drug under investigation

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Placebo

1 point

Key methodological components of a Randomized Controlled Trials are

a) Use of a control to which the experimental intervention is compared

b) Random assignment of participants to intervention

c) Taking informed consent from all study participants

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

Double-blinding in a clinical trial involves

a) Participants before and after study

b) Participants and investigators

c) Investigators and analysts

d) Participants and analysis

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Participants and investigators

1 point

The purpose of a double-blinding in a clinical trial is to

a) Achieve comparability of all arms of a clinical trial

b) Avoid observer and participant bias

c) Avoid observer bias and sampling variation

d) Avoid subject bias and sampling variation

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Avoid observer and participant bias

1 point

What is the purpose of randomization in a clinical trial?

a) Get better power for data analysis

b) Generalizing the study findings to the population which is not studied

c) Achieve balance in baseline characteristics

d) Guarantee that the statistical tests have valid significance levels

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Achieve balance in baseline characteristics

1 point

Which phase of a clinical trial is referred to as post-marketing surveillance?

a) Phase 1

b) Phase 2

c) Phase 3

d) Phase 4

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) Phase 4

1 point

Long-term adverse effects and efficacy of a new drug can be tested in which of the following phases of a
clinical trial?

a) Phase 1

b) Phase 2

c) Phase 3

d) Phase 4

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Phase 2

Assignment 8: Validity of
epidemiological studies
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2020-01-03, 23:59 IST.

As per our records you have not submitted this assignment.

1 point

Obtaining an estimate that is generalizable to relevant study population in a research study is

a) External validity

b) Internal validity

c) Bias

d) Confounding

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) External validity

1 point

Any process that tends to produce results that depart systematically from true values in a research study

a) Chance

b) Bias

c) Random error

d) Effect Modification

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Bias

1 point

Systematic selection of more number of exposed participants with the higher risk of outcome in a cohort study
will result in

a) Selection bias

b) Information bias

c) Confounding

d) Random error
No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Selection bias

1 point

The effect of the exposure of interest on the outcome is distorted because of the effect of extraneous factors
that are related to both the exposure and outcome. This phenomenon is called

a) Correlation effect

b) Confounding

c) Recall bias

d) Measurement error

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Confounding

1 point

Biases can occur during which stage of research study?

a) Study design

b) Study implementation

c) Data analysis

d) At any of the above stages

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) At any of the above stages

1 point

All are true regarding measures to reduce information bias, EXCEPT

a) Precise operational definitions of all variables

b) Detailed measurement protocols

c) Adequate sample size

 d) Training, Certification and re-certification of data collectors

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Adequate sample size

1 point

Variability in estimation due to unknown/uncontrollable factors

a) Chance

b) Bias

c) Confounding

d) Effect modification

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Chance

1 point

All are true regarding confounding in an epidemiological study, EXCEPT

a) May simulate an association that does not exist

b) May increase or decrease the strength of association

c) May not reveal an association that does exist

d) Always change the direction of effect

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) Always change the direction of effect

1 point

The method which can used to alleviate confounding during data analysis in an epidemiological study

a) Multivariate analysis

b) Restriction
 c) Matching

d) Randomization

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Multivariate analysis

1 point

To reduce selection bias in case-control studies, all of the following are true EXCEPT

a) Use population based design

b) Apply different eligibility criteria for selecting cases and controls

c) Both cases and controls undergo the same diagnostic procedures

d) Avoid hospital based design

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Apply different eligibility criteria for selecting cases and controls

Assignment 9: Qualitative research

methods: An overview
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2020-01-03, 23:59 IST.

As per our records you have not submitted this assignment.

1 point

Which methods in qualitative research use flexible interview guide?

a) In depth Interviews and participant observation

b) Focus Group Discussions and In-depth interviews

c) Participant Observation and focus group discussions

d) Structure interviews and surveys

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Focus Group Discussions and In-depth interviews

1 point

Which of the following study designs can be used as a tool a generate ideas/hypotheses?

a) Qualitative study

b) Case-control study

c) Experimental study

d) Cohort study

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Qualitative study

1 point

The qualitative data analysis method in which investigators code text into categories and build theoretical
models

a) Content analysis

b) Grounded theory

c) Schema analysis

d) Hermeneutics

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Grounded theory

1 point

Open-ended, one-to-one interviews to discover interviewee's own framework of meanings

a) In-depth Interviews

b) Focus Group Discussions

 c) Participant observation

d) Structured interviews

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) In-depth Interviews

1 point

Audio recordings during Focus Group Discussions

a) Can be done without any prior informed written consent

b) Cannot be done

c) Should always be done

d) Can be done with prior informed consent

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) Can be done with prior informed consent

1 point

All of the following are situations in which qualitative research methods can be used, except

a) Familiar and sufficiently researched matter

b) To seek the depth of understanding

c) Exploration of behaviors

d) View the social phenomenon holistically

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Familiar and sufficiently researched matter

1 point

The main methods used in qualitative research method include all except

a) In-depth Interviews
 b) Focus Group Discussions

c) Participant observation

d) Structured questionnaire-based interviews

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) Structured questionnaire-based interviews

1 point

The observer becomes a part of the group or event in this method of qualitative study

a) In-depth Interviews

b) Focus Group Discussions

c) Participant observation

d) Structured interviews

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Participant observation

1 point

All the statements regarding Participant Observation is true except

a) Observer becomes a part of the event/group

b) Systematic collection of data is easy

c) Analytic methods for observation are not well described

d) Data is very detailed

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Systematic collection of data is easy

1 point

The qualitative data analysis method which uses theoretical framework as the basis for analysis
 a) Content analysis

b) Grounded theory

c) Schema Analysis

d) Hermeneutics

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Content analysis

Assignment 10: Measurement of

study variables
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2020-01-03, 23:59 IST.

As per our records you have not submitted this assignment.

1 point

In a study on hypertension, patients are categorized based on their systolic blood pressure as normal, pre-
hypertension, stage 1 hypertension and stage 2 hypertension. What type of variable is this?

a) Qualitative

b) Descriptive

c) Nominal

d) Ordinal

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) Ordinal

1 point

Most commonly used measure of central tendency is

a) Mode
 b) Median

c) Mean

d) Range

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Mean

1 point

First quartile (Q1) is equivalent to __________ percentile

a) 25th

b) 50th

c) 75th

d) 1st

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) 25th

1 point

Find the median in the following sample of observations: 12, 26, 10, 29, 48

a) 29

b) 48

c) 26

d) 25

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) 26

1 point

The following measure is not influenced by extreme values in a data set

 a) Arithmetic Mean

b) Inter-quartile range

c) Range

d) 'b' and 'c'

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Inter-quartile range

1 point

Which of the following statistic does not belong with the others?

a) Range

b) Variance

c) Mode

d) Standard deviation

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Mode

1 point

'Number of children per household' is an example of a continuous variable

a) True

b) False

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) False

1 point

In a study, researchers are interested in measuring the cholesterol levels of participants. Cholesterol level is a
________ variable

a) Ordinal
 b) Nominal

c) Continuous

d) Discrete

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Continuous

1 point

In the following set of data, what is the mean? 4,1,9,7,3,8,2,6

a) 5

b) 4.5

c) 9

d) 8

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) 5

1 point

Difference between the minimum value and the maximum value of the observations

a) Variance

b) Inter-quartile range

c) Range

d) Standard Deviation

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Range

Assignment 11: Sampling methods

The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.
 Due on 2020-01-03, 23:59 IST.
As per our records you have not submitted this assignment.

1 point

The process by which some members of a population are selected as representative of the entire population is
known as

a) Census

b) Sampling

c) Survey

d) Randomization

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Sampling

1 point

Sampling based upon equal chance of selection is called

a) Stratified random sampling

b) Simple random sampling

c) Systematic sampling

d) Subjective sampling

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Simple random sampling

1 point

A researcher wishing to draw a sample from sequentially numbered houses uses a random starting point and
then selects every 6th houses, s/he has thus drawn a ________ sample

a) Sequential

b) Systematic

c) Simple random
 d) Stratified

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Systematic

1 point

The following statement is correct regarding sampling error

a) Sampling error is difficult to measure in simple random sampling

b) Sampling error is easy to measure in stratified sampling

c) The magnitude of error can be measured in non-probability samples

d) The magnitude of error can be measured in probability samples

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) The magnitude of error can be measured in probability samples

1 point

The only sampling method allows to draw valid conclusions about the population is

a) Non-probability sampling

b) Convenience sampling

c) Probability sampling

d) Subjective sampling

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Probability sampling

1 point

All the following are true regarding cluster sampling except

a) It needs a complete list of units

b) The sampling unit is group of subjects

 c) Sampling error is difficult to measure

d) Resources required are less

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) It needs a complete list of units

1 point

Methods used in probability samples are

a) Stratified sampling

b) Multi-stage sampling

c) Cluster sampling

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

All the following statements are true regarding simple random sampling except

a) Sampling error is easily measurable

b) It needs a complete list of all units

c) It ensures equal chance of selection for each unit

d) It always achieves best representativeness

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) It always achieves best representativeness

1 point

People who volunteer or who can be easily recruited are used in a sampling method called

a) Cluster sampling
 b) Multi-stage sampling

c) Convenience sampling

d) Systematic sampling

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Convenience sampling

1 point

Based on the number of cigarettes per day, a researcher divides the population into three risk groups for lung
cancer
(low, moderate, high risk). If the researcher then draws a random sample from each of these risk groups
independently,
s/he has created a _________ sample

a) Systematic

b) Simple random

c) Stratified

d) Group data

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Stratified

Assignment 12: Calculating sample

size and power
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2020-01-03, 23:59 IST.

As per our records you have not submitted this assignment.

1 point

Statistical power is defined as the probability of

a) Accepting a null hypothesis when it is false

 b) Rejecting a null hypothesis when it is true

c) Rejecting a null hypothesis when it is false

d) Failing to reject a null hypothesis when it is false

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Rejecting a null hypothesis when it is false

1 point

Steps in the estimation of sample size included all of the following except

a) Identify major study variable

b) Decide on the desired precision of the estimate

c) Adjust for population size

d) Adjust for selection bias

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) Adjust for selection bias

1 point

A type-II error occurs when

a) The null hypothesis is rejected when it is false

b) The null hypothesis is not rejected when it is false

c) The null hypothesis is not rejected when it is true

d) The null hypothesis is rejected when it is true

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) The null hypothesis is not rejected when it is false

1 point

Exact calculation of design effect for a study parameter can take place you after study completion
 a) True

b) False

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) True

1 point

Population variance can be estimated from

a) A pilot study

b) Reports of previous studies

c) Guessing

d) 'a' and 'b'

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) 'a' and 'b'

1 point

The recommended minimum level of power for an analytical study

a) 5%

b) 95%

c) 80%

d) 0.05%

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) 80%

1 point

In general, sample size formula takes into account the crude association between exposure and outcome as
well as the confounders
 a) True

b) False

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) False

1 point

Design effect of 'more than 1' needs to be considered in studies involving

a) Cluster sampling

b) Simple random sampling

c) Stratified random sampling

d) Non-probability sampling

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Cluster sampling

1 point

Which of the following is necessary in sample size determination?

a) Desired confidence level

b) Desired precision

c) Magnitude of the population variance

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

Which one of the following statements is false?

a) Design effect is a relative change in the variance due to use of clusters

 b) As the magnitude of the expected effect increases, the required sample size increases

c) The population variance is unknown in general and has to be estimated

d) Larger the sample size, smaller the sampling error

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) As the magnitude of the expected effect increases, the required sample size increases

Assignment 13: Selection of study

population
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2020-01-03, 23:59 IST.

As per our records you have not submitted this assignment.

1 point

Selection of study participants depends on

a) Representativeness

b) Acceptable cost

c) Adequate size

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

Target population is determined by

a) Demographic characteristics

b) Temporal characteristics

c) Clinical characteristics
 d) 'a' and 'c'

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) 'a' and 'c'

1 point

Study sample is a subset of accessible population

a) True

b) False

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) True

1 point

Representativeness of a study sample refers to

a) The extent to which the characteristics of the sample accurately reflect the characteristics of the
population

b) The size of the sample which is large enough

c) Volunteering nature of the subjects from the population

d) The extent to which the characteristics of exposed population accurately reflect the characteristics of
unexposed sample

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) The extent to which the characteristics of the sample accurately reflect the characteristics of the population

1 point

Non-response in a study can be minimized by

a) Repeat contact of the study participants

b) Providing compensation for participants time

c) Less invasive and less sensitive questionnaires

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

External validity means

a) The degree to which the inferences drawn from a study can be generalized to a broader population
beyond the study population

b) The degree to which the observed findings lead to correct inferences about phenomena taking place in
the study sample

c) The degree to which a test actually measures what it is designed to measure

d) The degree to which the findings are reliable

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) The degree to which the inferences drawn from a study can be generalized to a broader population beyond
the study population

1 point

Participants may be excluded from the study because of

a) Interference with the success of study follow-up

b) Ethical concerns

c) Interference with the quality of data collection or non-acceptance to participate in the study

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

While choosing the accessible population and the sampling approach for selection of study population, an
important factor
that we need to consider is

a) Simplicity
 b) Technology

c) Feasibility

d) Reliability

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Feasibility

1 point

If your research question is related to diagnosis, treatment or prognosis of a severe medical condition, then it is
an easy and
cost-effective way to recruit the study population from the community

a) True

b) False

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) False

1 point

Reasons for interference with the success of follow-up in a study may include

a) Migration of some study participants from the study area

b) Marriage of some of the female study participants because of which they might move out of the study
area

c) Refusals for follow-up

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
Assignment 14: Study plan and
project management
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2020-01-03, 23:59 IST.

As per our records you have not submitted this assignment.

1 point

Which of the following statements regarding study objectives is correct?

a) Objectives should be defined at the planning stage of study

b) Objectives can be defined at any time of the study

c) Objectives can be changed even at the end of the study

d) Objectives should be defined before identifying the research question

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Objectives should be defined at the planning stage of study

1 point

Which of the following is (are) required to determine the key indicators for planned research study?

a) Frame study objectives

b) Identify parameters needed for the key indicators

c) Choose the right study design

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

Which of the following can improve efficiency of a research study?

 a) Time management

b) Planning and scheduling activities

c) Budgeting

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

Which of the following represents the correct sequence in a life cycle of a study?

a) Identifying data needs, formulating study objectives, planning analysis, spelling out research question

b) Formulating study objectives, planning analysis, spelling out research question, identifying data needs

c) Identifying data needs, spelling out research question, formulating study objectives, planning analysis

d) Formulating study objects, spelling out research question, identifying data needs, planning analysis

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Identifying data needs, spelling out research question, formulating study objectives, planning analysis

1 point

It should be ensured that products/deliverables of health research projects are delivered within the

a) Defined timeframe

b) Defined budget

c) Expected quality standards

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point
Which of the following statements best describes the study objectives?

a) They should be minimum, achievable and clear

b) They can be primary and / or secondary

c) Adding objectives during study implementation is a good practice

d) 'a' and 'b'

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) 'a' and 'b'

1 point

Principles to be followed while collecting the information elements are

a) Use the variables that will best reflect the information element

b) Adopt standardize case definitions and laboratory criteria/normal ranges

c) Choose the most accurate ways of collecting information on various elements

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

Study conducted following an ad hoc approach may lead to the following consequences

a) Generation of useful data in programs or for policy making

b) Efficient utilization of resources

c) Serious difficulties in analysis and interpretation

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Serious difficulties in analysis and interpretation
1 point

Common reasons for research study failures

a) Poorly defined research question

b) Vague timelines

c) Lack of supervision

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

Sample size for a cross-sectional study is decided based on the following

a) Assumed/reported prevalence

b) Confidence interval

c) Acceptable precision

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

Assignment 15: Designing data

collection tools
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2020-01-03, 23:59 IST.

As per our records you have not submitted this assignment.

1 point
Which component of the data collection instrument is constituted by open, closed and semi-open items?

a) Introduction

b) Identifier

c) Questions

d) Concluding statement

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Questions

1 point

Self-administered questionnaire can be

a) Paper-based or computer-assisted

b) Used in face-to-face interviews

c) Used in telephonic interviews

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Paper-based or computer-assisted

1 point

While formulating the questions, all the following need to be followed, EXCEPT

a) Short and clear questions

b) Avoid ambiguities

c) Avoid words of every-day language

d) Avoid negatives and double negatives

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Avoid words of every-day language
1 point

Structured observation guide

a) Is useful to document certain processes

b) Use checklist of items

c) Can be used for in-depth interviews

d) 'a' and 'b'

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) 'a' and 'b'

1 point

The interviewer does not provide options for responses in

a) Open-ended questions

b) Close-ended questions

c) Semi-open questions

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Open-ended questions

1 point

What is the disadvantage of closed questions with dichotomous options in a study questionnaire?

a) Detailed information available

b) Oversimplifies the issues

c) Forces an unclear position

d) May not be useful for key well framed issues

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Oversimplifies the issues

1 point

The information about participant's attitudes for behaviors such as wearing helmets, washing hands before
eating, constitute

a) Facts

b) Knowledge

c) Judgments

d) Texts

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Judgments

1 point

The type of questions in which there is a possibility to add other answer in addition to the options suggested

a) Open questions

b) Semi-open questions

c) Closed questions

d) Close questions with multiple options

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Semi-open questions

1 point

The type of questions in a questionnaire which allow creation of continuous variables as responses

a) Closed questions with quantitative answers

b) Open questions with quantitative answers

c) Both of the above

d) None of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Closed questions with quantitative answers

1 point

All are true regarding the order of questions in a data collection tool except

a) From intimate to casual

b) From general to specific

c) From simple to complicate

d) In chronological order, if questions related to sequence of events

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) From intimate to casual

Assignment 16: Principles of data

collection
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2020-01-03, 23:59 IST.

As per our records you have not submitted this assignment.

1 point

Reliability denotes

a) Precision

b) Repeatability

c) Reproducibility

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

This should not be done in data collection

a) Training of staff members

b) Review of collected data for quality and completeness

c) Manipulation of data

d) Validation

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Manipulation of data

1 point

Supportive supervision is essential for a good data collection process

a) True

b) False

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) True

1 point

The collected data should be

a) Complete

b) Readable

c) Consistent

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point
Which of the following is (are) true about the training of data collection staff?

a) Conduct on-site training

b) Conduct mock training sessions

c) Training is always optional

d) 'a' and 'b'

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) 'a' and 'b'

1 point

Which one of the following is the proper way of validating the data?

a) Repetition of full data collection in the same population

b) Data collection in new population

c) Repetition of data collection in a randomly selected subset in the same population

d) Repeat data collection is not required

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Repetition of data collection in a randomly selected subset in the same population

1 point

Appropriate means to troubleshoot the difficulties in data collection process

a) Regular review meetings

b) Facilitate the discussion to identify issues during the review

c) Clarify the issues experienced by staff during data collection

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point

There is no need to present the study and its objectives to the field investigators

a) True

b) False

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) False

1 point

Which of the following statement is (are) true regarding data collection for an epidemiological study?

a) Reliability refers to consistency of information

b) Accuracy is the ability of a measurement to be correct on an average

c) Feasibility is the ability of investigator to understand the data

d) 'a' and 'b'

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) 'a' and 'b'

1 point

Time pressure during data collection may result in dilution of data quality

a) True

b) False

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) True
Assignment 17: Data management
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2020-01-03, 23:59 IST.

As per our records you have not submitted this assignment.

1 point

Steps in data management include

a) Defining a variable, creating a study database and dictionary

b) Enter data, correct errors and create data set for analysis

c) Backup and archive data set

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

When we are creating variable name, it should be

a) Clearly understandable and should refer to the questionnaire

b) Long and can have spaces

c) Consistent and without duplicates

d) 'a' and 'c'

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) 'a' and 'c'

1 point

In a data management system, each row represents a

a) Variable
 b) Record

c) Heading

d) Appendix

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Record

1 point

What is (are) the specifications that we need to check before doing data entry?

a) Minimum and maximum values, legal codes, skip patterns

b) Record name and description of record

c) Automatic coding, coping data from preceding record and calculations

d) 'a' and 'c'

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) 'a' and 'c'

1 point

Identifier in the database is (are)

a) Unique

b) Maintained by a computerized index

c) Secured by quality assurance procedures

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

Key elements of data management

 a) Data structure and data entry

b) Individual and aggregated databases

c) Mother and daughter databases

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

The design of data collection instrument

a) Data entry friendly

b) Outline of major data collection topics/items

c) Auto coding function

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

When we are coding for data entry, we should

a) Prefer numerical coding

b) Use highly complex codes

c) Decide on the codes for 'missing values' and 'not applicable' items

d) 'a' and 'c'

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) 'a' and 'c'

1 point
When information is available at various levels (eg. at Village, Household, Individual and Illness episode), we
can store information at each level in separate databases and link when necessary

a) True

b) False

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) True

1 point

Which of the following is (are) not true about normalized database?

a) Normalized database facilitates further aggregation

b) It has only one count by record

c) Normalized database does not facilitate further data aggregation

d) 'a' and 'b'

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Normalized database does not facilitate further data aggregation

Assignment 18: Overview of data

analysis
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2020-01-03, 23:59 IST.

As per our records you have not submitted this assignment.

1 point

The three stages of data analysis are in the following order

 a) Descriptive stage, analytical stage and recoding stage

b) Recoding stage, descriptive stage and analytical stage

c) Analytical stage, descriptive stage and recoding stage

d) Descriptive stage, coding stage, recoding stage

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Recoding stage, descriptive stage and analytical stage

1 point

We need to avoid the following while performing data analysis

a) Post hoc analysis

b) Data drenching

c) Stratified data analysis

d) 'a' and 'b'

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) 'a' and 'b'

1 point

In the descriptive stage of analysis, we use logistic regression models

a) True

b) False

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) False

1 point

"Epi-Info" is a software used for data entry and data analysis

a) True
 b) False

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) True

1 point

In analytical stage of data analysis, we perform the following in order

a) Stratified analysis, univariate analysis and multivariate analysis

b) Univariate analysis, stratified analysis and multivariate analysis

c) Multivariate analysis, univariate analysis and stratified analysis

d) Frequency analysis and univariate analysis

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Univariate analysis, stratified analysis and multivariate analysis

1 point

Among the seven steps of data analysis strategy, the sequence of data analysis is as follows
(A) Conduct advanced analysis
(B) Identify main variables
(C) Become familiar with the data
(D) Identify study type
(E) Examine outcome/exposure association
(F) Characterize study population
(G) Create additional two-way tables

a) A,B,C,D,E,F,G

b) G,E,F,D,A,B,C

c) D,B,C,F,E,G,A

d) E,F,G,C,A,B,D

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) D,B,C,F,E,G,A

1 point
In case of descriptive studies, which of the following is wrong?

a) We describe the study outcome for 1 group

b) We compare the study outcome for 2 groups

c) We calculate the incidence for cohort or surveillance data

d) We calculate prevalence for cross sectional survey

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) We compare the study outcome for 2 groups

1 point

If we are doing an analytical study and the study outcome is of acute nature and rare condition what is the
appropriate (i) study design and (ii) measure of association?

a) Cohort study - Relative risk

b) Case-control study - Odds ratio

c) Cross-sectional study - Prevalence ratio

d) Surveillance - Incidence

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Case-control study - Odds ratio

1 point

Analysis plan depends on

a) Objectives of the study

b) Budget

c) Study type (Descriptive or analytical)

d) 'a' and 'c'

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) 'a' and 'c'
1 point

Use of spreadsheets, such as Excel, should be avoided for data management and analysis

a) True

b) False

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) True

Assignment 19:Ethical framework

for health research
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2020-01-03, 23:59 IST.

As per our records you have not submitted this assignment.

1 point

In which of the following guidelines, discussion on rationale and justification of risk benefit analysis of research
and voluntary consent in research was initiated?

a) Belmont report

b) Helsinki declaration

c) Nuremberg code

d) CIOMS guidelines

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Nuremberg code

1 point

In which type of the following study/studies is (are) informed consent not necessary?

a) Investigation of an outbreak
 b) Analysis of mortality data of 2001-2010

c) Using verbal autopsy to determine the cause of death

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Analysis of mortality data of 2001-2010

1 point

In which of the following type of research, ethical review is (are) mandatory?

a) Prevalence of HIV infection using blood investigation

b) Awareness about diabetes using questionnaire only

c) Calculate out of pocket expenditure using secondary data

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

Which of the following is not important in the context of an informed consent document?

a) Detailed description of study procedures

b) Budget of the study

c) Details regarding compensation and post trial access to care

d) Contact details of the Principal Investigator

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Budget of the study

1 point

In the middle of a clinical trial, one participant decides to withdraw from the trial. But, the investigator
pressurizes the participant to continue in the study till it completes. Which of the following ethical principles
does the investigator violate?
 a) Justice

b) Autonomy

c) Beneficence

d) Non-Maleficence

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Autonomy

1 point

Which of the following are not ethical practices in health research?

a) Taking informed consent from participants prior to study participation

b) Giving lot of money to increase study participation

c) Lack of adherence to study protocol

d) 'b' and 'c'

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) 'b' and 'c'

1 point

"Do no harm" concept was emphasized in which of the following ethical principles?

a) Justice

b) Autonomy

c) Beneficence

d) Non-Maleficence

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) Non-Maleficence

1 point
Genetic research that involves human participants and conducted by a private research institute should follow

a) ICMR Guidelines

b) Genome Policy and Genetic Research [2000]

c) Both 'a' and 'b'

d) Neither 'a' nor 'b'

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Both 'a' and 'b'

1 point

While conducting research among tribal populations, which of the following is recommended?

a) Consent from the tribal head (Group consent) is desirable

b) Group consent can replace individual consent

c) Women can be excluded from informed consent process

d) Confidentiality not required

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Consent from the tribal head (Group consent) is desirable

1 point

In a clinical research, the researcher knowingly excludes recruitment of female participants without any
compelling indications.
Which of the following ethical principle does the investigator violate?

a) Justice

b) Autonomy

c) Beneficence

d) Non-Maleficence

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Justice

Assignment 20: Conducting clinical

trials
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2020-01-03, 23:59 IST.

As per our records you have not submitted this assignment.

1 point

A study design that randomly assigns participants into an experimental group or a control group is call as

a) Cohort study

b) Case-control study

c) Randomized controlled trials

d) Cross-sectional study

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Randomized controlled trials

1 point

Which of the following statements is (are) true in case of adverse events in a clinical trial?

a) An unexpected clinical/familial/social problem that occurs during treatment with a drug or other therapy
is termed as adverse event

b) Adverse events do not have to be caused by the drug or therapy under trial

c) Temporal relationship between study product administration and adverse events is critically important

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point

To ensure that safety and welfare of the research participants is adequately protected, it is important that the
clinical trial protocol is critically reviewed for the following

a) Scientific content

b) Ethical issues

c) Regulatory norms

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Ethical issues

1 point

Informed consent is provided after explanation of

a) All study procedures

b) Risks

c) Benefits

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

Bodies like Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) and Health Ministry Screening Committee (HMSC) are
concerned with the following

a) Regulatory review

b) Scientific review

c) Ethics review

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Regulatory review

1 point

Which of the following is (are) monitored in a clinical trial?

a) Adherence to Good Clinical Practice (GCP)

b) Documentation of informed consent, randomization and study product administration

c) Adverse events reporting

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

The primary responsibilities of the Data Safety Monitoring Body (DSMB) are to

a) Periodically review and evaluate the accumulated study data for participant safety, study conduct and
progress of trial

b) Periodically review and evaluate the accumulated study data for participant safety, study conduct and
progress and make
recommendation concerning the continuation, modification, or termination of the trial

c) Periodically make recommendations concerning the continuation, modification, or termination of the trial

d) Decide the randomization sequence

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Periodically review and evaluate the accumulated study data for participant safety, study conduct and
progress and make
recommendation concerning the continuation, modification, or termination of the trial

1 point

Which of the following best describes the advantages of conducting a Randomized controlled trial?

a) It is only effective design for overcoming selection bias of participants

 b) The result can be readily generalized

c) It is a simple, uncomplicated and non-regulated study design

d) It requires small sample size

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) It is only effective design for overcoming selection bias of participants

1 point

When is the Informed consent obtained from the subjects in a clinical trial?

a) Prior to participation in the trial

b) Just after the trial has started

c) At any point during the conduct of a trial

d) At the end of the trial

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Prior to participation in the trial

1 point

Investigators are required to report adverse events occurring during a clinical trial to which of the following
agencies?

a) Regulatory authority

b) Sponsor

c) Institutional Ethics Committee

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
Assignment 21: Preparing a
concept for research projects
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2020-01-03, 23:59 IST.

As per our records you have not submitted this assignment.

1 point

If there are many study objectives, it may be necessary to differentiate the objectives into primary and
secondary or general and specific objectives

a) True

b) False

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) True

1 point

Which among the following is not a component of concept paper?

a) Background and Justification

b) Objectives and Methods

c) Expected benefits, Key references and Budget

d) Conclusion

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) Conclusion

1 point

Which of the following is NOT true about references in the concept paper?

a) We can cite references in Introduction and Methods section

b) It is important to write references following standard guidelines

 c) Statements should be linked to references

d) We can have as many references as possible

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) We can have as many references as possible

1 point

The "Background and Justification" section in the concept paper should be written in the following sequence

a) Known and unknown aspects of the problem, information that needs to be generated to address the
problem in an effective manner and statement of objectives

b) Known and unknown aspects of the problem, Importance of the study problem and information that
needs to be generated to address the problem in an effective manner

c) Importance of the study problem, known and unknown aspects of the problem and information that
needs to be generated to address the problem in an effective manner

d) Information that needs to be generated to address the problem in an effective manner, known and
unknown aspects of the problem and statement of objectives

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Importance of the study problem, known and unknown aspects of the problem and information that needs to
be generated to address the problem in an effective manner

1 point

Advantages of writing a concept paper include

a) You may be able to organize your ideas

b) It gives an opportunity to stand out and receive a positive response from reviewers

c) You are sure to get funding

d) 'a' and 'b'

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) 'a' and 'b'

1 point
The elements of the methods section in the concept proposal needs to be adopted according to the study
design chosen

a) True

b) False

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) True

1 point

The ethics section of the concept proposal should include information about

a) Key measures taken to protect the study participants

b) The ethics committee to which the study will be submitted for approval

c) Scientific committee that will review the study

d) 'a' and 'b'

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) 'a' and 'b'

1 point

Which of the following needs to be spelt out in "Expected benefits" section of the concept proposal?

a) Expected outputs that the study will generate with timeline

b) Proposed immediate action based on research findings

c) How this research may set agenda for further research

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

Budget estimate is not mandatory in the concept proposals. However, it would be very useful to prepare the
indicative budget for key items
 a) True

b) False

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) True

1 point

While writing the concept papers for intervention studies, the methods section must have the following details

a) Primary and secondary outcome definitions

b) Randomization, sequence allocation and allocation concealment

c) Dose, frequency, nature of Intervention

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

Assignment 22: Elements of a

protocol for research studies
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2020-01-03, 23:59 IST.

As per our records you have not submitted this assignment.

1 point

Description of the intervention is essential in a research protocol for

a) Experimental study

b) Case-control study

c) Cohort study

d) Cross-sectional study
No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Experimental study

1 point

Inclusion and exclusion criteria should be included under the following section in the protocol

a) Sampling

b) Study population

c) Study design

d) Sample size

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Study population

1 point

The details regarding data quality assurance should be written in the following section in the protocol

a) Data collection

b) Data analysis

c) Project implementation

d) Data entry

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Project implementation

1 point

The following annexure in the study protocol deals with toxicity management

a) Study management forms

b) Standard operating procedures

c) Consent forms
 d) Adverse event management form

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) Adverse event management form

1 point

Study population, sample size and sampling are included in the following section of the protocol

a) Introduction

b) Methods

c) Objectives

d) Expected Benefits

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Methods

1 point

First step for writing a successful protocol

a) Write a one page concept paper

b) Identify topic, research question and objectives

c) Write a draft protocol

d) Seek ethics approval

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Identify topic, research question and objectives

1 point

Key outcomes and exposures should be explained under

a) Data analysis

b) Data collection tools

 c) Sampling

d) Operational definitions

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) Operational definitions

1 point

Human participant protection paragraph addresses all except

a) Confidentiality

b) Risks

c) Compensation

d) Sample size calculation

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) Sample size calculation

1 point

Willingness of 'study participants' to participate in the study is obtained by

a) Informed consent

b) Oral commitment

c) Willingness not necessary

d) None of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Informed consent

1 point

The section that guides how the objectives lead to indicators

a) Introduction
 b) Study design

c) Budget

d) Objectives

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Study design

Assignment 23: Publication Ethics

The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2020-01-03, 23:59 IST.

As per our records you have not submitted this assignment.

1 point

All of the following statements regarding research publications are correct, Except

a) Publishing paper is important for getting promotion in academic institutions

b) Publishing research findings help to identify the research gaps

c) Negative findings in a research should not be published

d) Publishing research findings improves the credibility of a researcher

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Negative findings in a research should not be published

1 point

A senior resident of Psychiatry department of a medical college wrote a manuscript based on his thesis work.
He has put his wife's name as a
co-author who is working in the Physiology department of the same college. Which of the following statements
supports the act of the senior resident in providing authorship to his wife?

a) He can give authorship to anyone since it is his research work

b) The guide should decide on who should be the authors

c) His wife has contributed in designing the residents's thesis work

 d) It is not a good practice to include researcher from different department as authors

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) His wife has contributed in designing the residents's thesis work

1 point

Which of the following is incorrect about authorship?

a) Authorship confers credit, implies responsibility and accountability of the published work

b) International Committee of Medical Journal Editors recommends criteria on authorship

c) It is mandatory to declare the contribution of each author

d) It is not mandatory that all authors should approve the final version of the manuscript

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) It is not mandatory that all authors should approve the final version of the manuscript

1 point

Which of the following is false about plagiarism?

a) It can be copying and pasting of contents from a published manuscript

b) It can be copying someone's idea

c) It is not considered as a serious publication misconduct

d) 'Urkund' is one of the software used to check plagiarism

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) It is not considered as a serious publication misconduct

1 point

Which of the following is (are) the consequence(s) of plagiarism of manuscript?

a) The journal can retract the manuscript

b) Institute can take action on the author/researcher

 c) The researcher loses professional reputation

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

1 point

You have finished writing a manuscript and plan to publish it. Which of the following is the best practice?

a) Submit to multiple journals at the same time

b) Submit to a journal and wait for the journal's response

c) Submit to many journals; once it gets published in one journal, withdraw it from the other journals

d) Submit the same manuscript in different languages to different journals

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Submit to a journal and wait for the journal's response

1 point

A researcher conducted a study to identify risk factors for exacerbation of bronchial asthma. The researcher
was due for job promotion.
However, the researcher was lacking enough publications to ensure promotion. Hence, in order to have
maximum number of publications from the work, the researcher decided to produce three different manuscripts
instead of one manuscript comprehensively covering all aspects of the study.
What is this act called?

a) Plagiarism

b) Falsification

c) Salami slicing

d) Fabrication

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Salami slicing

1 point
Which of the following organizations directly deals with publication ethics?

a) Indian Medical Association (IMA)

b) Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)

c) World Health Organization (WHO)

d) Joint National Committee (JNC)

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)

1 point

A group of researchers submitted a manuscript for publication based on a drug trial. Because they did not
register under the clinical trial registry of India (CTRI), one reputed journal rejected the paper. The researcher
resubmitted the paper in a different journal and this journal published it without asking any queries.
Which of the following is the correct statement?

a) It is necessary to register all drug trials under CTRI

b) The journal which published the paper is likely to be a predatory journal

c) Both 'a' and 'b' are correct

d) None of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Both 'a' and 'b' are correct

1 point

Among the following which is the best practice for determining the authorship?

a) Authorship can be based on the criteria given by ICMJE

b) Authorship should be decided after submission to a journal

c) It is necessary to include head of the department/institution as a co-author

d) Authorship can be gifted to friends even if they have not contributed to that study

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Authorship can be based on the criteria given by ICMJE