Lecture 1

EE-344 Wave Propagation and Antennas

Dr. Muhammad Anis Chaudhary

EE-344 Wave Propagation and Antennas

• Credit Hours: 3-1

• Course Book:

– Matthew N. O. Sadiku, “Elements of Electromagnetics”, Seventh Edition

Maxwell’s Equations
Maxwell’s Equations

Maxwell’s Equations

• Stationary Charges produce electrostatic fields

• Charges moving with uniform velocity produce magnetostatic fields

• Accelerated charges produce electromagnetic fields or waves

Maxwell’s Equation for Static Electric and Magnetic Fields

EE-344 Wave Propagation and Antennas, Dr. M Anis Ch, Lecture 1 Page 1 of 10
Time Varying EM Fields

• Time Varying fields involve other dynamic effects that cannot be explained by static rela-
tions
• Faraday’s Law (Transformers, Motors, Generators)
– Time varying magnetic fields generate electric fields
• Displacement Current (Capacitance Current)
– Time varying electric fields produce magnetic fields

Generalized Forms of Maxwell’s Equations

Electromagnetic Waves

• Changing Magnetic Field produce a change in Electric Field

• Changing Electric Field produce a change in Magnetic Field
• Result is the Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves

Wave Phenomenon

• Requires two forms of energy

• Time rate of change of one must lead to a change of the other.
• Example: Sound Waves
– Loud Speaker leads to an initial pressure variation in air (potential energy) in one
location
– Which causes a motion of air molecules (kinetic energy) that varies both in time and
space
– This builds up excess pressure at another position and the effect continues.

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Electromagnetic Waves

• Changing H at one position generates a change of E in both time and space.

• Subsequent change of E produces a change of H and so on.

• In terms of energy, the energy interchanges between electric and magnetic types as the
wave propagates.

Applications of EM waves

• Telecommunication

• Radar

• Wireless Power Transmission

Applications of EM waves

• These applications are possible only because of our ability to

– Generate (beyond the scope of this course)

– Guide (Transmission lines and waveguides)
– Radiate and Receive (Antennas)
– Detect (beyond the scope of this course)

• Electromagnetic waves

– Electromagnetic Wave propagation in different types of dielectric (free space, lossy,

lossless) and conductors

Maxwell’s Equations, Force Law and Constitutive Relations

• Govern all electromagnetic phenomenon in the range of frequencies from zero though the
highest frequency radio waves.

– Can explain some phenomenon at light frequencies as well

• Force Law or Lorentz Force Equation

– F̄ = Q (Ē + ū × B̄) Force Law

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Maxwell’s Equations, Force Law and Constitutive Relations

• Constitutive Relations

– D̄ = ε Ē = εr ε0 Ē
* ε0 is the permittivity of free space
* εr is the dielectric constant or relative permittivity of the dielectric
– B̄ = µ H̄ = µr µ0 H̄
* µ0 is the permeability of free space
* µr is the relative permeability of the material
– J¯ = σ Ē + ρv ū
* σ Ē is the conduction current
* ρv ū is the convection current

Maxwell’s Equations, Force Law and Constitutive Relations

Time Harmonic Fields

Time Harmonic Fields

Time Harmonic Fields

• Varies sinusoidally with time

• Have practical application/significance

• Can be extended to any arbitrary waveform through Fourier analysis

• Assuming vector Ā (x, y, z,t) has time harmonic variations,

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 • Ā (x, y, z,t) = Re Ās (x, y, z) e jωt
 

– where
– Ās (x, y, z) or Ās is the phasor for vector Ā

Time Harmonic Fields

Derivative w.r.t. time
h
i
• ∂∂tĀ = ∂t Re Ās e jωt = Re Ās ∂t e jωt
∂
  ∂

– as Ās is not a function of t

∂ Ā
= Re jω Ās e jωt
 
• =⇒ ∂t

∂ Ā
• thus, ∂t ←→ jω Ās

Time Harmonic Fields

Integration w.r.t time
´  ´ h jωt i
• Ā∂t = Re Ās e jωt ∂t = Re Āsjω
e


– as Ās is not a function of t

´ Ās
• thus, Ā∂t ←→ jω

Time-Harmonic Maxwell’s Equations

• The field quantities

– Ē(x, y, z,t)
– D̄(x, y, z,t)
– H̄(x, y, z,t)
– B̄(x, y, z,t)
¯ y, z,t)
– J(x,
– ρv (x, y, z,t)

• And their derivatives can be expressed in phasor form to have the time-harmonic Maxwell’s
equations.

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Time-Harmonic Maxwell’s Equations

Time-Harmonic Fields
Example:

• For Ā = A0 cos (ωt − β x) ây , write the phasor form of A

Time-Harmonic Fields
Example:

• For B̄ = B1 sin (ωt − β x) ây , B̄s =?

– Note: sin α = cos(α–90o )

Time-Harmonic Fields
Practice Exercise 9.6

• If P̄ = 2 sin (10t + x − π/4) ây and Q̄s = e jx (âx − âz ) sin πy, determine the phasor form of
P̄ and the instantaneous form of Q̄s .

Time-Harmonic Fields
Example 9.8

• In a source-free medium characterized by σ = 0 , µ = µ0 , ε = ε0 and Ē = 20 sin 108t − β z ây

V/m.

– Calculate β and H̄.

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Waves in general
Waves in general

Waves in general

• For Source free (ρs = 0,J = 0) medium, one dimensional Scalar wave equation can be
given as
•
∂ 2 Ē 2
2∂ E
− u =0
∂t 2 ∂ z2
– Where u is the wave velocity

• If we assume time harmonic dependance e jωt

2
– j2 ω 2 Es − u2 ∂∂ zE2s = 0

Waves in general
2
• j2 ω 2 Es − u2 ∂∂ zE2s = 0
2
• −ω 2 Es − u2 ∂∂ zE2s = 0
2
• ω 2 Es + u2 ∂∂ zE2s = 0

– divide both sides by u2

∂ 2 Es
• ∂ z2
+ β 2 Es = 0 ∵ β = ω
u

• =⇒ Es = Ae− jβ z + Be+ jβ z
– m2 + β 2 = 0 , m = ± jβ

Waves in general

• E = Re Es e jωt
 

h i
• E = Re Ae− jβ z e jωt + Be+ jβ z e jωt

• E = A cos (ωt − β z) + B cos (ωt + β z)

• E = E+ + E−

• E + = A cos (ωt − β z) , Positive z travel

• E − = B cos (ωt + β z) , Negative z travel
• ω = angular frequency
• β = Phase Constant

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Waves in general

• Now for simplicity we choose,

– E = A sin (ωt–β z), sin has a zero crossing at t = 0, z = 0

• E is a function of both time t and space variable z

• λ is called wavelength as the wave takes distance λ to repeat itself

• T is called time period as the wave takes time T to repeat itself

Waves in general

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 • As distance = speed x time

• As it takes time T for the wave to travel distance λ at speed u, we have

• λ = uT where T = 1/ f −→ u = f λ

• Using ω = 2π f , β = ω/u , T = 1/ f = 2π/ω

• We have β = 2π/λ

Waves in general
Example 10.1

• The electric field in free space is given by Ē = 50 cos 108t + β x ây V/m

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 • (a.) Find the direction of wave propagation

• (b.) Calculate β and the time it takes to travel a distance of λ /2.

• (c.) Sketch the wave at t = 0, T4 , and T2 .

• Figures in this lecture are from

– Sadiku MN. Elements of electromagnetics

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