CHAPTER 25

THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY CRISIS:

WAR AND REVOLUTION
THE ROAD TO WORLD WAR I (M.A.I.N)
• Nationalism and Internal Dissent
• Nationalism
• Liberals claimed that creation of national states would bring peace
• Led to competition instead of cooperation
• Brinkmanship
Imperialism Scramblefor
• Internal dissent Africa
• Ethnic tensions
• Growing power of Socialist labor movements
• Use of war to divert revolutionary tide at home

• Militarism
Anglo Germanrivalries
• Conscription and growing armaments
• Influence of military leaders
• Military plans
INTERNATIONAL RIVALRY AND
THE COMING OF WAR
• New Alliances
• Triple Alliance, 1882 – Germany, Austria, Italy
• Reinsurance Treaty between Russia and
Germany, 1887
• Dismissal of Bismarck, 1890 and Wilhelm’s lapse
• Military alliance of France and Russia, 1894
• New Directions and New Crises
• Entente Cordiale, 1904
• Emperor William II’s “place in the sun” and the
Moroccan Crisis
• Triple Entente, 1907 – Britain, France, Russia
• Triple Alliance, 1907 – Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Italy
CRISIS IN THE BALKANS,
1908-1913
• Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Serbian protest, Russian support of Serbia
• Balkan Wars, 1912-1913
Mittiant
• Serbia’s Ambitions
• Russian support of Serbia
• Austria-Hungary’s determination to limit Serbia’s ambition
heart stableplace in EastEurope
Bosnia GHea
1908 Austria will annex
Serbiafrustrated because it violates
CongressofBulin
Results noteveryonesatisfied andgains
selfeats
1914 H1N1 altars
mom
 Access to Adriatic
feer
Austria Hungary with
it
Germany supporting
prevents controloverAlba

Albania become an
independentstate
Serbian nationalists
assassinate Arche Dn
Franch Ferdinand
AustriaBlockedsea
why

THE
BALKANS,
1878
EUROPE IN 1914
 THE ROAD TO WORLD WAR I
• The Outbreak of War: The
Summer of 1914
• The effects of the Balkan Wars prior
to 1914
• Assassination of Archduke Francis
Ferdinand and wife Sophia, June 28,
1914 by 18-yr. old Gavrilo Princip of
Black Hand Society- THE SPARK DebianBlackHand
• Germany’s Chancellor Theobald von
Bethmann-Hollweg gives “full
support” to Austria (“Blank Cheque”)
makes harsh demandon Sabin
• Russian mobilization
BasicallyAustria
wantsto
• Schlieffen Plan requires march take overSerbiancourts
through neutral Belgium to get to
France
July2h Austriabeganbombarding
1914
3conurndif
oncewouldlose
Russiadeclareswar on
That's
why it Austria Hungary
orinvolved
Germany declares on Russi
Englishchannelmmmmmmmm
Francedeclares war on German
THE
SCHLIEFFEN
PLAN AKA
“OOPS, WE
PISSED OFF
THE BRITS!"
Germany2 week planto
defeatFrancethrough
Belgium
TreatyofLondon 1839
G declares war onBelgium

GBdeclares war on G
 THE WAR 1914-1915: ILLUSIONS &
STALEMATE Russiawasonitsown
• European attitudes toward the beginning of war
and the “war craze”generallypositive soldierswere in euphoria
• Failure of the Schlieffen Plan
Germanyputon
Because resistance
• First Battle of the Marne, September 6-10, 1914
Endof in
mobility Front
Western
• Russian Failures
• Battle of Tannenberg, August 30, 1914
• Battle of Masurian Lakes, September 15, 1914
Austria Italy becomes neutral but then Russiawasunprepared
• Austrian Failures allies
Joins for war
notready for alargescale war
• Galicia and Serbia – trouble with the Russians
• Germans come to Austria’s aidOnceGermany joined
Russia onlyhad Archangels it was onits support
 y g I

BATTLE SCENE IN NORTHERN FRANCE

 THE WAR 1916-1917: THE GREAT
SLAUGHTER became knownfor
Germans
nightattacks
Trench stretched from Northseen to
Switzerland 450miles
• Trench warfare
wasmetaire edattacks from
Forces mountain
• “No-man’s land”
no manwouldsurvive
• “Softening up” the enemy
• Battle of Verdun, 970,000
lost (German offensive)
GermanswantedtobleedFrench 2ndbloodiest
• Battle of the Somme, 1916
(Allied offensive) Y's O
to NovemberGBCyÉ biodiest
July• Heaviest one-day loss in
World War I
IllustratinghorrorsofFrenchwarfare
• To draw German soldiers
from Verdun
 TRENCH WARFARE IN FRANCE
TrenchFoot
Dysentery
44949
THE WESTERN FRONT, 1914-1918

defensivewarfare
numericallysuperiorarmy
no waterports onthe battleside
THE
Germans brocaded StPetersburg

EASTERN
FRONT,
1914-
1918
offensive warfare
THE WIDENING OF THE WAR
spreadtoNonEuropean
theaters
quipucampaign tailedformedby
Winston
ChurMill
• Both sides attempt to tip the scales in their favor by gaining
new allies
• August 1914: Ottoman Empire enters the war for Central
Powers
• Battle of Gallipoli, April 1915
• ANZAC Troops and “…Waltzing Matilda”
• May 1915: Italy enters the war against Austria-Hungary
• September 1915: Bulgaria enters the war on the side of the
Central Powers Italyentersthewarwiththe
TreatyofLondonsayingthat
• Middle Eastfailedto take Istanbul theywouldgetland if alicia
won
• Lawrence of Arabia (1888-1935) Arab princes vs.
Ottoman forcesSuezCanal
Armenian Genocide Japanconquered Germany's
islands in thePacific
 THE WIDENING OF THE WAR
1914Allies usednavy sealinetocutofftradeinGermany
9
by allyshipswithUboats
• April 1917:
Germanyresponds sinking
Entry of the United States
submarine
unrestricted
neutralthis us
started war
remain using
warfare
• The United States tried toGermany
I
trade sinking• Naval Conflict between Germany and Britain
usships4 • Lusitania,eve
Sinking of thefought May
ammunitions
was7, 1915
hurtingits
economy
•
• United States enters the war, April 6, 1917
D
Return to unrestricted submarine warfare, January 1917 dueto
Bolshevik Rev
Russiabacks
• Bolshevik Revolution, 1917 out
• Italian defeat
• Failure of Western front offensives
• Both sides were exhausted!
 A NEW KIND OF WARFARE
• Air Power machinegun
• 1915: first use of airplanes on the battle- usedby Germans
front Imachine gun 40soldier
• German use of zeppelins

• Tanks
• 1916: first use of tanks on the battlefield
• Early tanks ineffective
• 1918: British Mark V first effective tank Chlorine TearGas used
 THE HOME FRONT: THE IMPACT OF TOTAL
WAR Civilians getinvolved
• Government Centralization Gused
• Conscription Leptin tobomb
London
• Effects on Economies
Manse Nationalism
• Public Order and Public Opinion
• Dealing with unrest
• Strikes
• Irish Revolt 4/1916
• Defense of the Realm Act (DORA)
• Propaganda key
• Social Impact of Total War
• Labor benefits prestige for trade
unions
• New roles for women
• Male concern over wages
• Women began to demand equal pay
• Gains for women
THE LAST YEAR OF THE WAR
• Withdrawal of Russia gives Germany hope
• Ludendorff launches last German offensive, March
21-July 18, 1918
• Allied counterattack, Second Battle of the Marne,
July 18, 1918
• General Ludendorff informs German leaders that
the war is lost
• William II abdicates, November 9, 1918
• German soldiers, workers revolt
• Republic established under Ebert
• Armistice, November 11, 1918
• The Casualties of the War
• 8 to 9 million soldiers killed, 22 million wounded
 TRAIN
REVOLUTIONARY UPHEAVALS IN
GERMANY AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
• Revolution in Germany
• Division of German Socialists
• Formation of two governments
• Failure of radicals to achieve control

• Revolution in Austria
• Ethnic upheaval
• Formation of independent republics
THE PEACE SETTLEMENT
• Palace of Versailles, January 1919, 27 Allied
nations: “Eternal Peace”
• Lenin and the secret treaties
• Woodrow Wilson, Fourteen Points
• Pragmatism of other states
• Lloyd George determined to make Germany pay
• Georges Clemenceau of France concerned with his
nation’s security
• Concern over the spread of Bolshevism
• January 25, 1919, the principle of the League of
Nations adopted
THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES

• Five separate treaties (Germany, Austria, Hungary,

Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire)
• The most important was the Treaty of Versailles, June 18,
1919
• Article 231, War Guilt Clause
• 100,000 man army
• Loss of Alsace and Lorraine
• Sections of Prussia to the new Polish state
• German charges of a “dictated peace”
THE OTHER PEACE TREATIES
• German and Russian Empires lost territory in eastern Europe
• New nation-states: Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary
• Romania acquired additional lands from Russia, Hungary,
and Bulgaria (Neuilly)
• Yugoslavia – multinational powder keg
• Compromises will lead to future problems
• Minorities in every eastern European states
• Ottoman Empire dismembered
• Promises of independence of Arab states in the Middle East
• Mandates
• France – Lebanon and Syria
• Britain – Iraq and Palestine
• United States Senate rejects the Versailles Peace Treaty
EUROPE IN 1919
THE
MIDDLE
EAST IN
1919
TIMELINE
THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
• By 1900 the fourth largest producer of steel
• Count Sergei Witte – Minister of Finance
• Development of working class
• Development of socialist parties
• Marxist Social Democratic Party, Minsk, 1898
• Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905
• General strike, October 1905
• Bloody Sunday at the Winter Palace
• Nicholas II granted civil liberties and a legislative
body, Duma
• Voting and Land Reforms of Prime Minister Peter
Stolypin
• Stolypin’s assassination by left…or right?
• Curtailment of power of the Duma, 1907
THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
• War and Discontent
• Nicholas II was an
autocratic ruler
• Russia not prepared for
war
• Government suspicion
of war enthusiasm
• Influence of Rasputin
THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
• The March Revolution
• Problems in St. Petersburg
• March of the women, March 8, 1917
• Calls for a general strike
• Soldiers join the marchers
• Provisional Government takes control 3/12/1917
• Tsar abdicates 3/15/1917
• Alexander Kerensky (1881-1970)- Mensheviks
• Tried to carry on the war
• Soviets sprang up
• Bolsheviks under the leadership of Vladimir Ulianov
(Lenin), 1870-1924
• Sent back to Russia in a sealed train by the Germans
• April Theses
• “Peace, land and bread” “All power to Soviets”
THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (CONT)
• The Bolshevik Revolution
• Bolsheviks control Petrograd and Moscow soviets
• Mensheviks vs Bolsheviks
• Army Order #1
• Kerensky vs. Kornilov…Bolsheviks empowered!
• Collapse of Provisional Government, November 6-7,
1917
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, December, 1917 – Russia exits
WWI
• Russia loses 25% of its European lands and 1/3 of its
population to Germany
RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR

• Civil War
• Bolshevik (Red) army and Anti-Bolshevik (White) army
• Murder of the Tsar and his family (July 16, 1918)
• Disunity among the white army
• Role of Trotsky as War Commissar
• Communists and “War communism”
• Invasion of allied troops
• 1921: Communist victory