ch1_drive_train
ch1_drive_train
Drive Train
Chapter Outline
This chapter explains the mechanism and operation of drive train components.
• Outline
• Clutch
• Transaxle
• Manual Transaxle
• Automatic Transaxle
• Differential
• Propeller Shaft
• Drive Train
• Axle
-1-
Chassis Course 1 Drive Train
Outline
Outline
The drive train transmits the power of the engine to the wheels.
It is broadly divided into the following classifications:
HINT:
In addition to FF and FR, there are 4WD (4-Wheel Drive) and MR
(Midship engine Rear-wheel drive) vehicles.
FF
FR
Engine Transaxle Transmission
(1/2)
Power Transmission
2.Clutch
3.Manual transaxle
4.Drive shaft
5.Axle
2.Torque converter
3.Automatic transaxle
4.Drive shaft
5.Axle
-2-
Chassis Course 1 Drive Train
2.Clutch
3.Manual Transmission
4.Propeller shaft
5.Differential
6.Rear axle
2.Torque converter
3.Automatic Transmission
4.Propeller shaft
5.Differential
6.Axle
(2/2)
Clutch
Clutch Construction
Clutch pedal
Push rod
Master cylinder
Hydraulic hose
Release cylinder
Release fork
Clutch cover
(1/1)
-3-
Chassis Course 1 Drive Train
REFERENCE:
Parts of the Clutch
Boot
Release fork
Clip
Release bearing
Clutch cover
Clutch disc
Fly wheel
Diaphragm spring
Pressure plate
(1/1)
Mechanical operation
Hydraulic operation
Clutch pedal
Push rod
Master cylinder
Hydraulic hose
Release cylinder
Release fork
Release bearing
Diaphragm spring
Pressure plate
Clutch disc
(1/1)
Transaxle
Transaxle
Transmission
Differential
Input shaft
Output shaft
(1/1)
-4-
Chassis Course 1 Drive Train
Manual Transaxle
Manual Transaxle
Engine
Clutch
Input shaft
Hub sleeves
Shift lever
Output shaft
Differential
Drive shafts
Tires
(1/1)
REFERENCE:
Manual transaxle operation
• Neutral
• 1st gear
• 3rd gear
• Reverse
Input shaft
Output shaft
Differential
The width of arrows expresses the size of torque. The wider the
width of the arrow is, the larger the torque is.
Neutral
-5-
Chassis Course 1 Drive Train
1st gear
3rd gear
Reverse
(1/1)
-6-
Chassis Course 1 Drive Train
REFERENCE:
SMT (Sequential Manual Transmission)
The SMT operates the throttle valve, clutch, and shift operation
during a gear change through a ECU (Electronic Control Unit).
Features:
• There is no clutch pedal.
• Gear changes are effected by operating a switch.
(1/1)
Automatic Transaxle
Automatic Transaxle
(1/1)
REFERENCE:
Full hydraulically-controled automatic transaxle
Torque Converter
Oil Pump
Planetary Gear Unit
Governor valve
Accelerator pedal
Engine
Throttle cable
Hydraulic Control Unit
Shift Lever
(1/1)
-7-
Chassis Course 1 Drive Train
Torque Converter
HINT:
There is also a type of torque converter that has a lockup
mechanism to mechanically transmit the power without using the
fluid. This is accomplished by the operation of the clutches that
switch the paths of power transmission, and by directly coupling
the turbine runner with the front cover.
(1/1)
Oil Pump
Front body
Driven gear
Drive gear
(1/1)
HINT:
The reference uses a model to explain the operation using
different input and output shafts. In an actual vehicle, the
construction is more complex in order to enable the planetary gear
unit to appropriately shift gears, as shown by the left diagram.
(1/1)
-8-
Chassis Course 1 Drive Train
REFERENCE:
The shifting operation is explained by a model comprising a set of
planetary gears.
Deceleration
When the sun gear is held stationary, only the pinion gear rotates
and revolves. Therefore, the output shaft decelerates in proportion
to the input shaft only by the rotation of the pinion gear.
(1/1)
Direct Coupling
Ring gear rotates with the locked planetary carrier, the input and
output shafts rotate at the same rate.
(1/1)
Reverse Rotation
When the planetary carrier is fixed in position and the sun gear
turns, the ring gear turn on its axis and the rotational direction is
reversed.
HINT:
The reference uses a model to explain the operation using
different input and output shafts. In an actual vehicle, the
construction is more complex in order to enable the planetary gear
unit to appropriately shift gears, as shown by the left diagram.
(1/1)
-9-
Chassis Course 1 Drive Train
Representative valves
Primary regulating valve
Regulates the hydraulic pressure from the oil pump to create line
pressure.
Shift valve
Shifts gears.
Manual valve
Switches the line pressure paths in accordance with the
movement of the shift lever.
Solenoid valve
Switches hydraulic paths to shift gears by receiving the signals
from the ECU (Electronic Control Unit).
Oil pump
Engine & ECT ECU (Electronic Control Unit)
Shift lever
(1/1)
Sensors
Detect the vehicle speed and accelerator opening among other
things, and transmit electrical signals to the ECU.
Representative sensors
Neutral start switch
Detects the shift lever position.
Speed sensor
Detects the vehicle speed.
Engine
Automatic transaxle
Solenoid valve
Shift lever
(1/1)
- 10 -
Chassis Course 1 Drive Train
Differential
Differential
Deceleration function
Further decelerates the rotational movement that has been
changed by the transmission in order to increase torque.
Differential function
This function adjusts the rotational differential between the right
and left wheels while the automobile is cornering. Without the
differential function, the tires will slip and the vehicle will not be
able to smoothly complete the turn.
(1/1)
Operation
Propeller shaft
Drive gear / Drive pinion
Ring gear
Pinion gear
Side gear
Drive shaft
(1/1)
LSD
(Limited Slip Differential)
(1/1)
- 11 -
Chassis Course 1 Drive Train
REFERENCE:
Types of LSD
(1/3)
(2/3)
Preload type
This type uses a spring to push the friction material between the
side gear and differential case, and uses the resulting friction to
generate a differential limiting force.
(3/3)
- 12 -
Chassis Course 1 Drive Train
Propeller Shaft
3-joint type
2-joint type
Universal Joints
Center Bearing
Sleeve Yoke
Flexible Coupling
(1/1)
Universal Joint
Yoke
Spider Bearings
Spider
(1/1)
Drive Shaft
Drive Shaft
The drive shafts transmit the rotation of the engine to the wheels
via the transmission and differential. They are used on vehicles
with drive wheels that are supported by an independent
suspension system.
HINT:
An axle shaft is used on a vehicle with a rigid type suspension.
Differential
Drive Shafts
Axle Shafts
Axle Housing
(1/1)
- 13 -
Chassis Course 1 Drive Train
REFERENCE:
Type of drive shaft joints
Rzeppa (Birfield) Joint
Uses several steel balls and excels in constant velocity
performance.
Tripod Joint
Uses three sliding rollers and is slightly inferior to the Rzeppa joint
in constant velocity performance. It has a simple construction and
can be slid axially.
Steel balls
Sliding rollers
(1/1)
Axle
Axle
The axle and axle shaft support the wheel and the drive shafts.
- 14 -
Chassis Course 1 Drive Train
Full-floating type
3/4 floating type
Semi-floating type
(1/1)
- 15 -
Chassis Course 1 Drive Train
Exercises
Use the Exercises to check your level of understanding for the material in this Chapter. After answering each Exercise,
you can use the reference button to check the pages related to the current question. When you get a wrong answer,
please return to the text to review the material and find the correct answer. When all questions have been answered
correctly, you can go to the next Chapter.
- 16 -
Chassis Course 1 Drive Train
Exercise
Question-1
Select the name of each part shown in the illustration from the word group below.
Answer: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Question-2
In a torque converter, the turbine runner rotates to allow the fluid to flow, in order to transmit power to the
n 1.
j
k
l
m
pump impeller.
j 2.
k
l
m
n Similar to the clutch, a torque converter disengages the power.
n 3.
j
k
l
m A torque converter uses a computer to operate the accelerator and clutch while the gear changes.
In a torque converter, the pump impeller rotates to allow the fluid to flow, in order to transmit power to the
j 4.
k
l
m
n
turbine runner.
- 17 -