Unit One: Definition of Architecture

General definition of architecture

Architecture = Art + Science+ Technology

Where,
Art Art of building design
Creative art
Utilitarian art
Social art
An unavoidable art
Mother of all arts

Science Includes systematic process / Design process and principles

Systematic way of doing things
Skilful technique

Technology Erection of Structure and enclosure (Building erects with the help
of technology)
Comfort, safety and protection
Proper use of material

 Architecture is scientific art of designing built environment.

 Architecture is science of planning the elegant, beautiful and comfortable

buildings for the human purpose.

 Architecture is art of organizing spaces.

 Architecture is the art which gives element of surprise to buildings.

 Architecture is poetry of construction and a frozen music.

 Architecture also is:
 A physical record of human activity / Printing machine of all ages
 A non-verbal form of communication
 Matrix of civilization
 Innovative and creative work for human comfort

Architecture is also known as mother of all arts.

As we have already defined architecture as creative art. Basic category of art are:
 Technique art
 Phonetic art
 Aesthetic art

Technique art is:

• Skill of performing any activity
• Differs from person to person
• Can be enhanced by regular practice
• Stands for goodness
Eg: Cooking, Fishing, Martial arts etc
Phonetic art:
 Expression of human opinion through language and body gesture
 Public art
 Expression of truth
eg: Singing, dancing, performing dramas, speech etc

Aesthetic art:
• Deals with appearance, shape, proportion, color etc.
• Deals with beauty and aesthetic
eg: painting,sculpture

Technique arts stand for ‘Goodness’, Phonetic arts for expression of ‘Truth’ and
aesthetic arts for ‘Beauty’. Architecture also stands for ‘Goodness, Truth and Beauty’
which are its three main principles of architecture. That’s why in short, architecture can
be said as “Mother of all Arts”

Definition of architecture by famous architects and historians

 Architecture is nothing more and nothing less than the gift of making places for
human purposes.
- Spiro Kostof (an architectural historian)

 Architecture is generally conceived, designed and realized, built in response to

an existing set of conditions. These conditions may be purely functional in nature
or they may also reflect in varying degrees, the social, political and economical
climate.
- Francis D. K. Ching in “Architecture: Form, Space and Order”

 You employ stone, wood and concrete and with these materials you build house
and palaces. That is construction. Ingenuity is at work.

But suddenly, you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: “This is
beautiful.” That is architecture. Art enters in.
My house is practical. I thank you, as I might thank Railway engineers or the
Telephone service. You have not touched my heart.
- Le Corbusier in his book “Towards a New Architecture (1927)”

 Architecture is the art of organizing space

-Charles Fabri

 Architecture is the art which gives element of surprise to building

- Yamasaki
-
 Architecture is like a printing of all ages which gives the history of the state of
society in which it has been built
- Morgan
 John Rushkin relates architecture with seven different terms which is kown as
seven lamps of architecture

1. Lamp of sacrifice
2. Lamp of Power
3. Lamp of Truth
4. Lamp of Beauty
5. Lamp of Life
6. Lamp of Memory
7. Lamp of Obedience

Lamp of Sacrifice:
 Offering of precious thing
 Time, money and labor
Eg: Temples, Stupas

Lamp of Power:
 Scale and proportion of building reflects its power
Eg: Scale of Nyatapole temple

Lamp of Truth:
 Character of building must be true to the purpose for which it is designed
Eg: Temple must look like temple, School must look like school

Lamp of Beauty:
 Must be beautiful ,proportionate
Eg: Pashupatinath Temple, Swoyambhunath, Taj Mahal, Sydney opera house

Lamp of life:
 Spaces are created as per the activities of life
Eg: Pyramid

Lamp of Memory:
 Some buildings are dedicated special one
Eg:Ranimahal,Tajmahal

Lamp of Obedience:
 User must obey the purpose of space
 For construction, the rule of technologies must be obeyed
Roman Architect Vitruvius (25 BC) established the basic elements of architecture
which have remained essentially unchanged. These are referred as the “Vitruvian
Triad”.
Vitruvian Triad #1: Function / Utility / Commodity (Utilitas)
Does a building work by supporting and reinforcing its use?

Vitruvian Triad #2: Firmness (Firmitas)

The most apparent part of the building - what makes it stand up?
The structural quality and technology of the building

Vitruvian Triad #3: Beauty (Virmitas or Venustas)

Does a building look pleasing and appealing to the eyes?
The aesthetic or visual quality of building
Unit Two: Bases of architectural development and influencing factors of
architecture development

Basis of architectural development:

Prehistoric and historic evidences show that basis of architectural development are:

Fear, Love, Death and Hope

Fear:
From primitive times the man has been trying to protect himself from the attacks of wild
animals, weathering actions and rigorous of wealth. With fear of losing the life and
property, people feels important of shelter and start erecting that.
eg: Cave, Tent houses, Moat, Fort

Love:
Instinct of love gave birth to many monumental works.
Eg:Taj Mahal,Rani Mahal

Death:
Death also has been responsible for many architectural constructions.
Eg:Tombs,Ghats

Hope:
With the expectation of betterment also many structures had been developed
Eg: Pyramid, Temples, Churches etc

Major influencing factors of architectural development are:

 Topography
 Climate/Weather
 Social and Cultural aspects
 Building material and technology
 Project cost or Budget
 Creativity or State of mind

(Refer class discussion to explain it)

Unit three: Architecture & built environment in physical, social, cultural and
religion context

Architecture results in the making of a built environment. A building with its interior
spaces along with the external surroundings can be referred to as “The built
environment”. Since architecture is very closely related to the society, the built
environment thus created is response to the social needs and desires. In fact, society
plays a vital role in making our built environment, our streets and open spaces along with
our places and our cities.

Besides social influences, built environment is also influenced by local geology and
climate to much extent.

There are two types of built environment. They are:

 External built environment
 Internal built environment

External Built Environment

 External spaces around the built structures are referred to as external built
environment
 In context of external built environment, we must be able to realize
 how the built mass responds to the external environment
 how the response has been made to site context / site features
 how the existing features of the site have been used
 a created relationship between built structure and the external environment
 Examples: Durbar Squares in Kathmandu Valley
Chowks and various open spaces
Plazas and forums (Roman Architecture)
Falling Water by Frank Lloyd Wright

Internal Built Environment

 Internal spaces within the built structures are referred to as internal built
environment
 Buildings create an environment within them
 Various interior spaces like lobby, foyers, corridors, halls, etc.
 Properly planned interior should consider the function of the space, proportions,
scale, “the feeling of the space” and relationship of the interior with the exterior

Built Environment as conceptualized by apologist Siegfried Giedion

Giedion in his extremely popular book “Space, time and architecture, (1963)” gives three
different concepts to define architecture and the built environment. His concepts are
summarized and explained below:

Concept One: Architecture as space radiating volumes

 Building as sculptures
 Buildings form spaces outside for the use of man
It is much clear that in his first concept, Giedion has put more consideration upon the
external aspects of the built environment. The built mass becomes so important in
architecture that it is treated like a sculpture. All the principles of design are taken into
account while making that sculptural built volume and the built volume is also
emphasized and decorated or elaborated accordingly. In contrary to this, there is limited
or no use of internal spaces in this type of built structures.

Besides, the external space created with the placement of built volume forms a part of
the external built environment, which is to be experienced, enjoyed and utilized by the
man.

One of the most perfect examples of building as a sculptural volume is the great
pyramids of Egypt. These pyramids are said to be constructed to view from some
calculated distance as the roughly finished and huge blocks of stones have been used to
shape them. The monumental scale and monstrosity of the pyramids have contributed in
making these masses notable and worth taken into account while studying architecture.

Nepalese temples and Buddhist stupas also make a good example for Giedion’s first
concept. The temples are considered perfectly designed built volumes, the sculptures
standing amidst the great squares. It is to be noted that there is limited use (especially the
ground floors) of internal spaces for almost all the temples while the stupas have no
internal use. The monuments like Dharahara and Sahid Gate are also notable to elaborate
above concept.

Concept Two: Architecture as interior space

 Building hollowed out and opened up by means of window
 Elaboration of interior, lighting, etc.
 Buildings forms spaces inside for the use of man

Giedion’s second concept deals with the internal built environment of buildings and its
elaboration by means of lightings and decorations and also with the introduction of
windows. Besides, the grandeur of interior space thus created gives architecture a
different dimension.

The very notable example for this second concept would be Pantheon in Rome (120-124
A.D.) which is basically a domical structure lit from the top with a puncture called an
oculus (dome being hollowed out). Also the interior has been decorated to much extent
for this temple of Roman god.

The Gothic Cathedrals punctured with excessive amount of windows to bring more light
to the interior also make a good example.

For historic Nepalese buildings, the 55 Window Palace at Bhaktapur Durbar Square may
somehow relate to this second concept.

Concept Three: Architecture as both volume and interior space

The third concept is about the buildings that have come up as modern movements after
industrialization. The buildings with the emphasis on both external and internal spaces
finally results in total architecture or total built environment.
It is interesting to note that Giedion has put forward his concepts according to the
chronological developments in architecture from Ancient Egypt (or even earlier) to
modern movements. His first concept, as talks about building as volumes, relates to
buildings in the past, his second concept relates to buildings in Medieval Era (buildings
that are transitory in their developments) and finally the last concept is about buildings in
the modern world.

We can find many more good buildings as example for the last concept of Giedion and to
name a few, following is the list:
 Sydney Opera House, Sydney, Australia by Jorn Utzon (1973)
 Falling Water, Pennsylvania, USA by Frank Lloyd Wright (1936-37)
 Villa Savoye, Poissy, France by Le Corbusier (1928-31)
 Notre Dame Du Haut, Ronchamp, France by Le Corbusier (1950-55)
 National Gallery or Art, Washington D. C., USA by I. M. Pei (1978)
 HISEF Building at Hattisar, Kathmandu, Nepal by Rajesh Shrestha (2002):
Nepalese context
Unit Four:
Technology and material influences in context of Architecture

A glance along the perspective of past ages reveals architecture as the history of social
condition, progress, religions which are landmarks of mankind.
- Sir banister Fletcher (an architectural historian)

Society: System in which people live together in organized community

Institutions, linkage or relationship between humans and group or section
of human beings
Means of relationship - family, caste, status, strata, etc.

Social Context: Social relevance, defines obligation to the society

Culture: Set of intellectual (non – material) and physical (material) accretion of the
past those have potential to condition our behaviors and nature
Community felt ordered totality of the environment
Cultural objects – common values, philosophical ideas, moral codes,
scientific constructs, etc.

Cultural Context: Cultural relevance / obligation, confirmation to cultural objects

Religion: Matters related to gods, priest, rites and rituals

Religious Context: Religious relevance, about religious controls and dictation

Architecture responds to the social context:

 Social aspects tell us what to do with the objects
 Change in time change in social values change in
architecture
(Lichchhavi Malla Shah Rana Modern era)

Architecture responds to the cultural context:

 Organization of spaces confirming to the culture
 Built environment responding to cultural objects

Architecture responds to the religious context:

 Greater influence
 Temples, churches, mosques, stupas as examples

Architecture responds to social, cultural and religious context.

It can be said that since the day man tried to be “social” refusing his nomadic life, the
concept of architecture emerged, as man created buildings to live in, be it the walls of the
caves or primitive huts.

We define architecture as means of serving human purpose or fulfilling human needs,

buildings depict the nature of society and culture that creates or uses them. Architecture
also has power to condition social behaviors, values and needs.
Architecture gives solutions to the set of problems coming from environment; the
environment is always defined by social, cultural and religious context.

Every society seems to have passed through various stages, the stages of “Social
refinement” and “Cultural progression” to reach the current stage of architectural
advancement.

Architecture is therefore a social art and a cultural object.

In architecture, confirmation to the prevailing context or order is generally expected.

However, some scope of point of departure from existing rules or order is always present
for better solutions and this is how and why, the changes have been made throughout the
history.

With the modern movements in architecture, the local character of building, indigenous
to the site / context seems to vanish, giving birth to the so-called “International Style”.
The reason behind this is changing social attitudes, socio - cultural intercourses and
trends on globalizations. Now a modern building can stand / fit anywhere in the world
without any social disapproval.

It is to be noted that modern scientific studies / experimentation and industrialization

have led to the dismantling of religious framework of explanation throughout the world,
leading to faith in material world. The consequences lead us to creation of little modern
religious buildings but more secular and public architecture.

Socio - cultural and religious context of architecture:

A study of historic urban settlement of Kathmandu Valley and Traditional Newari
House

Urban settlement
The historic urban settlement of Kathmandu Valley confirms to social stratifications and
hierarchies, cultural practices and religious faiths, in their organization of spaces and
street layouts and in making of over all built environment.

To be more specific, cultural activities have been the prime force to shape their physical
attributes for the cities of Kathmandu Valley. These activities include feasts and festivals
and other rituals that have been passed on to succeeding generations from their
forefathers.
King Jayasthiti Malla (1380 – 1395 A. D.) introduced caste system of Hinduism leading
towards deliberate social stratification which in turn has made great influence upon the
planning of the entire settlement.

There seems a hierarchy of physical structures maintained in the urban pattern of

settlement according to the status of the inhabitants. The central places locates palaces
and the Durbar Squares, the immediately surrounding goes to the bureaucrats and the
next is occupied by more lower cast people and the fringes have been provided to the
lowest class people like Pode. Caste was the major influencing factor to shape the
various zones of the city and likewise, it seems clear that the cultural patterns have
played a significant role in the urban pattern of the city.
Throughout the year, the Newar community celebrates different festivals and the urban
structures have also been articulated accordingly. The Newar city design included both
buildings and streets for various Jatra and ceremonies. The public buildings like Chhapa
is meant for local feast in Jyapu community and the Digi serves for same purpose in the
Shakya and Vajracharya communities.

The Pati, though basically meant for public gathering, have served as festive platforms,
especially in the case of Debhoya at a distant location at the out skirt of the city. The
valley cities have provisions of open lands at the outskirts where during festivals a kind
of picnic is organized. These open lands are mostly religious spots with temples for
major deities.

The street festivals are most significant in the shaping of the street patterns. The various
forms of street festivals like chariot festivals are performed, in which the chariots are
made to travel around the major routes of the city. Among the various jatras performed
in the streets, the significant is Machhindranath Jatra in Patan which is going to be listed
on World Heritage Site list.

In summary, the following important points can be noticed to discover the socio-cultural
and religious context of Kathmandu Valley urban settlements.
 Planning responds to life style, social behaviors
 Primarily, they were walled towns with narrow gates – defines security as social
factor
 Human scale is present in the built environment
 Adequate space for social gatherings can be found such as chowks and squares
 Ceremonial routes are present for various jatras
 Buildings like Chhapa, Digi for feast and cultural gathering
 Pati, Pauwa and Sattal are present for social functions
 Dhungedharas ( stone water spouts) have been constructed as urban infrastructure
also serves the social purpose
 Ghats have been built along the periphery of town parallel to river bank for
rituals related to death

Newari House
Traditional Newari house developed in Malla reign in the history of Nepalese
architecture is outcome of ingenuity that society possessed. The socio-cultural
environment, the family structure and their lifestyle have resulted in unique design
features of these houses.

Features of Newari house

 Generally three storey (two and four storey are also found)
 Urban in character and adjacent to street
 Vertical arrangement of rooms: security and need to use little irrigable land for
building purpose as main reasons
 Arrangement of houses around a common courtyard: living in harmony and being
social
 Similar buildings and uniform architectural style: Indicate common lifestyle
Allocation of space
 Ground floor (Chidi): never used for living purpose but as store, shop or even rest
space for trade people
 First floor (Matan): used as sleeping space (bedrooms), use of Tikijhya (Lattice
windows) provides privacy and security
 Second floor (Chota): main living and family area, long and broader open area,
use of Sanjhaya gives adequate light and ventilation, space for many works and
family feast
 Top / attic floor (Baiga): location for kitchen and family shrine, strangers and
people of lower caste are not allowed for religious reasons

Technology and material in Nepalese Architecture

In the context of Nepalese architecture, the locally available materials were timber, stone
and bricks. Nepalese architecture was primarily and mostly of trabeated (post and lintel)
structure in almost all buildings. The absence of the term “arch” has given Nepalese
architecture special and unique features.

Nepalese temples
 There has been learning from experience over a long time, experimentation on
rain and earthquake results in derivation of the form – square in plan and pyramid
in form (However, some rectangular plan forms are also found as exceptions)
 Symmetry was the answer to both religious needs and earthquakes
 Roofs of decreasing size stacked over one another as height is gained give
structural stability and a sense of composition – a unique form
 Thick load bearing and receding walls are used
 Trabeated system of structure
 Use of timber beams, stone bases, slope roofs, overhang projections, struts,
horizontal bands of timber, etc.

Newari house
 Use of timber, bricks and stones with Jhingati roofing tiles
 Thick load bearing walls with minimum openings
 Short span and the span being always dictated by timber size
 Trabeated (post and lintel) system of structure
 Symmetrical building – good looking and structurally stable
 Use of multi-layered brick walls: wedge shaped baked bricks (Dachhi Appa) on
outside (for protection of mortar from weathering effects) and sun dried bricks on
inside layer

For more notes on Kathmandu Valley Urban Settlement and Traditional Newari
House, see The Traditional Architecture of the Kathmandu Valley.
Unit Five: Fields of architectural professions

The profession of architecture

The architectural profession relates to the design of buildings in general; however other
activities related to building and built environment is also carried out by architects. The
scope of architecture varies from urban planning at macro level to interior design and
detailing at micro level. This provides architect with wide range of job opportunities as
well as interaction with other professionals.

Interactive relation of architects with allied professionals

For project on buildings, architects are responsible for planning (master plan and floor
plans) and organization of spaces, aesthetics and other architectural considerations.
Besides this, design and construction of building also requires consideration of other
aspects like structures, electrification, mechanical aspects, interior design and
landscaping.

While practicing architecture, architects are expected to interact with other professionals
involved for the successful completion of the project. Architects visualize the project and
arriving at the end result is always supported by the help of associated professionals.
Throughout the project, whoever the associated professionals might be, architect is
always required to act as the coordinator. He / she should also have knowledge on the
services provided by those allied professionals for his / her better coordination. This
clarifies the fact that architecture is never complete without consideration of other
engineering aspects. The other allied professional are:
 Engineers (Civil, structural, mechanical, electrical)
 Urban planners and designers
 Interior designers
 Landscape architects

Relationship between architect and engineer

The consideration of engineering aspects of building makes engineers necessary in its

execution. Architects are supported by engineer right from the design phase to the
construction period. In fact, the engineering design of building is made by related
engineers themselves for e. g. structural design of the building is done by structural
engineers, electrical design for lighting systems by electrical engineers and so on. With
the help of civil / water supply and sanitary engineers the problems on water supply and
sanitation is solved where as in coordination with mechanical engineers, HVAC
(Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning) systems are also developed. This shows the
undeniable relationship of architects with above mentioned engineering disciplines.
Relationship between architect and planners
A building is a part of overall built environment and since planners are concerned with
urban or rural scale of built environment, architects may work in collaboration with them
in following duties:
 Urban planning / design
 Rural / regional planning
 Zoning
 Preparing building bye-laws

Relationship between architect and interior designers

The spaces in building designed, created and organized by architects are to be further
materialized by interior design in their detailing. Architects in collaboration with interior
designers perform following duties for further elaboration of interior spaces:
 Detailed space layout
 Design and detailing of furniture
 Choosing appropriate color schemes
 Choosing appropriate finishing materials, etc.

Relationship between architect and landscape architects

The external built environment includes spaces around the building. They can be open
ground, paved areas, lawns, approach pathways, terrace land, water bodies, etc. These
elements of landscape are planned and organized by architects along with the help of
landscape architects.

Preparing master plan and site plan requires support of landscape architect as these plans
deal with external spaces.
Chapter Six:
Relation of Consultant (architect) with Client and Contractor
The architect or consultant
Architect is a person whose job is to design buildings. However architects are also
involved in several other fields as well, from teaching to bureaucracy.

To become professionally qualified architect in present context, one has to complete

Bachelor level of architectural studies (B. Arch or any other equivalent degree).

A good architect should have following qualities:

 Responsible for good built environment
 Qualified in design of buildings
 Good at graphics and presentation skills (should properly understand and produce
drawings)
 Understand client’s needs and desire and should be aware of constraints (should
be able to understand client’s psychology too and advice in good manner)
 Able to act as coordinator among allied professionals
 Good relationship with both client and contractor
 Adhere to code of conducts and should behave ethically
 Follow laws of government and other rules and regulation pertaining the
profession
 Contribute in overall uplift of the profession
The Client
Architects design buildings for an individual or a group of people (an organization) is
called client.

It is to be noted that most of the clients may or may not aware of building design and
construction in totality. They have their requirements, ideas and bit of exposure and
money but it is the architect who has to fulfill their dreams and demands and satisfy
them. The easy and better communication is always desired while architects deal with
clients.

Architects should not loss his / her creativity while dealing with client even if some
compromises have to be made. The constraints like finance and complexity in project
formulation are always there and thus the relationship between the architect and the
client is always critical. Hence, handling any client might be a tough job.

The Contractor
Contractor in general can be defined as group of technical experts along with skill and
unskilled labor. They are responsible to erect any kind of physical structure as per
technical drawing created by architect or consultant for client.

The contractor must be responsible for quality construction. Converting the dream of
architect to reality is main responsibility of contractor. Contractor is not allowed to alter
any components by own vision or by only consulting client in any kind of project. There
should not be direct relationship with client and contractor in any project.

Architect must be mediator in between client and contractor.

Unit 7: Practice in public and private organization

Historic Background

Historical evidences shows that the first rulers of Nepal were Gopalas. Mahispalas ruled
after them and Kirats after Mahispalas. But in lack of proper evidences, no buildings
have been found or documented on these periods .The proper architectural styles of these
periods are still unknown. Lichchavis ruled after Kirats. Some evidences of Mangriha
and Kailaskut bhawan were founded as development of Lichchavi periods but with no
names of designer or architect.Mallas ruled after Lichchavis. The specific architectural
style can be seen till date in various building typologies. The king could have acted as
the concept designer. But when King Jaystithi mall divided cast into 4 groups and proper
job according to caste only. The castes of people like Sthapits were specialized in
building constructions and detailing.

After Mallas, Shah period started and during this period, the 104 years long Rana regime
brought change in the building style too with erection of white “Neo-classical” buildings.

Despite the fact that the Rana prime ministers highly impressed by British style of
architecture, put a lot of effort in construction of neo classical palaces, architects were
not involved in these projects. However technicians hired from abroad were given the
task of building design along with two Nepalese engineers namely Mr. Kumar Narsingh
Rana and Kishor Narsingh Rana.

The democratic revolution in 2007 B. S. also brought changes in the field of architecture
and engineering contributing in their modernization and professionalization. This brings
proper recognition to the designers of buildings, the architects and the profession itself.
The qualified person with proper education background then performs the job of
designers.

In 1960s, the persons to work as building designers were civil engineers as there were no
(or very few) architects present in the country. Engineers like B. P. Lohani (Saraswati
Sadan, Tri-Chandra College) and Shanker Nath Rimal, the first engineer of Nepal
(Shahid Gate) have done remarkably good jobs in architecture doing justice to this field

In 1970s, the Department of Housing, Building and Physical Planning (DHBPP) was
established and the post of architect was created in government sector. Gangadhar Bhatta
“Haluwe” (Rastriya Sabha Griha) becomes the first person to be recognized as the first
modern architect of the kingdom of Nepal. . 1st lady architects of Nepal are Ar. Chandra
Lekha Kayastha, and Ar. Jyoti Serchan who graduated in 1976AD, from MS
University,Baroda,India..

Architectural practices by the architects can be traced from 1970s as people started
getting architectural degrees from abroad, especially from former USSR and India.
Architects working for DHBPP designed numerous government buildings where as
architects with their own private firms also contributed in the field of Modern Nepalese
architecture.
Present scenario

With more than thousands of architects registered in SONA (Society of Nepalese

Architects, Estd. 2047 B. S.), trend in architectural profession is progressing. From the
year 2000 AD onwards, nation has been able to produce architects in own institutions
resulting in competitive professional practice.

Till date, many Nepalese architects have come up with innovative ideas and design as
truly modern buildings. For deserving candidates the scope is always better as the
modern day society starts to recognize properly the architects and the profession.

Some notable architects in private practice:

 Bibhuti Man Singh Sanchaya Kosh Building, Thamel

(Technical Interface) Hotel Dwarika’s, Battisputali
 Deepak Man Sherchan Heritaze Plaza, Kamaladi, Kathmandu
(Creative Builders Collaborate)

 Narendra Pradhan Mountaineering Museum, Pokhara

(Narendra Pradhan and
Associates)

 Mr. and Mrs. M. L. Kayastha Sanchaya Kosh Building, Sundhara

(Mr. and Mrs. M. L. Kayastha
and Associates)
 Tom Creese Bakery Café, all outlets
Spring Water Resort, Kurintar (Award
winning)
ICIMOD Headquarters, Dhaphakhel,
Lalitpur (Award winning)

 Rajesh Shrestha HISEF Building (Laxmi Bank Plaza),

Hattisar
(Vaastukala Paramarsha) Om Hospital and Research Center, Chabahi

 Bishnu Panthee United World Trade Center, Tripureshwor

(Cage Consult P. Ltd) Trade tower of Nepal,Thapathali

 Shesh Krishna Shrestha Share Market Complex, Putalisadak

 Prajwal Hada and associates Civil Mall,Sundhara
Architectural students are trained during academic session as to make research and
design on different building typologies. Hence their career prospectus can be listed as
follows:

Career opportunities in government sector

 Ministry of Housing and Physical Planning

 Department of Housing and Urban Development
 Municipalities
 Academic institutions

Advantages:
 Job security
 Participation in seminars and workshops (both national and international)
 Involvement in national level projects
 Association and collaboration with senior architects

Disadvantages:
 Permanency in job only through Lok Sewa Aayog
 Senior post for designing directly is not possible or given alone
 Learning process and system is slow

Career opportunities in private sector

 Consultancy (engineering and architecture)
 Freelance
 Turn key (Design / consultation / construction / supervision)
 Housing cooperation

Advantages:
 Opportunity to work under experienced architects
 Teaching – better finance
 Freelance
 Can own private firm
 Opportunity for better creativity

Disadvantages:
 Job insecurity
 Credit goes to next
 Low remuneration and facilities
 Monopoly
Bibliography
 Chitrakar Rajjan,Class notes,Nepal Engineering College
 Korn, Wolfgang (1979), The Traditional Architecture of Kathmandu Valley,
Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu
 Tiwari, S.R., (1988), Tiered Temples of Nepal, Mrs. Sunita Tiwari, Kathmandu