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22 Redox Reactions annotated

The document outlines the principles of oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, including the identification of oxidation and reduction half-reactions and the assignment of oxidation numbers. It provides rules for balancing redox reactions in acidic solutions, emphasizing the importance of balancing atoms and charges. Additionally, it includes exercises for determining oxidation numbers and balancing specific reactions.

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kyquangtran2022
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26 views14 pages

22 Redox Reactions annotated

The document outlines the principles of oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, including the identification of oxidation and reduction half-reactions and the assignment of oxidation numbers. It provides rules for balancing redox reactions in acidic solutions, emphasizing the importance of balancing atoms and charges. Additionally, it includes exercises for determining oxidation numbers and balancing specific reactions.

Uploaded by

kyquangtran2022
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Learning Objectives

• Balance redox reactions in acid and base solution


Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Redox)
• Reactions in which electron(s) are
transferred from elements in one reactant
to other elements
• Electrochemical reactions can be divided
into two half-reactions:
(overall: A + B → An+ + Bn−)
– Oxidation half-reaction A → An+ + ne−
Reduction half-reaction B + ne− → Bn−
• Species A was oxidized – a loss of electrons, so
electrons are viewed as a product
• Species B was reduced – a gain of electrons, so
electrons are viewed as a reactant
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
• A redox reaction includes both of
these processes and is simply the
sum of the two half-reactions.
• A redox reaction can be identified by
the use of “oxidation numbers”.
– Oxidation numbers are assigned to each
element atom in a molecule.
– Changes in oxidation number indicate
the transfer of electrons and, therefore,
identify the process as a redox reaction.
A summary of terminology for oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions.

e-

X Y

X loses electron(s) Y gains electron(s)

X is oxidized Y is reduced

X is the reducing agent Y is the oxidizing agent

X increases its Y decreases its


oxidation number oxidation number
Rules for Assigning an Oxidation Number (O.N.)
General rules

1. For an atom in its elemental form (Na, O2, Cl2, etc.): O.N. = 0
2. For a monoatomic ion: O.N. = ion charge
3. The sum of O.N. values for the atoms in a compound equals zero. The
sum of O.N. values for the atoms in a polyatomic ion equals the ion’s charge.

Rules for specific atoms or periodic table groups

1. For Group 1A(1): O.N. = +1 in all compounds


2. For Group 2A(2): O.N. = +2 in all compounds
3. For hydrogen: O.N. = +1 in combination with nonmetals
4. For fluorine: O.N. = -1 in combination with metals and boron
5. For oxygen: O.N. = -1 in peroxides
O.N. = -2 in all other compounds(except with F)
6. For Group 7A(17): O.N. = -1 in combination with metals, nonmetals
(except O), and other halogens lower in the group
Assigning Oxidation Numbers
• Assign "known" oxidation numbers first
(numbers from table in previous slide).

• Assign other oxidation numbers such


that the sum of the oxidation numbers
for the molecule equals the overall
charge of the molecule.
DISCUSS WITH YOUR PARTNER:
Determine the oxidation number (O.N.) of
each element in these compounds:
a) zinc(II) chloride

b) sulfur trioxide

c) nitric acid
DISCUSS WITH YOUR PARTNER: By
using changes in oxidation numbers,
identify the element being oxidized, the
element being reduced, the reactant that
is the oxidizing agent, and the reactant
that is the reducing agent in the following
reaction:
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)
Half-Reaction Method for Balancing Redox
Reactions

• This method divides the overall redox reaction


into oxidation and reduction half-reactions.
• Each reaction is balanced for mass (atoms) and
charge.
• One or both are multiplied by some integer to
make the number of electrons gained and lost
equal.
• The half-reactions are then recombined to give
the balanced redox equation.
Balancing Redox Reactions
• Some redox reactions involve a transfer
of charge that changes the balance of
[H3O+] and [OH−].
Cr2O72−(aq) + I−(aq) → Cr3+(aq) + I2(aq)
• A convention has been established for
balancing redox reactions that occur in
acidic solutions.
– There are many steps to this process that
you must learn.
Balancing Redox Reactions in Acids
1. Write each half reaction separately.
2. Balance each half reaction for:
• Atoms
• O are balanced by assigning H2O
• H are balanced by assigning H+
• Charge
• Charge is balanced by assigning e−
3. Combine both half-reactions such that e− are
consistent (multiply by factors, if needed).
4. Double check balance and charge.
Balancing Redox Reactions in Acidic Solution
+6 -2 -1 +3 0
Cr2O72−(aq) + I−(aq) → Cr3+(aq) + I2(aq)
1. Divide the reaction into half-reactions
Determine the O.N.s for the species undergoing redox.

Cr2O72− → Cr3+ Cr is going from +6 to +3, reduction

I− → I2 I is going from -1 to 0, oxidation

2. Balance atoms and charges in each half-reaction

14H+(aq) + Cr2O72− → 2 Cr3+ + 7H2O(l)

net: +12 net: +6 Balance charge by adding 6e− to the


left.
6e− + 14H+(aq) + Cr2O72− → 2 Cr3+ + 7H2O(l)
6e− + 14H+(aq) + Cr2O72− → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O(l)
2 I− → I2 + 2e−
net: -2 net: 0

3. Combine both half reactions and multiply by an integer, if necessary

2 I− → I2 + 2e− X 3

6e− + 14H+ + Cr2O72− → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O(l)


6 I− → 3 I2 + 6e−

14H+(aq) + Cr2O72−(aq) + 6I−(aq) → 2Cr3+(aq) + 3I2(s) + 7H2O(l)

4. Do a final check on atoms and charges.


DISCUSS WITH YOUR PARTNER: Use
the previous steps to balance the following
reaction in acidic solution:
MnO4−(aq) + C2O42−(aq) → MnO2(s) + CO32−(aq)

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