7.

Weight
Key Terms and Definitions – Chapter 3: Forces and ●​ Definition: The force of gravity acting on an
Motion object.​

1. Newton’s First Law of Motion ●​ Equation:​

●​ Definition: An object remains at rest, or in ​
uniform motion in a straight line, unless W = mg​
acted upon by a net external force.​
●​ Units: Newtons (N).​
●​ Also Known As: The Law of Inertia.​

8. Gravitational Field Strength (g)

2. Inertia ●​ Definition: The force per unit mass
●​ Definition: The resistance of an object to a experienced by a mass in a gravitational
change in its state of motion.​ field.​

●​ Standard Value on Earth:​

3. Force ​
●​ Definition: A push or pull exerted on an g = 9.8 \, \text{m/s}^2​
object.​

●​ Units: Newtons (N).​ 9. Newton’s Third Law of Motion

●​ Definition: For every action, there is an
equal and opposite reaction.​
4. Net Force
●​ Definition: The vector sum of all forces
acting on an object.​ 10. Friction
●​ Definition: A force that opposes motion
between two surfaces in contact.​
5. Newton’s Second Law of Motion
●​ Definition: The acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the net force acting 11. Static Friction
on it and inversely proportional to its mass.​ ●​ Definition: The frictional force that prevents
two surfaces from sliding past each other.​
●​ Equation:​
F = ma​
12. Kinetic Friction
●​ Definition: The frictional force that opposes
6. Mass the motion of two surfaces sliding past each
●​ Definition: The amount of matter in an other.​
object.​

●​ Units: Kilograms (kg).​

13. Normal Force 20. Contact Force
●​ Definition: The support force exerted upon ●​ Definition: A force that acts on an object
an object in contact with a surface; acts through direct contact (e.g., friction, tension,
perpendicular to the surface.​ normal force).​

14. Tension 21. Field Force

●​ Definition: The pulling force transmitted ●​ Definition: A force that acts over a distance
along a string, rope, cable, or similar object.​ without physical contact (e.g., gravity,
magnetic force).​

15. Applied Force

●​ Definition: A force that is applied to an CHAPTER 3: FORCES AND MOTION
object by a person or another object.​ 1. Linear Motion
●​ Distance: The total path length covered
during motion.​
16. Air Resistance
●​ Definition: A type of frictional force that ●​ Displacement: The change in position of an
acts upon objects as they travel through the object in a straight line from the starting
air.​ point.​

●​ Speed: The rate of change of distance with

17. Free-Body Diagram (FBD) time. \text{Speed} =
\frac{\text{Distance}}{\text{Time}}​
●​ Definition: A diagram showing all the forces
acting on a single object.​
●​ Velocity: The rate of change of displacement
with time. \text{Velocity} =
18. Equilibrium \frac{\text{Displacement}}{\text{Time}}​

●​ Definition: A state in which the net force on

●​ Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity
an object is zero, resulting in no
with time. a = \frac{\Delta v}{\Delta t}​
acceleration.​
●​ Uniform motion: Motion at a constant
velocity.​
19. Acceleration
●​ Definition: The rate of change of velocity of ●​ Non-uniform motion: Motion with changing
an object.​ velocity.​

●​ Equation:​ ●​ Average speed: Total distance divided by

​ total time.​
a = \frac{\Delta v}{\Delta t}​ ​
\bar{v} = \frac{d}{t}​
 ●​ Instantaneous speed: Speed at a specific ●​ Static equilibrium: The object is at rest.​
instant.​
●​ Dynamic equilibrium: The object is moving
●​ Scalar quantity: A quantity with magnitude at constant velocity.​
only (e.g., speed, distance).​
●​ Balanced forces: Forces that are equal in
●​ Vector quantity: A quantity with both magnitude and opposite in direction; no
magnitude and direction (e.g., velocity, change in motion.​
displacement).​
●​ Unbalanced forces: Forces that cause a
2. Newton’s Laws of Motion change in motion.​
●​ First Law (Inertia): An object remains at rest
or in uniform motion unless acted on by a 5. Friction
net external force.​ ●​ Friction: A force that resists relative motion
between two surfaces in contact.​
●​ Second Law: The acceleration of an object
is proportional to the net force acting on it ●​ Static friction: The friction force that must
and inversely proportional to its mass.​ be overcome to start motion.​
​
F = ma​ ●​ Kinetic friction: The friction force opposing
motion once an object is already moving.​
●​ Third Law: For every action, there is an
equal and opposite reaction.​ ●​ Coefficient of friction (μ): A constant that
represents the frictional properties of two
3. Free Body Diagrams (FBDs) surfaces.​
●​ Free Body Diagram: A diagram showing all ​
the forces acting on an object.​ f = \mu N​

●​ Normal force: The perpendicular force 6. Forces in Fluids

exerted by a surface on an object.​ ●​ Buoyant force: An upward force exerted by
a fluid on an immersed object.​
●​ Applied force: A force applied to an object
by a person or another object.​ ●​ Viscous force: A resistive force that acts
opposite to the direction of flow in a fluid.​
●​ Friction: A force that opposes motion
between two surfaces in contact.​ ●​ Drag: A force that opposes an object’s
motion through a fluid (air or water
●​ Tension: A pulling force transmitted by a resistance).​
string, cable, or rope.​

4. Equilibrium CHAPTER 4: CIRCULAR MOTION AND

●​ Equilibrium: A state where the net force and GRAVITATION
net torque on an object are zero.​ 1. Uniform Circular Motion
 ●​ Uniform circular motion: Motion in a circle ​
with constant speed.​ v = \sqrt{\frac{GM}{r}}​

●​ Centripetal acceleration: Acceleration

directed toward the center of the circle.​ CHAPTER 5: WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER
​ 1. Work
a_c = \frac{v^2}{r}​ ●​ Work (W): The transfer of energy when a
force causes displacement.​
●​ Centripetal force: Net force directed toward ​
the center that causes circular motion.​ W = Fd \cos \theta​
​
F_c = \frac{mv^2}{r}​ ●​ Positive work: Force and displacement are
in the same direction.​
●​ Period (T): Time taken to complete one full
circle.​ ●​ Negative work: Force and displacement are
​ in opposite directions.​
T = \frac{1}{f}​
●​ Zero work: Displacement is zero or
●​ Frequency (f): Number of revolutions per perpendicular to force.​
second.​
​ 2. Energy
f = \frac{1}{T}​ ●​ Energy: The capacity to do work.​

●​ Tangential speed: The linear speed along the ●​ Kinetic energy (KE): Energy of motion.​
circular path.​ ​
​ KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2​
v = \frac{2\pi r}{T}​
●​ Potential energy (PE): Stored energy due to
2. Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation position.​
●​ Gravitational force: The attractive force ​
between two masses.​ PE = mgh​
​
F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}​ ●​ Mechanical energy: The sum of kinetic and
potential energy.​
●​ Gravitational field strength (g): The force
per unit mass in a gravitational field.​ ●​ Elastic potential energy: Energy stored in
​ stretched or compressed objects.​
g = \frac{F}{m}​ ​
PE_{elastic} = \frac{1}{2}kx^2​
●​ Satellite motion: The curved path of a
satellite around a planet due to gravity 3. Conservation of Energy
providing centripetal force.​ ●​ Law of conservation of energy: Energy
cannot be created or destroyed, only
●​ Orbital velocity: The velocity required to transformed.​
keep a satellite in orbit.​
 ●​ Mechanical energy conservation (in absence J = \Delta p = F \Delta t​
of friction):​
​ ●​ Impulse-Momentum Theorem:​
KE_i + PE_i = KE_f + PE_f​ ​
F \Delta t = m \Delta v​
4. Power
●​ Power (P): The rate at which work is done ●​ Impulse unit: Newton-second (N·s) or
or energy is transferred.​ kg·m/s.​
​
P = \frac{W}{t}​ 3. Collisions
●​ Elastic collision: Both momentum and
●​ Watt (W): SI unit of power; 1 W = 1 J/s.​ kinetic energy are conserved.​

●​ Efficiency: The ratio of useful energy output ●​ Inelastic collision: Momentum is conserved,
to total energy input.​ but kinetic energy is not.​
​
\text{Efficiency} = \frac{\text{useful ●​ Perfectly inelastic collision: The colliding
output}}{\text{input}} \times 100\%​ objects stick together after the collision.​

●​ Explosion: An event where one object

Great! Here’s the complete and organized list of key breaks into multiple parts, conserving
terms and definitions for: momentum.​

CHAPTER 6: MOMENTUM, COLLISIONS, AND 4. Recoil and Explosions

IMPULSE ●​ Recoil: Backward motion of an object (e.g.,
1. Linear Momentum a gun) after firing a projectile, due to
●​ Momentum (p): The quantity of motion an conservation of momentum.​
object has; a product of mass and velocity.​
​ ●​ Explosion (momentum perspective): The
p = mv​ total momentum before the explosion (often
zero) is equal to the vector sum of all
●​ Vector quantity: Momentum has both momenta afterward.​
magnitude and direction.​
5. Systems and External Forces
●​ Conservation of momentum: In a closed, ●​ Isolated system: A system with no net
isolated system, the total momentum before external forces, allowing for momentum
a collision equals the total momentum after.​ conservation.​
​
\sum p_{initial} = \sum p_{final}​ ●​ Non-isolated system: External forces act,
possibly changing the total momentum.​
2. Impulse
●​ Impulse (J): The change in momentum of an 6. Center of Mass
object.​ ●​ Center of mass: The point representing the
​ average position of mass in a system. For a
 uniform object, it’s at the geometric center.​

●​ In a closed system, the center of mass moves

with constant velocity if no net external
force acts.​