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Plant Tissue Culture Ulture Agrobotany.in

Plant tissue culture is the in-vitro cultivation of plant cells under controlled conditions, allowing for rapid crop improvement through biotechnology. It involves various techniques and principles such as totipotency and competency, and has applications in agriculture including clonal propagation and disease-free plant production. Despite its advantages, such as genetic enhancement and uniform crop production, it can be expensive and requires specialized knowledge and infrastructure.

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11 views20 pages

Plant Tissue Culture Ulture Agrobotany.in

Plant tissue culture is the in-vitro cultivation of plant cells under controlled conditions, allowing for rapid crop improvement through biotechnology. It involves various techniques and principles such as totipotency and competency, and has applications in agriculture including clonal propagation and disease-free plant production. Despite its advantages, such as genetic enhancement and uniform crop production, it can be expensive and requires specialized knowledge and infrastructure.

Uploaded by

mohdharoon301282
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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What is Plant tissue

culture ?

"Plant Tissue culture is


the in-vitro cultivation of
plant cells in controlled
or aseptic conditions."

Team AX
Plant Tissue Culture
Convention Breeding methods are the most widely used in crop
Improvement. But now Plant biotechnology emerge as a method
through which crop improvement can be more intensive and fastly
then conventional methods. Bt.cotton, is a good example of an
improved crop by plant biotechnology. Since tissue culture and
genetic engineering take less time in crop improvement. Hence
it's becoming more famous.
"Plant Tissue culture is the in-vitro cultivation of plant cells in
controlled or aseptic conditions."
Before starting other topics you should properly understand The
COMPONENTS of Plant Tissue culture.
Plant - An organism having totipotency ability.
Tissue - A group of cells, isolated from a Plant Know as Explant.
Culture - A Favorable environment that promotes life.
In other words - Production of a modified plant Using the Tissue of
the parent plant in a culture is known as Pant tissue culture.
That is not a proper definition ( Why? Find a difference between
the first and second definitions). Because without providing
controlled and favorable conditions a tissue can not be a whole
plant.
Types of Plant Tissue culture
Plant tissue culture can be classified in two categories:
On the basis of Explant On the basis of Explant growth
1. Anther culture A. Callus culture
2. Embryo culture B. Suspension culture
3. Pollen culture
4. Shoot & Meristem culture
5. Ovary culture
6. Protoplast culture
Principles of Plant Tissue
Culture
Plant tissue culture mainly depends upon three principles:
TOTIPOTENCY:
Genetic potential of a single plant cell to produce the entire plant.
COMPETENCY:
Cells retain the ability for differentiation and morphogenesis.
DETERMINISM:
The ability of a cell to respond to the stimulus that initiates a
developmental process leading to morphogenesis.
Techniques of Plant Tissue Culture
The general technique used in the isolation and growth of culture
is described as follows:
1. Preparation of suitable nutrient medium:
As per the selection of plant, the medium is prepared and
autoclaved ( sterilized by autoclave).
2. Selection of explant:
Any excised part of a healthy plant can be used e.g. Bud, leaf,
root, seed etc.
3. Sterilization of explants:
Explants can be sterilized by 1-2% solution of sodium or calcium
hypochlorite or 0.1% solution of mercuric chloride.
4. Inoculation (Transfer):
The sterile explant is inoculated or transferred on solidified
nutrient medium under aseptic conditions.
5. Incubation:
Cultures are incubated at 25 ± 2°C and a relative humidity of up
to 50-70% for 16 hours of photoperiod.
6. Callus growth:
The upper surface of the explant gets covered by an amorphous
mass of loosely arranged thin-walled cells. This mass of tissue is
called a callus. It is characterized by abnormal growth and has
the potential to produce roots and shoots. ( And that potential is
COMPETENCY).
7. Sub-culturing:
When the callus has grown for some days (say 28 days), it is
essential to subculture it on a fresh medium. Otherwise, nutrient
depletion, accumulation of toxic metabolites and paucity of
water will occur and leads to the death of the callus.
8. Organogenesis:
Organogenesis starts in the callus in response to the stimulation
given by the chemicals in the medium. Organogenesis takes place
in two stages, namely callogenesis or shoot initiation and
rhizogenesis or root initiation. Both types of organogenesis are
controlled by the hormones present in the medium.
9. Direct Regeneration:
In many plants, sub-culturing of callus results in undesired
variations of clones (somaclonal variations). To avoid this, direct
regeneration of the explants into plantlets can be tried. This has
been achieved in many plant species by altering the hormonal
combination of the culture media.
10. Acclimatization:
In the last stage, the rooted plantlets are subjected to
acclimatization, so that they can easily adjust to the field
conditions. The plantlets are taken out from the medium, washed
thoroughly in running water to remove the agar and then put in a
low mineral salt medium (LMSM) for 24-48 hours. These plantlets
are then transferred to pots containing an autoclave sterilized
mixture of clay, sand and leaf moulds in 1:1:1 proportion. The pot is
usually covered with transparent polythene to maintain humidity. It
is kept undisturbed for 15-30 days. At this stage, the plant
becomes fully acclimatized.
Importance/Application of Plant
Tissue culture in Agriculture
For Clonal Propagation
To Cryopreservation of Germplasm
To Overcoming Self Sterility
To modify Crops through Genetic Transformation
To Early Flowering
For the production of Synthetic Seeds
To Rapid Multiplication of crop on a large scale
To Increase Biomass Energy
To reduce the Dormancy period
To Increase the Quantity of Secondary Metabolites
To bring Genetic Variability
To produce Disease Free Plants
To germplasm conservation
To increase resistance ability against biotic & abiotic stress

Advantages of Plant tissue culture


Plant tissue cultures are used worldwide due there numerous
advantages which are Mentioned below
1. Increase genotypes abilities and phenotypic beauty of crop.
(Genetic Enhancement)
2. Aid in desirable gene preservation and decrease the rate of
genetic erosion. Also, help in the rescue of endangered varieties.
(Genetic preservation)
3. To reduce variability which leads to the uniform growth of
crops. (Uniform production of crops)
4. The best thing about plant tissue culture is off-season
cultivation. The crop can be sown at any time throughout the year

Disadvantages of Plant tissue


culture
1. Expensive method of growing crops.
2. Good infrastructure is required.
3. A normal person not knowing about science can't participate in
PTC techniques.

History of Plant Tissue Culture


1902
✓ Gottlieb Haberlandt [Father of PTC]
✓ Gave concept of Totipotency
1910
✓ A. Kossel
✓ Gave the concept of Secondary Metabolite.
1925
✓ F. Laibach
✔ First used the technique of Embryo Culture.
1928
✔ Frits Warmolt Went
✔ Introduced Phytohormones.
1952
✓ G. Morel and Martin
✔ Produced the virus free dahlia through meristem culture.
1958
✓ Reinert
✓ Developed the somatic embryo in suspension.
1960
✓ E. C. Cocking
✓ Gave the method of Protoplast isolation and culture.
1962
✓ Murashige and Skoog
✓ Developed the Tissue culture medium (MS Medium).
1964
✓ Guha and Maheshwari
✓ Gave the method of Anther culture and Haploid production.
1981
✓ Larkin and Scowcroft
✓ Proposed the term of Somaclonal variation.
1985
✓ R. B. Horsh et. al.
✔ First transgenic plants were produced via Agrobacterium
mediated genetic transformation of Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)
protoplasts.
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